Chapter 11 Religion and Reform Individualism Transcendentalism truth transcends the senses knowledge of reality comes from intuition self-reliance, self-discipline, nonconformity Ralph Waldo Emerson Unitarian minister philosopher, writer people trapped by inherited customs lyceum lecturer reached 1000s Literary Influence Henry David Thoreau Walden, or Life in the Woods nonconformist civil disobedience Margaret Fuller very educated women s rights writer died in shipwreck in 1850 1
Darker Side Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass perfect communion with others Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter Herman Melville Moby Dick Edgar Allen Poe The Raven troubled life Utopian Movements New Harmony Indiana 1825 Robert Owen 1000 people attracted radicals Brook Farm Mass. 1841 transcendentalists / intellectuals wanted self-sufficiency Emerson, Thoreau, Fuller 1846 fire collapsed in debt 2
Shakers Mother Ann Lee 1774 church near Albany, NY 1784 Mother Ann died no alcohol, tobacco, politics, war no marriage, sex 20 communities N. England, NY, OH agriculture and crafts furniture converts during mid-1800s gradual decline disappeared by 1900 Oneida Community John Humphrey Noyes Putney, VT Western NY Free love Complex marriage Community grew Sewell Newhouse steel traps Mansion House Community declined Noyes fled to Canada - 1879 gave up complex marriage abandoned communal lifestyle became joint-stock company 3
Mormons Joseph Smith The Book of Mormon golden plates from angel Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints opposition moved to IL claimed polygamy was OK Carthage, IL killed by mob 1844 Utah-Bound Brigham Young 1846-47 Great Salt Lake Deseret / Utah Mormon War 1896 ended polygamy Urban Popular Culture cities much larger abolitionist / antislavery events minstrel shows nativist movement Abolitionism 4
Black Social Thought elevate themselves temperance, education, moral discipline, hard work mob reaction in cities David Walker free black from NC radical views promoted revolt Nat Turner Rebellion August 1831 VA 60 slaves killed 55 whites militia killed 40 Turner hanged Religious Influence strong religious push Quakers abolished slavery gradual emancipation radicals immediate freedom William Lloyd Garrison radical The Liberator immediate abolition 1835 dragged through streets of Boston American Anti-Slavery Society 1833 Theodore Dwight Weld $ from Arthur, Lewis Tappan female abolitionists 5
Strategy of Abolitionists 1. appeal to religious Americans Grimke sisters Weld Am. Slavery As It Is steam-powered printing press great postal campaign Strategy of Abolitionists 2. help escaped slaves Underground Railroad Frederick Douglass Harriet Tubman 1000 / year limited rights in North Strategy of Abolitionists 3. appeal to state, federal legislators petitions abolish slavery in D.C. end interstate trade drew more support Black Abolitionists Frederick Douglass Sojourner Truth Opposition wealthy property rights textile mfg. wage earners 6
Mob Violence 1833 - New York church Garrison, Tappan Phila. black neighborhoods 1835 Utica, NY abol. convention Elijah Lovejoy printer press destroyed killed in 1837 GA - $5000 reward for Garrison try for inciting rebellion attacks for distributing anti-slavery material 1835 Southern postal system refused delivery 1836 Congress gag rule Cult of Domesticity Women s Rights Movement separate sphere glorified role as homemaker discourage public roles Female Moral Reform Society 1834 NYC end prostitution moral guidance visited brothels Dorothea Dix mental asylums 1843 MA legislature mental illness improve conditions other states 7
Education Horace Mann sec. of MA Board of Ed. education reforms Catharine Beecher women s academies Noah Webster Wm. McGuffey Seneca Falls Convention 1848 NY Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lucretia Mott 68 women, 32 men Declaration of Sentiments growing support for women called for suffrage Susan B. Anthony Quaker temperance, antislavery major supporter 8