The Protestant Reformation 1517-1648
The Protestant Reformation Caused by a questioning (protest) of the Church in Northern Europe i. The selling of indulgences a. $$$ for pardoning of sins
Purgatory during the crusades, Pope Urban promised indulgences for people who took the cross to fight
Martin Luther Credited with beginning the Reformation German monk upset with the selling of indulgences Came up with a list of 95 arguments against indulgences known as 95 Theses
95 Theses Nailed them to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany on October 31, 1517 (legend says so anyhow ) Spark of The Reformation They argued against Church abuses, but focused on the indulgences
95 Theses Main ideas of the 95 Theses: 1. Faith alone will get you to Heaven 2. No indulgences 3. People can read and interpret the Bible themselves 4. Only two true sacraments a. Baptism b. Marriage
95 Theses Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther from the Roman Catholic Church for his writings Followers of Luther became known as Lutherans First Protestant sect (branch) Luther continued to criticize the Church until his death in 1546 Versus
Division of Christianity
John Calvin A priest from France who used Luther s example to question the Church Forced to flee France and set up a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland Followers became known as Calvinists
John Calvin Calvinism was rooted in the belief of predestination i. People are divided into Sinners and Saints at birth ii. a. Saints = Heaven b. Sinners = Hell How you live your life determined which one you were destined for
Calvinism vs Lutheranism Calvinism Lutheranism Salvation is granted to only chosen ones Anyone can receive Salvation if they have Faith The only religious authority is the Bible There are representatives that have the authority The blood and the body of Jesus Christ have only spiritual presence in Eucharist (bread and wine) The blood and the body of Jesus Christ have actual physical presence in Eucharist (bread and wine) Sovereignty of God is important Sovereignty of God is not of utmost importance Concept of Predestination is important Predestination is not important
The Printing Press First used by Johann Gutenburg in 1456 Germany First book was a Bible Used moveable type
Resulted in: The Printing Press 1. More books available (cheaper) 2. Increase in literacy 3. Ideas and education to spread rapidly a. Luther s 95 Theses
The Counter (Catholic) Reformation An attempt by the Roman Catholic Church to stop the spread of Protestantism Needed to stop the loss of the tithe ($$$) The Council of Trent 1545 1. Reaffirmed traditional Catholicism a. Seven sacraments, Latin, Church interpreting Bible 2. Forbid sale of indulgences
The Peace of Westphalia The Reformation led to over 100 years of war between Protestants and Catholics Thirty Years War in Germany was worst of these (1618-1648) War ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 Traditionally viewed as the end of the Reformation
Effects of the Reformation 1. Formation of Protestant Churches 2. Religious and Political Divisions in Europe a. Leads people to seek new lands for their religions 3. Religious Conflicts: Catholics vs. Protestants
The English Reformation A Tale of Family Drama and Intrigue
King Henry VIII I. King Henry VIII wants an annulment (divorce) from wife Catherine a. He needed a male heir and she only had Mary Tudor b. Fell in love with Anne Boleyn c. Pope refused to give him an annulment
King Henry VIII II. Henry breaks with the Roman Catholic Church a. He starts his own Church of England (Anglican Church b. Gets his annulment and marries Anne Boleyn i. Their daughter is Elizabeth 1. Anne Boleyn is beheaded for not having a son
King Henry VIII c. 1534 Parliament passes the Acts of Supremacy i. Makes English ruler the head of English (Anglican) Church 1. Blend of Catholic and Protestant
Edward VI III.Edward VI takes over when Henry VIII dies a. Only nine years old i. He makes the Anglican Church completely Protestant Uncle Edward had the real power over Edward VI s reign
Mary Tudor IV. Mary Tudor takes over when Edward dies (in his teens) he was her half-brother a. She moves the Anglican Church back to Catholic b. Known as Bloody Mary for killing Protestants c. Dies without having children
Elizabeth I V. Elizabeth I inherits the throne from Mary (25 yrs old) a. She is Protestant and moves England back that way b. Forms the Elizabethan Settlement i. A compromise between Catholic and Protestant 1. Leads to unity and stability
The Tudor Family Henry VIII (1 st Wife) Catherine (2 nd Wife) (child)mary Tudor Anne Boleyn (Catholic) (child) Elizabeth I Protestant =Elizabethan Settlement Only Son (with 3 rd wife) Edward VI Protestant