Contents List af lllustratians and Maps Preface and Acknawledgements lntraductian Xli XVlI XIX PART I A COMMON CULTURE I THE OLD CHURCH, 1490-1 517 3 Seeing Salvation in Church 3 The First Pillar: The Mass and Purgatory 10 Layfolk at Prayer 16 The Second Pillar: Papal Primacy 26 A Pillar Cracks: Politics and the Papacy 35 Church Versus Commonwealth? 43 2 HOPES AND FEARS, 1490-1517 53 Shifting Boundaries 53 The Iberian Exception 58 The Iberian Achievement: The Western Church Exported 65 New Possibilities: Paper and Printing 70 Humanism: A New World from Books 76 Putting Renewal into Practice 88 Reform or the Last Days? 94 Erasmus: Hopes Fulfilled, Fears Stilled? 97 3 NEW HEAVEN: NEW EARTH, 1517-24 106 The Shadow of Augustine 106 Luther, a Good Monk: 1483-1517 II5 An Accidental Revolution: 1517-21 123 Vll
Whose Revolution? 1521-2 13 2 Evangelical Challenges: Zwingli and Radicalism 1521-2 137 ZUrich and Wittenberg 1522-4 144 The Years of Carnival 1521-4 152 4 WOOING THE MAGISTRATE, 1524-40 158 Europe's Greatest Rebellion: 1524-5 158 Princely Churches or Christian Separation: 1525-3 162 The Birth of Protestantisms: 1529-33 171 Strassburg: New Rome or New Jerusalem? 179 Kings and Reformers, 153-40 189 A New King David? MUnster and lts Aftermath 204 5 REUNION DEFERRED: CATHOLlC AND PROTESTANT, 1530-60 21 3 A Southern Revival 21 3 Ignatius Loyola and the Ear1y Jesuits 218 Hopes For a Deal: The 1541-2 Crisis 226 A Council at Trent: The First Session, 1545-9 234 Cal vin in Geneva: The Reformed Answer to MUnster 237 Cal vin and the Eucharist: Protestant Divisions Confirmed 24 8 Reformed Protestantism: Alternatives to Calvin 1540-60 253 6 REUNION SCORNED, 1547-70 27 Crisis For the Habsburgs, 1547-55 27 1555: An Emperor's Exhaustion, a Pope's Obsession 276 A Catholic Recovery: England 1553-8 280 1558-9: Turning-points for Dynasties 286 The Last Session of the Council of Trent, 1561-3 3 3 Protestants in Arms: France and the Low Countries, 1562-7 306 Vlll
- PART II EUROPE DIVIDED: 1570-1619 7 THE NEW EURO PE DEFINED, 1569-72 JI7 Northern and Southern Religion JI7 Tridentine Successes 322 The Catholic Defence of Christendom, 1565-71 330 Militant Northern Protestants, 1569-72 33 2 The Massacre of St Bartholomew, 1572 337 Poland 1569-76: An Alternative Future? 34 Protestantism and Providence 344 8 THE NORTH: PROTESTANT HEARTLANDS 347 Defining Lutheranism: Towards the Formula of Concord 347 The 'Second Reformation' in Germany 353 Baltic Religious Contests: Poland-Lithuania and Scandinavia 35 8 The Northern Netherlands: Protestant Victory 367 The Northern Netherlands: The Arminian Crisis 373 A Reformed Success: Scotland 378 Elizabethan England: A Reformed Church? 382 Ireland: The Coming of the Counter-Reformation 394 9 THE SOUTH: CATHOLIC HEARTLANDS 4 Italy: The Counter-reformation's Heart 4 1 Spain and Portugal: King Philip's Church 417 The Counter-Reformation as World Mission 427 10 CENTRAL EUROPE: RELlGION CONTESTED 442 The Empire and Habsburg Lands: A Shattered Church 442 Habsburgs, Wittelsbachs and a Catholic Recovery 449 Transylvania: A Reformed Israel 457 France: Collapse of a Kingdom, 1572-98 464 France: A Late Counter-Reformation 474 IX
II 1618-48: DECISION AND DESTRUCTION 485 12 CODA: A BRITISH LEGACY, 1600-1700 502 New English Beginnings: Richard Hooker and Lancelot Andrewes 502 Early Stuart England: The Church's Golden Age? 513 War in Three Kingdoms, 1638-60 520 A Spectrum of Protestantisms, 1660-1700 528 American Beginnings 533 PART III PATTERNS OF LlFE 13 CHANGING TIMES 549 Time Ending 550 Hearing God's Voice 555 Fighting Antichrist: ldols 55 8 Fighting Antichrist: Witches 563 14 DEATH, LIFE AND DISCIPLINE 576 Negotiations with Death and Magic 576 Telling out the Word 584 Godly Discipline 591 A Spirit of Protestantism? 600 15 LOVE AND SEX: STAYING THE SAME 608 A Common Legacy 608 The Family in Society 61 5 The Fear of Sodomy 620 16 LOVE AND SEX: MOVING ON 63 0 The 'Reformation of Manners' 630 Catholicism, the Fami1y and Celibacy 63 6 Protestantism and the Fami1y 647 Choices in Religion 663 17 OUTCOMES 668 Wars of Reformation 669 T olerating Difference 674 x
Cross-currents: Humanism and Natural Philosophy 679 Cross-currents: Judaism and Doubts 688 The Enlightenment and Beyond 698 Appendix oftexts: Creeds, Lorďs Prayer, Ten Commandments and Hail Mary 709 Notes 713 Further Reading 781 Index 789 Xl