The Later Middle Ages The plague, the hundred years war, and lots of other fun informa9on.
Life in the Middle Ages The average man was barely over 5 >. tall and weighed 135lbs. Women were slightly smaller. Half of all healthy people died before 30 Curve for living dropped with age if you lived to 30, you were likely to make it to 45 or 50 Women gi>ed a wedding frock which she would be buried in 5 or 6 years later.
Life Con9nued 80 90% of people lived in villages of 100 people or so, 15 20 miles away from the next seslement, with dense woods between
Europe Circa 1360
Pre exis9ng condi9ons The lisle ice age period of colder than avg. temps The Great Famine 1315 1322 Repeated crop failures around Europe Last ves9ge of feudalism Always recognize C.O.T. change over 9me
The Black Death Called the black death, the bubonic plague, the pes6lence or just the plague Bubonic comes from bubo or buboes: swollen lympha6c glands Environmental factor influences every aspect of European society at the 6me, poli6cal, economic, religious, and social
Causes of the bubonic plague Pasteurella pes9s or yesinia pes9s bacteria that lives in stomach of a flea Flea is just one vector for the disease others are rats black rat (not the norway rat), squirrels, and finally people. Symbio9c rela9onships between species allow bacteria to spread
Brown Rat RaSus Norvegicus
More Brown rat pictures
Black Rat RaSus rasus
More Black Rat images
Flea xenopsylla cheopis (oriental rat flea)
More rat fleas
Early spread of plague Originally from East Asia, most likely China Increased trade, increased sailing technologies influenced spread of disease People weak and malnourished before the plague began in 1347
Where/when the black death spread
More plague maps
Yet more plague maps
Medieval Home
Medieval Street
About the disease Very high mortality rate between 25 75% of those who contracted the plague died. Throughout Europe, total popula9ons declined by a third to a half of the pre plague levels What possible impacts would this have?
Plague Doctor
Plague doctor
Headache Chills Fever Lethargy Malaise Nausea Sensi9vity to light Bloody urine/stool Buboes o>en painful Symptoms
Different size/amount of flea bites
Buboes
More buboes
Rickets plagued the few survivors
Results Economic change in value of goods and labor Social extreme behaviors on both ends of the spectrum conserva9ve and liberal Cultural forced to examine own lives, obsession with death, a return to focus on humanity. Poli9cal lack of leadership increases distrust of leaders Religion suffered major losses to members of church, needed newer and less qualified applicants. Deeply divided in own conflicts as well.
Flagellants
Flagellants
Danse Macabre
Dance of Death
Danse Macabre
Compare Boccaccio & Contract of a Plague Doctor Poli9cal what evidence does the document show or hint at in terms of the poli9cal climate of the day? Economic what can you infer about the economy of the 9me? Religion Is there any men9on of spiritual or religious ideology? Social what aspects of social life/culture does this speak to? Intellectual how is thought influenced by this era? Ar9s9c Is there any evidence about people s art?
Transi9ons/outcomes of plague Due to great decrease in popula9on, many English turn to wool produc9on (important later) Lack of available labor = rise in costs In 1351, English Parliament passes The Statute of Laborers in effect a maximum wage and further 9es peasants to one land, one job.
100 years war Conflict between England and France Lasts from 1337 1453 Claims to throne of France by England (also wanted land) Eng. 6 million popula9on Fr. 25 million popula9on
Where is Aquitaine?
Not just land Underlying claim to English throne England (under Isabella and her son who was King Edward III) vs. France (under the rule of Charles IV) When Charles IV dies, there is no male heir le>
More Family Stuff Edward III was vassal to Aquitaine and then claimed he could be king of all of France Edward III is also nephew to Charles IV
Economic Impacts of 100 Years War War is great for economy War serves to help bolster na9onalism War is devasta9ng to France as well as the low countries, where most of the basles are fought Wool industry a point of conten9on between England and France via Flanders
LOW countries BeNeLux Belgium Netherlands Luxembourg
Contemporary Low Countries
Who is war hardest on? Mostly the peasants, who pay increasing taxes, and some9mes are forced to repair the land without compensa9on This leads to Revolts in France and England In France, the revolt in known as the Jacquerie a rebellion in 1358 In England in 1381 John Ball and Wat Tyler lead a peasant rebellion that takes a year to quell and involves 100,000 people
BaSles, etc 12,000 English vs. 36,000 French soldiers 1346 at Crecy the English win decisively against a much bigger army by using the Longbow and an early model canon 1415 at Agincourt, Henry V defeats a much bigger army again with not just technology but guts. Text of Shakespeare s Henry V Speech
English Progress
What saves France?
Joan of Arc Peasant girl Hears voices from God saying she could help France Voices tell her the correct order of succession (Charles VII) She becomes the miracle that France needs At Orleans in 1429, the English withdraw Joan is celebrated, then captured, tortured and burned at the stake by the English
I hear voices make me leader
Results of war English have only Calais in northern France France and England are far more na9onalis9c France and England lose popula9on England sees a rise or at least founda9on in representa9ve government (house of commons) Na9onalism, na9onal pride
100 Years War Great Britain vs. France Causes Stages Results Compe99on trade tradi9onal Claims family feud; economics Stalemate Britain wins France Rallies Ending Stand off Na9onalism Centralized State Peasant frustra9on Changes in warfare
The Church Normally residing in Rome/Va9can, during the period of 1309 1376, seven popes lived in Avignon, in southern France This lent power and influence to France, but diminished the overall appearance of power for the Church This period is called Babylonian Cap9vity By 1377, the pope returned to Rome
Avignon Papacy While in Rome, the Church and the Papacy could rely on taxes and revenues from estates In Avignon, they turned to collec9ng from new church offices, as well as the selling of indulgences under Clement VI around 1350. Indulgences further influenced church doctrine and were extended to the dead. Therefore a new emphasis on purgatory and an a>erlife was witnessed
Popes Palace in Avignon
Schism Map
Avignon Map
Great Schism Struggle for power of Church Between Avignon (an9 pope) Clement VII, cousin of the King of France, and Urban VI, from Rome
Vernacular Literature Overall movement from an oral to a wrisen culture even before the prin9ng press Rise of local languages instead of classical languages to record wri9ngs and records Dante Divine Comedy Inferno Italian Geoffery Chaucer Canterbury Tales English Bible John Wyclif
1453 Fall of the Byzan9ne Empire to the OSomans Replaces Eastern Orthodox Church with Islam in Turkey Beginning of the Eastern Ques9on