Reforma(on Ch. 3
Pre-condi(ons of the Reforma(on 3 C s Crises, Corrup(on, Cri(cs Crises the church was suffering from -The Babylonian Cap(vity/The Great Schism -Problems within the Clergy such as pluralism, simony, problems with chas(ty and abs(nence, ignorance, absenteeism, indulgences -Absenteeism influences growing na(onalism
The Babylonian Cap(vity 1309-1376 Popes residing in Avignon
Great Schism Compe(ng Popes from Avignon and Rome and later, even a third Pope from Italy. Concilar movement as one outcome. Rule by councils or groups.
Pluralism Holding more than one office (job) or benefice An Archbishop of Saco might also be the Archbishop of Boston at the same (me
Simony The sale of Religious offices or benefices
Indulgences Selling of forgiveness for sins
Absenteeism Clergy not being in the loca(on of their job (office/benefice) Goes hand in hand with Pluralism
Nepo(sm Giving offices to offspring or family Pope Paul III made two of his Grandsons Cardinals in 1530 s
Abs(nence, Chas(ty, Poverty Problems with abs(nence (chas(ty, celibacy) Clergy that have taken a vow of refraining from sex were not obeying their vow in some way. Clergy were seen as being more financially stable despite their vow of poverty
More problems Church excludes, isolates and ostracizes many groups during the run-up to the reforma(on. Renaissance increases knowledge, doubt, informa(on and literacy Ignorance of some Clergy members Some problems with alcohol, general morality
Roots of Reforma(on Takes place first in towns in Germany and Switzerland. Usually started or supported by prosperous guilds who are increasingly important but feel poli(cally/religiously rejected As people gain more power they seek a more egalitarian or equal representa(on in their faith Don t forget Erasmus laid the egg that hatched the Reforma(on
The Modern Devo(on Northern European religious movement that presaged the Reforma(on Took place in the Netherlands Emphasized educa(on of laity through common life, individual beliefs and prac(cal service Educated Erasmus and Thomas a Kempis who later wrote Imita&on of Christ
Rome s further struggles Benefice system: selling ecclesias(cal posi(ons frequently to foreign outsiders Churches oben didn t pay taxes or abide by local laws Clergy also exempted from service or or civic/ civil responsibil(es
Mar(n Luther and his ideas Son of a miner Lived 1483-1546 Born in Mansfeld, Magdeburg Germany Raised to be a lawyer Petrified during a thunderstorm and joined theological study in 1505 By 1512 he was at a monastery in Wihenberg
Luther s ideas Sola Fide -- jus(fica(on by faith alone Unable to be as righteous as God demanded Thought good works should be done, but not in order to achieve salva(on Against indulgences
95 Theses Oct. 31 st, 1517 in Wihenberg, Germany
More iconic images
Indulgences 1343 Pope Clement VI began selling lehers of indulgences 1476 Pope Sixtus IV extended indulgences to all dead Chris(ans to escape purgatory An indulgence could offset or replace other penance prayer, good deeds, retreats, pilgrimages
Indulgences in Germany John Tetzel revered preacher who said in the praise of indulgences Don t you hear the voices of your dead parents and other rela(ves crying out, Have mercy on us, for we suffer great punishment and pain. From this you could release us with a few alms.we have created you, fed you, cared for you and leb you our temporal goods. Why do you treat us so cruelly and leave us to suffer in the flames, when it takes only a lihle to save us? Or, more concisely when a coin in the coffer rings, a soul in purgatory sings
Ulrich Zwingli Lived 1484-1531 in Switzerland Focused on scripture instead of church doctrine (just the new testament) Cri(cal of indulgences, Mass, monas(cism, clerical vows Very similar to, but not the same as Luther s ideals
East-West Schism
Catholic/Protestant Split In Germany or parts of Holy Roman Empire HRE 300 loosely affiliated districts, towns, etc. all with local leaders (princes, electors) Not as unified as France, or England or even merchant ci(es of Italy
Lutheran Ques(ons 1 How does a person go about being saved? Lutheran sola fide Catholic faith & good deeds 2 Who has the power/authority? Lutheran bible & personal interpreta(on Catholic bible & church doctrine
Lutheran Ques(ons 3 What is the church? Lutheran everyone Catholic restricted to members 4 Highest form of living? Lutheran egalitarianism Catholic monas(c/clerical
Catholic/Lutheran Sacraments Catholic 1-bap(sm ceremony for babies 2-eucharist highlight of mass 3-reconcilia(on penance, forgiveness 4-confirma(on coming of age 5-marriage 6-holy orders priests, nuns 7-annoin(ng of the sick last rites for ill
Catholic/Lutheran Sacraments Lutheran 1-bap(sm 2-Eucharist Sola Scriptura scripture alone Bible only acceptable source of informa(on
More disagreements The Eucharist Lutheran interpreta(on=consubstan(a(on, where the wine and bread are spiritually different. Catholic interpreta(on=transubstan(a(on, where the wine and bread are physically and spiritually changed. Zwingli, Calvin, etc. believe something similar to Luther
Even more disagreements Central focus of Lutheran service sermon Central focus of Catholic service eucharist This leads to establishment of preacherships
Peasant Revolts In Germany Economic as well as intellectual basis Crop failures, poor economic condi(ons Enclosure of public spaces divisive New rents, s(ffer fines, death taxes further enrage populace 1524-1525 vast amounts of peasants use arms and civil disobedience To quell the rebellion, nobles and aristocracy use force that kills more than 75,000 ci(zens Ending causes are some concessions by nobles, but power now rests more with nobility
Peasant Demands Twelve-point plaworm, including.. the right for local congrega(ons to choose and dismiss their pastors. Tithes should be collected justly and used for the modest support of pastors, the rest given to alleviate the poor. Serfdom must end; what right did men have to hold other members of the Body of Christ in thrall and work them like animals? The oppressive rents charged the peasants must be eased. Death taxes must be eliminated, for they robbed widows and orphans. What will Luther think or do about this?