Ch. 10-12 Key Terms Chapter 10 1) Nominating conventions a meeting at which a political party selects its presidential and vice presidential candidate. They were first held in the 1820s. 2) Jacksonian Democracy an expansion of voting rights during the popular Andrew Jackson administration. 3) Democratic Party a political party formed by supporters of Andrew Jackson after the presidential election of 1824. 4) John C. Calhoun American politician and supporter of slavery and states rights. He served as vice president to Andrew Jackson and was instrumental in the South Carolina nullification crisis. He advanced the states rights doctrine. 5) Spoils system a politicians practice of rewarding loyal supporters with government jobs. 6) Martin Van Buren American politician and secretary of state under Andrew Jackson. He was one of Andrew Jackson s strongest allies in his official cabinet. He later became the eighth president of the United States. 7) Kitchen Cabinet President Andrew Jackson s group of informal advisers; so called because they often met in the White House kitchen. 8) Tariff of Abominations the nickname given to a tariff by southerners who opposed it. 9) States rights doctrine the belief that the power of the states should be greater than the power of the federal government. 10) Nullification crisis a dispute led by John C. Calhoun that said that states could ignore federal laws if they believed those laws violated the Constitution. 11) Daniel Webster American lawyer and statesman. He spoke out against nullification and states rights and argued that the United States was one nation, not a pact among independent states 12) McCulloch v. Maryland U.S. Supreme Court case that ruled that the Second Bank of the United States was constitutional and that Maryland could not interfere with it. 13) Whig Party a political party formed in 1834 by opponents of Andrew Jackson and who supported a strong legislature. 14) Panic of 1837 a financial crisis in the United States that led to an economic depression. 15) William Henry Harrison American politician. He served as the governor of Indian Territory and fought Tecumseh in the Battle of Tippecanoe. He was the ninth president of the United States. 16) Indian Removal Act an 1830 congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who
lived east of the Mississippi River. 17) Indian Territory an area covering most of present-day Oklahoma to which most Native Americans in the Southeast were forced to move in the 1830s. 18) Bureau of Indian Affairs a government agency created in the 1800s to oversee federal policy toward Native Americans. 19) Sequoya American Indian scholar and craftsman. He created a writing system for the Cherokee language and taught literacy to many Cherokee. 20) Worcester v. Georgia The Supreme Court ruling that stated that the Cherokee nation was a distinct territory over which only the federal government had authority. It was ignored by President Andrew Jackson and the state of Georgia. 21) Trail of Tears an 800 mile forced march to Indian Territory from Georgia taken by the Cherokee. It resulted in the deaths of almost one fourth of the Cherokee people. 22) Black Hawk - Indian leader of Fox and Sauk Indians who decided to fight U.S. officials rather than leave Illinois. 23) Osceola - Florida Seminole leader who led the Seminole against U.S. troops. He was eventually captured and died in prison. Chapter 11 1) John Jacob Astor created the American Fur Company and hired mountain men to bring in furs. 2) Mountain men adventurers known for fur trading and trapping. 3) Oregon Trail 2,000 mile long trail that led from Independence, Missouri to the Willamette Valley in Oregon. 4) Santa Fe Trail trail that led from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico. It followed an ancient trading route first used by Native Americans. 5) Mormons followers of Joseph Smith who founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in western New York in 1830. 6) Brigham Young - head of the Mormon Church after the murder of Joseph Smith. He moved the community to Utah, leading thousands along what came to be known as the Mormon Trail to the main settlement at Salt Lake City. 7) Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla - Mexican priest and revolutionist who led Native Americans and mestizos in a rebellion against Spain in 1810. Though he was defeated, Mexico eventually gained its independence. 8) Empresarios agents hired by the Mexican government to bring settlers to Texas. Empresarios were paid in land.
9) Stephen F. Austin - empresario who started a colony on the lower Colorado River in 1822. He was imprisoned for urging Texas statehood after Santa Anna suspended Mexico s constitution. After helping Texas win independence from Mexico, he became secretary of state for the Texas Republic. 10) Antonio López de Santa Anna - Mexican general and dictator who fought in the Texas Revolution and seized the Alamo, but was defeated and captured by Sam Houston at the Battle of San Jacinto and forced to recognize Texas independence. He also fought in the Mexican War against the United States. 11) Alamo Spanish mission in San Antonio, Texas besieged in 1836 during an important battle of the Texan Revolution. 12) Battle of San Jacinto final battle in the Texas Revolution in which Santa Anna was defeated by Sam Houston. Texas was recognized as an independent republic due to this victory. 13) manifest destiny - idea that the United States was bound to expand to the Pacific Ocean and spread democracy. 14) James K. Polk Democratic President that favored the annexation of Texas and Oregon. He defeated Henry Clay in 1844 because he was a strong believer in manifest destiny. 15) Vaqueros Mexican cowboys in California who managed large herds of cattle and sheep. 16) Californios early Spanish settlers to California. They were known for their hospitality and skilled horse riding. 17) Bear Flag Revolt a revolt in 1846 against Mexico by American settlers in California who declared the territory an independent republic. 18) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico, which ended the Mexican War. The U.S. received the Mexican Cession, which increased the size of the United States by almost 25 percent. 19) Gadsden Purchase a purchase of land (1853) in the current states of Arizona and New Mexico in the amount of $10 million. It was purchased with the intent of having a southern railroad through that area. 20) John Sutter American pioneer who built Sutter s Fort, a trading post on the California frontier. Gold was discovered here leading to the California gold rush. 21) Donner Party a group of travelers who were stranded in the Sierra Nevada Mountains during the winter of 1846-1847 and had to resort to cannibalism in order to survive. 22) Forty-niners gold-seeking migrants who came to California in 1849 hoping to strike it rich. 23) Prospect to search for gold along the banks of streams or in shallow surface mines. 24) Placer miners used the most popular method of mining, which used pans or other devices to wash gold
nuggets out of loose rock and gravel. 25) John Tyler - U.S. president who favored the annexation of Texas in 1844. 26) Sonoma - city occupied during the Bear Flag Revolt. Chapter 12 1) Industrial Revolution a period of rapid growth in using machines for manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s 2) Textiles cloth items. 3) Richard Arkwright - invented a large spinning machine in 1769 called a water frame, which used water as its source of power 4) Samuel Slater an English mechanic who immigrated to the U.S. and designed the first textile mill machine. He also developed a strategy of hiring families and dividing work into simple tasks, known as the Rhode Island system 5) Technology tools used to produce items or to do work 6) Eli Whitney an inventor who came up with the idea of interchangeable parts and invented the cotton gin 7) Interchangeable parts parts of a machine that are identical. These make machines easier to assemble and broken parts easier to replace 8) Mass production efficient production of large numbers of identical goods 9) Rhode Island System the practice of hiring families and dividing factory work into simple tasks 10) Francis Cabot Lowell - designed a power loom that could spin thread and weave cloth in the same mill and developed the Lowell system 11) Lowell system a system that included a water-powered loom that could both spin thread and weave cloth in the same mill and employed young, unmarried women from local farms 12) Trade unions groups of workers that work to improve pay and working conditions 13) Strikes protests and work stoppages that are staged by labor unions in order to have their demands met 14) Sarah G. Bagley she was a strong voice in the union movement and founded the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association in 1844. She also fought to obtain a 10-hour workday for private businesses 15) Transportation revolution a period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel because of new methods of transportation
16) Robert Fulton - designer of the steamboat Clermont 17) Clermont the first full-sized commercial steamboat designed by Robert Fulton 18) Gibbons v. Ogden 1824 Supreme Court case that reinforced the federal government s authority to regulate trade between the states by ending monopolistic control over waterways in several states 19) Peter Cooper - built the small but powerful locomotive known as Tom Thumb in 1830 20) Samuel F.B. Morse - designed the telegraph 21) Telegraph designed by Samuel Morse, the telegraph was a device that could send information over wires across great distances by using pulses or surges of electric current 22) Morse code developed by Alfred Lewis, a partner of Morse, Morse code is a system of communication that uses dots and dashes that represent each letter of the alphabet 23) John Deere designed the steel plow in 1837 24) Cyrus McCormick - developed the mechanical reaper, a harvesting machine, in 1831 25) Isaac Singer improved the sewing machine and opened a company that became the largest maker of sewing machines by 1860 26) Aaron Ogden - once had a monopoly on New York s steamboat business but lost it in a landmark Supreme Court case in 1824 (Gibbons v. Ogden) Note: underlined words, terms, or names are not listed in the key terms, but will be included on the key terms test