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24 BIBLIOGRAPHY [2 Bar] 2 Baruch (Syriac) R.H. Charles, The Apocalypse of Baruch (London: Macmillan, 1918). [b with name of tractate] Babylonian Talmud Printed edition (Wilna: Romm, ). Becker, Adam H., and Annette Yoshiko-Reed, eds., The Ways That Never Parted: Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2003). Boyarin, Daniel, Dying for God: Martyrdom and the Making of Christianity and Judaism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999). -- Border Lines: The Partition of Judaeo-Christianity (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004). Busink, Théodore A., Der Tempel von Jerusalem von Salomo bis Herodes; eine archäologisch-historische Studie unter Berücksichtigung des westsemitischen Tempelbaus (2 vols.; Leiden: Brill, ). Cassius Dio, Historicus [Hist.] Earnest Cary, Dio s Roman History (9 vols.; LCL; London: W. Heinemann, ). Cohen, Shaye J. D., "Jacob Neusner, Mishnah, and Counter-Rabbinics: A Review Essay," Conservative Judaism, 37 (1983) [1984a] "The Significance of Yavneh: Phrisees, Rabbis, and the End of Sectarianism," HUCA, 55 (1984) [1984b] "The Temple and the Synagogue," The Temple in Antiquity: Ancient Records and Modern Perspectives (ed. Truman G. Madsen; Religious Studies Monograph Series 9; Provo: Brigham Young University, 1984) "The Place of the Rabbi in Jewish Society of the Second Century," The Galilee in Late Antiquity (ed. Lee I. Levine; New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1992) [1999a] "Were Phrisees and Rabbis the Leaders of Communal Prayer and Torah Study in Antiquity? The Evidence of the New Testament, Josephus, and the Early Church Fathers," Evolution of the Synagogue: Problems and Progress (ed. Howard Clark Kee; Harrisburg PA: Trinity Press, 1999) [1999b] The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999). Cotton, Hannah M., "The Papyrology of the Roman Near East; A Survey," JRS, 85 (1995)

25 -- "The Impact of the Documentary Papyri from the Judaean Desert on the Study of Jewish History from 70 to 135 CE," Jüdische Geschichte in hellenistisch-römischer Zeit: Wege der Forschung vom alten zum neuen Schürer (Aharon Oppenheimer and Elisabeth Müller-Luckner, eds.; Munich : R. Oldenbourg, 1999) Eliav, Yaron Z., "The Roman Bath as a Jewish Institution: Another Look at the Encounter between Judaism and the Greco-Roman Culture", Journal for the Study of Judaism, 31 (2000) "Viewing the Sculptural Environment; Shaping the Second Commandment," The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graeco-Roman Culture III (Peter Schäfer, ed., TSAJ 93; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2002) "On Idolatry in the Roman Bath House Two Comments," Cathedra, 110 (2003) (Heb.). -- "The Matrix of Ancient Judaism: A Review Essay of Seth Schwartz's Imperialism and Jewish Society 200 BCE to 640 CE," Prooftexts, 24 (2004) Evans, Craig A., "Opposition to the Temple: Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls," Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls (ed. James H. Charlesworth; New York: Doubleday, 1992) Eusebius, Historia ecclesiastica [H.E.] Eduard Schwartz, Eusebius Werke: Die Kirchengeschichte (GCS 9:1-2; Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, ); Kirsopp Lake et al., Eusebius: The Ecclesiastical History (2 vols.; LCL; London: W. Heinemann, ). Fine, Steven, This Holy Place: On the Sanctity of the Synagogue during the Greco- Roman Period (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1997). -- "'Chancel' Screens in Late Antique Palestinian Synagogues: A Source from the Cairo Genizah," Religious and Ethnic Communities in Later Roman Palestine (ed. Hayim Lapin; Studies and Texts in Jewish History and Culture 5; Bethesda MD: University of Maryland Press, 1998) Fredriksen, Paula, From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Image of Jesus (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988). [GenR] Genesis Rabbah Judah Theodor and Chanoch Albeck, Midrash Bereshit Rabba: Critical Edition with Notes and Commentary (2nd ed.; Jerusalem: Wahrmann, 1965). Gibson, Elizabeth Leigh, The Jewish Manumission Inscriptions of the Bosporus Kingdom (TSAJ 75; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1999) Goldberg, Abraham, "The Mishna A Study book of Halakha,", The Literature of the Sages (ed. Shmuel Safrai; Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum 2:3; Assen: Van Gorcum, 1987)

26 Goodblatt, David, The Monarchic Principle: Studies in Jewish Self-Government in Antiquity (TSAJ 38; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1994). Goodman, State and Society in Roman Galilee, A.D (Totowa NJ: Rowan and Allanheld, 1983). -- "The Roman State and the Jewish Patriarch in the Third Century," The Galilee in Late Antiquity (ed. Lee I. Levine; New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1992) "The Jewish Image of God in Late Antiquity," Jewish Culture and Society under the Christian Roman Empire (eds. Richard Kalmin and Seth Schwartz; Interdisciplinary Studies in Ancient Culture and Religion 3; Leuven: Peeters, 2003) Hezser, Catherine, The Social Structure of the Rabbinic Movement in Roman Palestine (TSAJ 66; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1997). -- Jewish Literacy in Roman Palestine (TSAJ 81; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2001): -- ed., Rabbinic Law in its Roman and Near Eastern Context (TSAJ 97; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2003). Hopkins, Keith, "Christian Number and Its Implications," Journal of Early Christian Studies, 6 (1998) Horbury, William, ed., Templum Amicitiae: Essays on the Second Temple Presented to Ernst Bammel (JSNTSup 48; Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1991). -- Horbury William and David Noy, Jewish Inscriptions of Graeco-Roman Egypt: With an Index of the Jewish Inscriptions of Egypt and Cyrenaica (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). Irshai, Oded, "The Priesthood in Jewish Society of Late Antiquity," Continuity and Renewal: Jews and Judaism in Byzantine-Christian Palestine (ed. Lee I. Levine; Jerusalem: Yad Ben-Zvi, 2004) [in Hebrew]. Isaac, Benjamin, and Aharon Oppenheimer, The Revolt of Bar Kokhba: Ideology and Modern Scholarship, JJS, 36 (1985) Jacobs, Martin, Die Institution des jüdischen Patriarchen: Eine quallen und traditionskritische Studie zur Geschichte derjuden in der Spätantike (TSAJ 52; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1995). Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae [JA] Henry J. Thackeray, Ralph Marcus, and Louis H. Feldman, Josephus: Jewish Antiquities (LCL; Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ).

27 Larsson, Edvin, Temple-Criticism and the Jewish Heritage: Some Reflections on Acts 6 7, NTS 39 (1993) Levine, Lee I., The Rabbinic Class of Roman Palestine in Late Antiquity (Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi, 1989). -- The Ancient Synagogue: The First Thousand Years (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000). Lieberman, Saul, Hellenism in Jewish Palestine (1941; reprinted New York and Jerusalem: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1994). Linder, Amnon, The Jews in Roman Imperial Legislation (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1987). Lintott, Andrew, Imperium Romanum: Politics and Administration (Routledge: London and New York, 1993). 2 Maccabees [2 Macc] Werner Kappler and Robert Hanhart, Maccabaeorum libri I- IV: Maccabaeorum liber II (Septuaginta: Vetus Testamentum Graecum 9:2; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1976). McGing, Brian, "Population and Proselytism: How Many Jews Were There in the Ancient World," in, Jews in the Hellenistic and Roman Cities (ed. John R. Bartlett; London: Routledge, 2002) Meshorer, Yaacov, City-Coins of Eretz-Israel and the Decapolis in the Roman Period (Jerusalem : Israel Museum, 1985). MMT (Miqts'at ma'assei ha-torah; 4Q394-9) Elisha Qimron and John Strugnell, eds., Qumra Cave 4 (Discoveries in the Judaean Desert 10; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994) Neusner, Jacob, ed., Judaism in Late Antiquity (5 vols.; Leiden, Brill, ). Noy, David, Jewish Inscriptions of Western Europe (2 vols.; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ). Noy, David, Alexander Panayotov and Hanswulf Bloedhorn, Inscriptiones Judaicae Orientis (3 vols.; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2004) Philo of Alexandria, De specialibus legibus Francis H. Colson, Philo (11 vols.; LCL; London: W. Heinemann, 1941) 7: , 8: Pucci ben Zeev, Miriam, Jewish Rights in the Roman World: the Greek and Roman Documents quoted by Josephus Flavius (TSAJ 74; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1998). -- Quod Deus ist immutabilis Francis H. Colson, Philo (11 vols.; LCL; London: W. Heinemann, 1941) 3:

28 Rajak, Tessa, The Jewish Dialogue with Greece and Rome: Studies in Cultural and Social Interaction (Leiden: Brill, 2002). Reynolds Joyce and Robert Tannenbaum, Jews and God-fearers at Aphrodisias: Greek Inscriptions with Commentary (Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society, 1987). Safrai, Shmuel, ed., The Literature of the Sages (Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum 2:3; Assen: Van Grocum, 1987). Schäfer, Peter, Der Bar Kokhba-Aufstand: Studien zum zweiten jüdischen Krieg gegen Rom (TSAJ 1; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1981). -- "Magic and Religion in Ancient Judaism," Envisioning Magic: A Princeton Seminar and Symposium (Peter Schäfer and Hans G. Kippenberg, eds.; Leiden: Brill, 1997) Schürer, Emil, The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C.- A.D. 135) (3 vols; revised edition by Geza Vermes et al.; Edinburgh: Clark, ). Schwartz, Seth, "The Patriarchs and the Diaspora," JJS, 50 (1990) Imperialism and Jewish Society, 200 B.C.E. to 640 C.E. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001). [Sir] Ben Sira, Wisdom of Ben Sira Joseph Ziegler, Sapientia Iesu Filii Sirach (Septuaginta: Vetus Testamentum Graecum 12:2; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1965). Stern, Menahem, Greek and Latin authors on Jews and Judaism (3 vols.; Jerusalem: Academy of Sciences and Humanities, ). Stone, Michael E., ed., Jewish Writings of the Second Temple Period (Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum 2:2; Aassen: Van Grocum, 1984). Strack Hermann L. and Günter Stemberger, Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash (tran. By Markus Bockmuel; 2 nd edition; Edinburgh: Clark, 1996). [t with name of tractate] Tosefta Saul Lieberman, The Tosefta (5 vols.; New York: Jewish Theological Seminary, ). Trebilco, Paul R., Jewish Communities in Asia Minor (Cambridge: Cambridge Uiversity Press, 1991). Yadin, Yigael et al., The Documents from the Bar Kokhba Period in the Cave of the Letters: Hebrew, Aaramaic, and Nabatean-Aramaic Papyri (3 vols.; Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 2002).

29 Bibliographic Essay The History of Judaism in the first few centuries after the so called Great Revolt of 70 CE suffers from the lack of a consistent narrative framework, similar to the one provided by Flavius Josephus for the proceeding period. The sources for this era consist of references to Jews and Judaism in the writings of Graeco-Roman authors (collected and studied in Stern ), Roman law (Linder 1987), as well as sporadic, though very important, papyrological material, mainly from the regions of the Dead Sea (surveyed in Cotton 1995 and 1999). A comprehensive collection and a thorough study of the evidence in Church writings remains a desideratum. Archaeological findings, including numismatic evidence and epigraphical material supplement our knowledge greatly. Of the former, although much has been published, only the synagogue received exhaustive analytical treatment (Levine 2000). Good collections of coins and inscription are also available (e.g. Meshorer 1985; Horbury and Noy 1992; Noy ; Noy, Panayotov and Bloedhorn 2004). Apart from all this, the main, and by far the largest, group of sources come from the writings of the so called rabbis. The numerous works of Jacob Neusner and his students provide ample, though often inaccurate, translations of this material, too vast to enumerate here. Good introductions, which include helpful bibliographies, are available as well (Safrai 1987; Strack and Stemberger 1996). In the current chapter I discuss the serious problems that undermine the use of this material for historical studies. A modern historical synthesis of the period, comparable to the by now classic revised edition of Emil Schürer s History of the Jewish people in the Age of Jesus Christ (Schürer ) for the Second Temple period, is yet to appear. Although the numerous scholarly studies of the last two decades on different aspects of Jewish life in this period, from social to religious and political history, make this goal achievable.