Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/41455 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation Author: Marf, D.A. Title: Cultural interaction between Assyria and the Northern Zagros Issue Date: 2016-07-04
Cultural Interaction between Assyria and the Northern Zagros Dlshad A. Marf
Cultural Interaction between Assyria and the Northern Zagros Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof.mr. C.J.J.M. Stolker, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op maandag 04 juli 2016 klokke 10.00 uur door Dlshad A. Marf geboren te Al-Sulaimaniyah in 1982
Promotor: Prof. dr. Wilfred H. van Soldt Co-promotor: Dr. Diederik J.W. Meijer Leden van de promotiecommissie: Prof. dr. H.W. van den Doel Prof. dr. A. van der Kooij Prof. dr. J. Eidem Prof. dr. J. Zangenberg Mw. Dr. E. Kaptijn Dr. O. Nieuwenhuijse Dr. L. Petit
Table of Contents.. Table of Contents Acknowledgments............ IV Introduction......... 1 Chapter I: The landscape and the Peoples of Assyria and the Northern Zagros.. 6 Introduction........ 6 1.1. The Assyrian Landscape, the topography and its Peoples 6 1.2. The Northern Zagros s Landscape, the topography and its Peoples.. 14 1.3. Immigrants and Migrants.... 38 1.4. Deported Peoples from and into the Zagros..... 39 1.5. Runaways...... 47 Conclusions........49 Chapter II: Immaterial Culture 50 Introduction 50 2.1. Languages and Writing Systems 50 2.1.1. Introduction. 50 2.1.2. Bilingual and trilingual records in the Zagros. 55 2.1.3. Writing systems... 57 2.1.4. Interpreters.. 60 2.2. Personal Names 62 2.2.1. People in the Zagros with Assyrian (Akkadian) names.. 62 2.2.2. People in the Assyrian heartland with Zagrosian and Iranian names.. 64 2.2.3. Some aspects of local names in the Zagros.... 64 2.2.4. Personal names with a divine element (theoforic names) 68 2.2.5. Personal names in the Assyrian heartland with of the element Haldi 68 2.2.6. Toponyms as personal names. 69 2.2.7. The proper names of the Zagrosian deportees. 70 2.2.8. Personal names and ethnicity.. 70 2.2.9. Assyrian Eponyms in the Northern Zagros. 70 2.3. Toponyms and Geographical Names. 74 2.3.1. Toponyms and Geographical names in the light of the Assyrian records. 74 2.3.2. Toponyms marked with the determinative URU 74 2.3.3. Zagrosian cities prefixed with Bīt/É. 74 2.3.4. Rivers, seas and waters of the Northern Zagros in the Assyrian records.. 75 2.3.5. Renamed cities 76 2.3.6. Two cities, one name 76 2.3.7. Local linguistic elements in toponyms.. 77 2.3.8. Zagrosian city-names prefixed with Akkadian /Dur-/ BÀD 79 2.3.9. The Assyrian policy of re-naming Zagrosian cities 80 2.4. Literature and Mythology 84 2.4.1. The Mount Niṣir/Nimuš of the Gilgamesh Epic where the Ark landed. 84 2.4.2. Gilgamesh and Enkidu killing Humbaba 85 2.4.3. The story/epic of Etana. 87 2.4.4. Capturing Anzu in the Zagros mountains 88 I
Table of Contents.. 2.4.5. The monstrous bird Imdugud 93 2.4.6. The demon Pazuzu.. 94 2.4.7. Three headed dragon on the golden bowl of Hasanlu.. 96 2.4.8. Deities dwelling in the Zagros mountains...... 96 2.4.9. The Netherworld and the Zagros mountain.. 97 2.5. Religion and Festivals in War and Peace....... 99 2.5.1. Assur, the deity, the city, the kingdom, and the people..... 99 2.5.2. The Assyrian holy war.... 102 2.5.3. Peaks, cities and rivers called with deity names......... 104 2.5.4. Nabû, god of the scribes in Babylonia, Assyria, and the Zagros... 104 2.5.5. The main deities in the Northern Zagros... 106 2.5.6. Palil (Nergal), the protecting tribal god in Media.. 109 2.5.7. Tiglath-pileser III sacrifices to Marduk in the land Tīl-Aššuri in Media.. 109 2.5.8. Adad-narari II made sacrifices before Teššub of Kumme.. 109 2.5.9. Vassal treaties with the rulers of the Northern Zagros and swearing oaths by the Assyrian deities 109 2.5.10. Divine names in personal names... 110 2.5.11. Deporting deities from and into the Northern Zagros... 111 2.5.12. Zagrosian priests in Assyria; Assyrian priests in the Zagros. 116 2.5.13. Assyrian rituals in the Zagros 117 2.5.14. Assyrian and Zagrosian festivals, Akītu festivals.... 117 2.5.15. Sacrificing on the Assyrian-Mannean border.. 119 2.5.16. Building a dam in Urartu and sacrificing to Assur.. 120 2.5.17. Omens and curses..... 120 2.6. Social Structure...... 123 2.7. Political and Administrative Relations.. 126 2.7.1. Occupation and the military campaigns... 126 2.7.2. The Assyrian titles for the occupied cities in the Zagros 126 2.7.3. Annexation policy.. 127 2.7.4. Taking the princes as hostage.. 130 2.7.5. Deportation/the forced migration. 132 2.7.6. Diplomacy, Assyria and the Northern Zagros... 132 2.7.7. Assyrian Vassal Treaties with Media, and Mazamua. 135 2.7.8. Postal services in Arzuhina and Mazamua.... 137 2.7.9. Royal/dynastic marriage cases between the Zagros and Assyria... 137 2.8. Economy and Trade 140 2.8.1. Economy.. 140 A. The main economical resources from the Northern Zagros 140 B. Human labour..... 142 C. Agriculture and animal sources 142 2.8.2. Trade and commercial activities between Assyria and the Northern Zagros and beyond 147 A. The Assyrian kārums in the Zagros.. 149 B. The Karavanserai of Ancient Arzizi (Rabat Tepe).... 151 C. Traded goods and slaves.. 151 II
Table of Contents.. D. Transportation and the roads 158 E. Measures and currency in Assyria and the Northern Zagros... 161 Conclusions.........162 Chapter III: Arts and Pottery.. 167 Introduction 167 3.1. The Assyrian and local rock reliefs and steles in the Northern Zagros. 167 3.2. The Assyrian reliefs and the Northern Zagros.. 185 3.3. Wall paintings in the Northern Zagros.. 190 3.4. Assyrian and local glazed bricks in the Northern Zagros 192 3.5. Seals and Sealing.. 220 3.6. Ivories in Assyria and the Northern Zagros.. 235 3.7. Mosaic glass.. 243 3.8. Metalwork. 244 3.9. Textiles and Costumes.. 258 3.10. Pottery in Assyria and the Northern Zagros 270 Conclusions... 280 Chapter IV: Architecture.. 283 Introduction 283 4.1. Assyrian and Zagrosian palaces in the Northern Zagros 283 4.2. Temples and religious places in the Zagros. 295 4.3. Cities and towns 322 4.4. Assyrian and local fortifications in the Northern Zagros. 331 4.5. Temporary and permanent Assyrian camps in the Zagros 345 4.6. The Iron Age villages of the Northern Zagros.. 347 4.7. Private houses of the Northern Zagros. 348 4.8. Some architectural features... 357 4.9. Assyrian and Zagrosian tombes, graves and burials. 364 4.10. Hydraulic projects 377 4.11. Roads and passes from Assyria to the Zagros. 397 Conclusions.....399 General Conclusions.... 401 Appendix.... 406 Abbreviations. 415 Bibliography. 419 Samenvatting 452 Curriculum Vitae.. 453 III
Acknowledgements... Acknowledgments This dissertation could not have been completed without support from many people, institutes and museums over the last four years. First I gratefully acknowledge my supervisor Prof. Dr. Wilfred H. van Soldt for agreeing to supervise this dissertation. I thank him for much helpful advice, and many criticisms, corrections and suggestions. Also, I have to thank him for letting me attend his classes about the Hurrian and Urartian languages in 2012 and 2014. I am grateful to my co-supervisor Dr. Diederik J. W. Meijer, for his support and his comments, especially concerning the material culture (art and architecture). His suggestions, criticisms, corrections, and advice enriched this dissertation considerably. Both supervisors were always ready to read the drafts of the chapters in the shortest possible time. I would like to express my gratitude to the KRG-HCDP scholarship program from the Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research of Kurdistan-Iraq, for awarding me a fund for most of the duration of my study. I am grateful to my friend Mervyn E. J. Richardon who has always been ready to help me to solve problems where my English was inadequate. I thank Renate Dekker for her help in translating the thesis s summary into the Dutch language. Special thanks are due to Abdulwahab Solieman, the Director of Antiquities in Soran, and Abdulrzaq Mamendy who helped me during the fieldwork in the area of Topzawa and Mdjeser. Also, I thank Saber Ahmed, the head of the Survey Department, and Kamal Rasheed, the director of the Directorate of Antiquities of Sulaimania, who gave me permission to do some fieldwork in the Sulaimania territories. Special thanks are also due to the museums of Erbil and Slemani (Sulaimania) who allowed me to study the seals, ceramic and statues I have used in this dissertation. I thank the librarians in the NINO library and in the Special Collection in the University Library in Leiden for their kind support. I would also like to thank PhD admissions and the LIAS institute for their support, with special thanks to Prof. dr. Maghiel van Crevel. I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Jesper Eidem for his kind support. I also thank Mr. Theo J. H. Krispijn for letting me attend his Neo-Elamite class. I also thank Dr. Jan G. Dercksen, who allowed me to attend his Old Assyrian class. I also thank Dr. Bert Kouwenberg for letting me attend his Neo-Assyrian class. I also would like to thank my friends and colleagues Dr. Kozad Ahmed, Mahdi Barzinji, Dr. Ahmed Mirza, and Dr. Zidan Bradosty, Bekas, Ziyad, Hussain, Zainab, Beri, Akiko, Tero, Saeeda, Onur, Tariq, Sam, Mahmood, Mohsen, and Maulood for their friendly support. My heartfelt gratitude to my wife Rezan, for her love and endless support. I thank her family profoundly for their support. I wish to express my gratitude to my father, my sisters and my brother, for their endless spiritual and financial support. My most profound thanks go to my late mother, the great person in my life, the first one who taught me how to love culture, heritage and archaeology. I hope I have not forgotten anyone, but if I have I humbly apologize. IV