Alan Turing: The Man Behind the Machine

Transcription

1 University of the Pacific Scholarly Commons College of the Pacific Faculty Presentations All Faculty Scholarship Fall Alan Turing: The Man Behind the Machine Christopher D. Goff University of the Pacific, Follow this and additional works at: Part of the History Commons, and the Mathematics Commons Recommended Citation Goff, C. D. (2016). Alan Turing: The Man Behind the Machine. Paper presented at Introduction to Gender Studies in Stockton, CA. This Lecture is brought to you for free and open access by the All Faculty Scholarship at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in College of the Pacific Faculty Presentations by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact

2 The Man The Work Sexuality Alan Turing: The Man Behind the Machine Christopher Goff Mathematics October 6, 2016 Goff GEND Fall 16 1/ 24

3 The Man The Work Sexuality Outline 1 The Man 2 The Work Computability Artificial Intelligence Morphogenesis 3 Sexuality Goff GEND Fall 16 2/ 24

4 The Man The Work Sexuality Biographical and Popular Culture Items Biographies (Hodges 1983,..., 2012, Leavitt 2006) Breaking the Code, Play, 1986 and BBC TV, 1996 (Derek Jacobi) Codebreaker, TV Movie/Documentary (2011, Ed Stoppard) The Imitation Game, Film (2014, Benedict Cumberbatch) Music: electronic, choral, operatic, a work by Pet Shop Boys (A Man from the Future) Goff GEND Fall 16 3/ 24

5 The Man The Work Sexuality Biographical and Popular Culture Items Biographies (Hodges 1983,..., 2012, Leavitt 2006) Breaking the Code, Play, 1986 and BBC TV, 1996 (Derek Jacobi) Codebreaker, TV Movie/Documentary (2011, Ed Stoppard) The Imitation Game, Film (2014, Benedict Cumberbatch) Music: electronic, choral, operatic, a work by Pet Shop Boys (A Man from the Future) Why all of this attention? Goff GEND Fall 16 3/ 24

6 The Man The Work Sexuality Alan Mathison Turing ( ) Born in London in 1912, parents often in India 1926, Attended Sherborne, Christopher Morcom (d. 1930) 1931, Went to King s College, Cambridge (Keynes, Forster, etc.) 1935, Fellow at King s, Central Limit Theorem (Lindeberg, 1922) , Princeton (Disney s Snow White) Worked for British government at Bletchley Park, WWII, and in London afterwards 1948, Reader at Manchester University Died in 1954 from cyanide poisoning, ruled a suicide Goff GEND Fall 16 4/ 24

7 The Entscheidungsproblem (1928): Is there an algorithm to decide if a theorem can be proved from the axioms of the system? Hilbert s 1930 radio speech: Wir müssen wissen; wir werden wissen. Goff GEND Fall 16 5/ 24

8 On Computable Numbers (1936) Goff GEND Fall 16 5/ 24

9 On Computable Numbers (1936) T defines computability algorithmically/mechanically Goff GEND Fall 16 5/ 24

10 On Computable Numbers (1936) Goff GEND Fall 16 6/ 24

11 Turing Machine (TM) T describes what would be called the Turing Machine : a machine with a set of configurations; a tape divided into squares; a scanner to read the tape erase symbol there write new symbol there (0 or 1, or perhaps 0-9) move right or left one square change to a new configuration Goff GEND Fall 16 7/ 24

12 Impossibility (T, 1936) T shows that the Entscheidungsproblem can be reduced to a similar decision problem about a TM, one with a negative result. Goff GEND Fall 16 8/ 24

13 Impossibility (T, 1936) T shows that the Entscheidungsproblem can be reduced to a similar decision problem about a TM, one with a negative result. Therefore Turing proves that Hilbert s Entscheidungsproblem is impossible. Goff GEND Fall 16 8/ 24

14 Impossibility (T, 1936) T shows that the Entscheidungsproblem can be reduced to a similar decision problem about a TM, one with a negative result. Therefore Turing proves that Hilbert s Entscheidungsproblem is impossible. Solved independently in 1936 by Alonzo Church ( ). Goff GEND Fall 16 8/ 24

15 The Universal Machine (T, 1936) There is a single TM that can mimic all others, called a universal Turing machine (UTM). This UTM can mimic the behavior of any given TM. Goff GEND Fall 16 9/ 24

16 The Universal Machine (T, 1936) There is a single TM that can mimic all others, called a universal Turing machine (UTM). This UTM can mimic the behavior of any given TM. Beginnings of modern computing Goff GEND Fall 16 9/ 24

17 The Universal Machine (T, 1936) There is a single TM that can mimic all others, called a universal Turing machine (UTM). This UTM can mimic the behavior of any given TM. Beginnings of modern computing jmarshall/courses/2002/fall/cs30/lectures/week08/computation.html Goff GEND Fall 16 9/ 24

18 Theory & Practice T was always a tinkerer. He built a few early computers, and wanted to write a chess program. Goff GEND Fall 16 10/ 24

19 Theory & Practice T was always a tinkerer. He built a few early computers, and wanted to write a chess program. The Point: T did more than just come up with the mathematics and logic. He also did the engineering. Goff GEND Fall 16 10/ 24

20 WWII work T helped break the unbreakable Enigma code, and was briefly engaged to Joan Clarke. Goff GEND Fall 16 11/ 24

21 WWII work T helped break the unbreakable Enigma code, and was briefly engaged to Joan Clarke. The Point: It was a team effort & T was a leader Goff GEND Fall 16 11/ 24

22 After WWII VOL. LIX. NO. 236.] [October, 1950 MIND A QUARTERLY REVIEW OF PSYCHOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY I. COMPUTING MACHINERY AND INTELLIGENCE BY A. M. TUBING 1. The Imitation Game. I PROPOSE to consider the question, ' Can machines think? ' This should begin with definitions of the meaning of the ttms ' machine ' and' think '. The definitions might be framed so as to reflect so far as possible the normal use of the words, but this attitude is dangerous. If the meaning of the words ' machine' and' think ' are to be found by examining how they are commonly Goff GEND Fall 16 12/ 24 Downloaded from by

23 Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Mind LIX (236) (T, 1950) Introduces Turing Test Imitation Game (Are you talking to a computer or a human?) Goff GEND Fall 16 13/ 24

24 Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Mind LIX (236) (T, 1950) Introduces Turing Test Imitation Game (Are you talking to a computer or a human?) T predicts that in about fifty years time it will be possible to programme computers... to play the imitation game so well that the average interrogator will not have more than a 70% chance of making the right identification.... Goff GEND Fall 16 13/ 24

25 Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Mind LIX (236) (T, 1950) Introduces Turing Test Imitation Game (Are you talking to a computer or a human?) T predicts that in about fifty years time it will be possible to programme computers... to play the imitation game so well that the average interrogator will not have more than a 70% chance of making the right identification.... Passed test (Veselov, Demchenko, & Ulasen, 2014) Goff GEND Fall 16 13/ 24

26 Turing test, xkcd.com Goff GEND Fall 16 14/ 24

27 The Imitation Game Often thought of as one human & one unknown (machine or human) Goff GEND Fall 16 15/ 24

28 The Imitation Game Often thought of as one human & one unknown (machine or human) T frames it using gender (selection from Mind article) Goff GEND Fall 16 15/ 24

29 The Imitation Game Often thought of as one human & one unknown (machine or human) T frames it using gender (selection from Mind article) What is lost or gained by removing gender from the test? Goff GEND Fall 16 15/ 24

30 Suspicion, xkcd.com Goff GEND Fall 16 16/ 24

31 Morphogenesis T. (1952). The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 237 (641): A. M. TURING ON THE T uses differential was used and h was equations about 0.7. In the tofigure model the set of cell points where conditions f(x,y) is positive leading is shown to pattern formation black. The outlines of the black patches are somewhat less irregular than they should be due to an inadequacy in the computation procedure. L I FIGURE2. An example of a 'dappled' pattern as resulting from a type (a) morphogen system. A marker of unit length is shown. See text, $9, A NUMERICAL EXAMPLE The numerous approximations and assumptions that have been made in the foregoing analysis may be rather confusing to many readers. In the present section it is proposed to consider in detail a single example of the case of most interest, (d). This will be made as specific as possible. It is unfortunately not possible to specify actual chemical reactions with the required properties, but it is thought Goff that the GEND reaction 011 -rates Fall 16 associated with 17/ the 24 imagined

32 Morphogenesis T. (1952). The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 237 (641): A. M. TURING ON THE T uses differential was used and h was equations about 0.7. In the tofigure model the set of cell points where conditions f(x,y) is positive leading is shown to pattern formation black. The outlines of the black patches are somewhat less irregular than they should be due to an inadequacy in the computation procedure. L I FIGURE2. An example of a 'dappled' pattern as resulting from a type (a) morphogen system. A marker of unit length is shown. See text, $9, 11. Biochemical machines 10. A NUMERICAL EXAMPLE The numerous approximations and assumptions that have been made in the foregoing analysis may be rather confusing to many readers. In the present section it is proposed to consider in detail a single example of the case of most interest, (d). This will be made as specific as possible. It is unfortunately not possible to specify actual chemical reactions with the required properties, but it is thought Goff that the GEND reaction 011 -rates Fall 16 associated with 17/ the 24 imagined

33 The Man The Work Sexuality Homosexuality before 1952 Gross Indecency, 1885 Oscar Wilde, 1895 Kinsey report, 1948 Red Scare/Lavender Scare (McCarthyism, c.1950) Guy Burgess (of the Cambridge Five), 1951, 1956 Goff GEND Fall 16 18/ 24

34 The Man The Work Sexuality 1952 T met Arnold Murray, age 19, in late 1951 T s home is burgled, January T reported the crime and his relationship with Arnold Goff GEND Fall 16 19/ 24

35 The Man The Work Sexuality 1952 T met Arnold Murray, age 19, in late 1951 T s home is burgled, January T reported the crime and his relationship with Arnold T is charged with gross indecency Accession of Queen Elizabeth II, February Trial March 31, T convicted (choice: prison vs. probation with hormone treatment) Goff GEND Fall 16 19/ 24

36 The Man The Work Sexuality 1952 T met Arnold Murray, age 19, in late 1951 T s home is burgled, January T reported the crime and his relationship with Arnold T is charged with gross indecency Accession of Queen Elizabeth II, February Trial March 31, T convicted (choice: prison vs. probation with hormone treatment) T chose probation (which ended in April 1953) The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis appears Goff GEND Fall 16 19/ 24

37 The Man The Work Sexuality After 1952 Watson and Crick, 1953 Turing s death, June 1954 (accident vs. suicide) Decline of McCarthy, 1954 Wolfenden report, 1957, 1967 Goff GEND Fall 16 20/ 24

38 The Man The Work Sexuality Legacy Computability (Universal Turing Machine) Code-breaking effort (OBE by King George VI, 1945) Computer science & AI (Turing test) Morphogenesis Goff GEND Fall 16 21/ 24

39 The Man The Work Sexuality Legacy Computability (Universal Turing Machine) Code-breaking effort (OBE by King George VI, 1945) Computer science & AI (Turing test) Morphogenesis Did not name his computer Christopher Did not harbor a double agent 2013 Royal Pardon Goff GEND Fall 16 21/ 24

40 The Man The Work Sexuality Legacy Computability (Universal Turing Machine) Code-breaking effort (OBE by King George VI, 1945) Computer science & AI (Turing test) Morphogenesis Did not name his computer Christopher Did not harbor a double agent 2013 Royal Pardon What role did his homosexuality play in the development of his ideas? Goff GEND Fall 16 21/ 24

41 The Man The Work Sexuality Intersections Double life, secret life Speaking in code What is being imitated in the imitation game? Is homosexuality part of our programming? Goff GEND Fall 16 22/ 24

42 The Man The Work Sexuality Turing Test and Gender Some questions: Why do you think the description of the Turing test has morphed from a gender-based parlor game to a human vs. computer paradigm? What is gained or lost by this approach? Goff GEND Fall 16 23/ 24

43 The Man The Work Sexuality Thank you! Goff GEND Fall 16 24/ 24