1/27/2012. Germanic Peoples. HIST 228 Lecture 2 Ascent of an Intolerant Empire. Tribal society based on the nuclear family. Lived outside the Empire
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1 HIST 228 Lecture 2 Ascent of an Intolerant Empire HIST 302 Spring 2012 Germanic Peoples Tribal society based on the nuclear family 3 classes: warrior; peasants; sages war band egalitarian and somewhat democratic Lived outside the Empire Considered by Romans as Other Arian form of Christianity One branch known as Goths a single culture with heterogeneous ethnic composition 1
2 Battle of Adrianople 378 CE 372 CE Western Goths having settled south of Danube (Bulgaria) go to Constantinople to ask for permission to settle. They are paid off every year, but then a change in barbarian policy 378 CE Emperor Valens assembles an army and is defeated at Adrianople New Emperor Theodosius pays them to relocate and police Noricum in Western half of Empire (foedus) Visigoths Move Towards Italy Sack of Rome 410 CE After Adrianople 382 New Emperor Theodosius pays them to relocate and police Noricum in Western half of Empire (foedus) 401 They ask Ravenna for payoff first invasion turned back by Stilicho Difficult with marshes and defensive structures 410 Rome is sacked for three days King Alaric 412 Move out of Italy and settle around Toulouse (418) 507 Pushed into Spain by Franks 2
3 Theodosius I The Great (379-95) From Danube region Military commander recalled from Spain to become emperor after Battle of Adrianople (378) Filled the ranks of the army Goths still ravaged Religious Reformer 2 nd Ecumenical Council at Constantinople (381) 3
4 The Hippodrome center of political exchange between Emperor and populi Romani Sports factions double as political parties Inscription of Theodosius Obelisk DIFFICILIS QVONDAM DOMINIS PARERE SERENIS IVSSVS ET EXTINCTIS PALMEM PORTARE TYRANNIS OMNIA THEODOSIO CEDVNT SOBOLIQVE PERENNI TER DENIS SIC VICTVS EGO DOMITVSQVE DIEBVS IVDICE SVB PROCLO SVPERAS ELATVS AD AVRAS "Though formerly I opposed resistance, I was ordered by one man to obey the serene masters and to carry their palms, once the tyrants had been overcome. All things yield to Theodosius and to his everlasting descendants. This is true of me too - I was mastered and overcome in three times ten days and raised towards the summit of the winds, under governor Proculus." KIONA TETPAΠΛEYPON AEI XΘONI KEIMENON AXΘOC MOYNOC ANACTHCAI ΘEYΔOCIOC BACIΛEYC TOΛMHCAC ΠPOKΛOC EΠEKEKΛETO KAI TOCOC ECTH KIΩN HEΛIOIC EN TPIAKONTA ΔYO "This column with four sides which lay on the earth, only the emperor Theodosius dared to lift again its burden ; Proclos was invited to execute his order ; and this great column stood up in 32 days." 4
5 CE Christian Culture in the 4 th C. Christian Intellectuals came to dominate cultural life of the Empire Origen ( ) souls were previously in an ideal state now not ideal fall Athanasius of Alexandria ( ) first person to identify the same 27 books of the New Testament in use today Council of Rome (382); Council of Carthage (397) Cappadocian Fathers (Basil; Gregory Nazianos; Gregory Nyssa) defined Trinity at Council of Constantinople against Arianism In the West Jerome Ambrose vs Symmachus Growing Religious Intolerance Emperor Theodosius I (r ) Establishes orthodox Christianity 381 Nicene Christianity becomes sole official religion of the Roman Empire Gradual legislation against pagan worship 381 Bans pagan sacrifice 384 Prohibits haruspices nd pan on sacrifice 388 Permits destruction of pagan temples Serapeum in Alexandria 393 Bans Olympic Games Missorium of Theodosius I, Madrid 415 Philosopher Hypatia murdered 5
6 Serapeum and Library at Alexandria Agora (2009) le0 Christological Controversies Trinitarian questions Arian Nicene Council of Constantinople 381 Different Schools of theology Neo-Platonism Nestorian Alexandrian Antiochene Literal interpretation of an all-human Jesus 6
7 Nestorian Christianity Nestorius Bishop of Constantinople Ascetic and powerful orator disliked Theotokos ( God-bearer ) favored Christotokos ( Christ-bearer ) condemned at games and theater Opponents argued that Nestorius taught two natures of Christ Human 1. Fully God Christ Divine 2. Fully Human Christological Attitude at Chalcedon Divine Human Christ s Nature Maintains Christ has two distinct natures, yet these two natures come together within His one hypostasis. Monophysitism Human Nature Christ Divine Nature "dissolved like a drop of honey in the sea He is (and was) wholly divine no human nature 7
8 Theodosius II (r CE) construction of the Theodosian Walls 438 Codex Theodosianus (universal law code) 8
9 Councils and Heresies: Council of Ephesus (431) Nestorius condemned Robber Council (449) Council of Chalcedon (451) 600 Bishops from throughout the Empire Proclaimed that Christ had two natures (physeis), human and divine, and that these were inviolably joined together without division or separation. Opponents called Monophysites Strongest in Egypt, Syria, and East 9
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