SCIENCES 5 UNIT 16 THE MIDDLE AGES

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SCIENCES 5 UNIT 16 THE MIDDLE AGES The Roman Empire became too large and difficult to control, so it was divided into two parts: Rome became the capital city of the Western Roman Empire.

1 SCIENCES 5 UNIT 16 THE MIDDLE AGES The Roman Empire became too large and difficult to control, so it was divided into two parts: Rome became the capital city of the Western Roman Empire. Constantinople became the capital city of the Eastern Roman Empire.Some groups of people lived outside the borders of the Roman Empire. The Romans called these people barbarians. Many barbarians moved into Roman territory during the Middle Ages. Some were peaceful immigrants, but others wanted to conquer Roman lands. O Imperio Romano volvéuse demasiado grande e difícil de controlar, así foi dividido en dúas partes: Roma convertiríase na cidade capital do Imperio Romano Occidental. Constantinopla na cidade capital do Imperio Romano Oriental. Había grupos de xente que vivía fóra das fronteiras do Imperio Romano. Os romanos chamaban esta xente 'bárbaros'. Moitos bárbaros entraron no territorio romano durante a Idade Media. Algúns eran inmigrantes tranquilos, pero outros querían conquistar terras do imperio romano.

2 In 476 C.E., the city of Rome was invaded by barbarians. That marked the end of the Western Roman Empire and the Ancient Period of history. No ano 476 D.C., a cidade de Roma era invadida por bárbaros. Isto marcou o final do Imperio Romano Occidental e da Idade Antiga da historia. Many of the barbarian invaders of Rome were Germanic tribes that came from central Europe. Some of these peoples established kingdoms in the old territories of the Western Roman Empire. Moitos dos invasores bárbaros de Roma eran tribos Xermánicas que viñan de Europa central. Algúns destes pobos estableceron reinos nos antigos territorios do Imperio Romano Occidental. Most Germanic people were farmers. Many of them went to live in the countryside, so the population of most cities decreased A maior parte da xente xermánica eran granxeiros. Moitos deles ían vivir no campo, así a poboación da maior parte das cidades reducíuse. Germanic peoples had their own culture, but they learned to speak Latin and they adopted Roman laws. They also converted to Christianity. Os pobos xermánicos tiñan a súa propia cultura, pero eles aprenderon a falar latín e adoptaron as leis romanas. Tamén se convertiron ao Cristianismo. The Visigoths were an important Germanic tribe. They established a kingdom in the Western Roman Empire, with its capital city in Toledo. In 507 C.E., the Visigoths arrived in Roman Hispania and established a new kingdom. That was the beginning of the Middle Ages in Spain. Os visigodos eran unha tribo xermánica importante. Estableceron un reino no Imperio Romano Occidental, coa súa cidade capital en Toledo. No ano 507 D.C., os visigodos chegaron na Hispania romana e estableceron un reino novo. Ese foi o principio da Idade Media en España.

3 The Middle Ages began in the 5th century C.E. and ended in the 15 th century. During this time, Christianity became the main religion in the old Roman territories. A new religion, Islam, also appeared during the Middle Ages. A Idade Media empezou no século 5 D.C. e rematou no século 15. Durante esta época, o Cristianismo convertíuse na relixión principal dos antigos territorios romanos. Unha nova relixión, o Islam, tamén aparecía durante a Idade Media. In the 9th century C.E., there were two Christian empires on the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea: the Carolingian and the Byzantine empires. There were also Islamic empires, called caliphates No século 9 D.C., había dous imperios cristiáns nas costas do Mar Mediterráneo: o Carolinxio e o imperio Bizantino. Había tamén uns imperios islámicos, chamados Califatos. The Carolingian Empire After the fall of Rome, the Western Empire was divided into smaller kingdoms. Charlemagne was the head of the Frankish kingdom, which became one of the most important kingdoms in Europe. Charlemagne expanded his kingdom and established a new empire that included part of the old Western Roman territories. The emperor s capital city was in Aquisgranum (Aachen), in modern-day Germany. In the Carolingian Empire, people spoke Latin, but they followed many traditional Germanic customs. The state religion was Christianity and the head of the church was the Pope in Rome. O Imperio Carolinxio Despois da caída de Roma, o Imperio Occidental foi dividido en reinos máis pequenos. Carlomagno era o xefe do reino dos Francos, que se convertiría nun dos reinos máis importantes de Europa. Carlomagno expandeu o seu reino e estableceu un novo imperio que incluía parte dos antigos territorios do imperio romano occidental. A cidade capital do emperador estaba en Aquisgrana (Aachen), na actual Alemaña. No Imperio Carolinxio, a xente falaba latín, pero seguían moitos costumes xermánicos tradicionais. A relixión de estado era o Cristianismo e a cabeza da igrexa era o papa en Roma.

4 The Byzantine Empire The capital city of the Eastern Roman Empire was Constantinople the ancient city of Byzantium, which is Istanbul today. The Eastern Empire survived longer than the Western Empire because it resisted the attacks of invaders. The Byzantine Empire didn t fall until 1453 C.E., when it was conquered by the Ottoman Turks. O Imperio Bizantino A cidade capital do Imperio Oriental Romano era Constantinopla -a antiga cidade de Bizancio, a actual Estambul. O Imperio Oriental sobreviviu máis tempo que o Imperio Occidental porque puido resistir aos ataques dos invasores. O Imperio Bizantino non caeu ata o ano 1453 D.C., cando foi conquistado polos Turcos otománs. Islamic Caliphates Islam is a religion that began on the Arabian peninsula in the 7th century C.E. The followers of Islam are called Muslims and they follow the teachings of the prophet Mohammed. Muslims believe in one god, Allah, and their sacred book is the Koran. During the Middle Ages, Muslims formed a great civilization, with its own laws, customs and art forms. Most people spoke Arabic. There were also Muslim empires called caliphates, ruled by leaders called caliphs Califatos islámicos O Islam é unha relixión que xurdeu na península árabe no século 7 D.C. Os seguidores do Islam son chamados musulmáns e seguen as ensinanzas do oprofeta Maoma. Os Musulmáns cren nun deus, Allah, e o seu libro sagrado é o Corán. Durante a Idade Media, os musulmáns formaron unha gran civilización, coas súas propias leis, costumes e arte. A maior parte xente falaba Árabe. Había tamén imperios musulmáns chamados califatos, gobernados por líderes chamados califas.

5 In the beginning of the Middle Ages: _ People lived in villages in the countryside. _ The Catholic religion became important in all aspects of daily life. _ Society was divided into three main groups: knights, clergy and peasants. _ A new social and economic system developed, called feudalism. No principio da Idade Media: A xente vivía en aldeas no campo. A relixión católica volveuse importante en todos os aspectos da vida cotiá. A Sociedade estaba dividida en tres grupos principais: cabaleiros, clero e labregos. Desenvolveuse un novo sistema social e económico chamado feudalismo. Medieval peasants worked on the lands of feudal lords. _ Some peasants were free men. They cultivated their lord s fields and received part of the harvest. _ Other peasants were the lord s slaves, or serfs. They worked in the fields or in the lord s castle. _ Knights were the lord s vassals. They defended his lands in exchange for food and a parcel of land. Os labregos medievais traballaban nas terras dos señores feudais. Algúns labregos eran homes libres. Cultivaban os campos do seu señor recibían parte da colleita. Outros labregos eran escravos ou servos do señor. Eles traballaban nos campos ou no castelo do señor. Os Cabaleiros eran os vasalos do señor. Defendían as súas terras a cambio de comida e unha parcela de terra.

6 In the 13th century, medieval cities started growing and becoming prosperous again. In medieval cities, streets were narrow and buildings were close together. Cities were usually surrounded by walls for protection. As the population grew, people started building new homes and neighbourhoods outside the city walls. Commerce also increased and there were markets and fairs where people could buy and sell goods. Beautiful new palaces, cathedrals, town halls and other public buildings were also built. No século 13, as cidades medievais empezaron a desenvolverse e facerse prósperas outra vez. Nas cidades medievais, as rúas eran estreitas e os edificios estaban moi xuntos. As Cidades estaban normalmente rodeadas por muros para protección. Como a poboación crecía, a xente empezaba a construír novas casas e barrios fóra dos muros da cidade. O Comercio tamén aumentaba e había mercados e feiras onde a xente podía comprar e vender mercadorías. Tamén construíronse palacios novos e bonitos, catedrais, casas do concello e outros edificios públicos. During the Middle Ages, the Iberian Peninsula was divided into Muslim areas and Christian areas. In 711 C.E., Muslim armies conquered the Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo. The kingdom became a new Islamic territory called Al-Andalus. The caliph was the political and religious leader of the new territory. For centuries, Al-Andalus was one of the most advanced societies in Europe, especially during the time of Abderramán III, the first caliph of Córdoba. The Muslims of Al- Andalus built many beautiful monuments, such as the Alhambra in Granada and the Great Mosque of Córdoba. Durante a Idade Media, a Península Ibérica estaba dividida en zonas musulmás e zonas cristiás. No ano 711 D.C., os exércitos musulmáns conquistaron o Reino Visigodo de Toledo. O reino convertíase nun novo territorio islámico chamado Al-Andalus. O califa era o líder político e relixioso do novo territorio. Durante séculos, Al-Andalus foi unha das sociedades máis avanzadas de Europa, especialmente durante o tempo de Abderramán III, o primeiro califa de Córdoba. Os musulmáns de Al-Andalus fixeron moitos monumentos bonitos, como a Alhambra en Granada e a Gran Mesquita de Córdoba.

7 Muslims didn t conquer the mountainous areas in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. In those areas, many Christians lived and established independent kingdoms. Between the 9th and the 15th centuries, the Christian kingdoms expanded to the south. Eventually, they reconquered the Iberian Peninsula. Granada was the last Muslim kingdom on the peninsula. It fell to the Christians in Os Musulmáns non conquistaron zonas montañosas no norte da Península Ibérica. Nesas zonas, vivían moitos cristiáns que estableceron reinos independentes. Entre o século 9 e o século 15, os reinos cristiáns expanderonse ao sur. Ao final, eles reconquistaron a Península Ibérica. Granada foi o último reino musulmán na península. Caeu para os Cristiáns en 1492.

Bell Activity page 105

Bell Activity page 105 Think about the difference between renting and owning property. Do renters have as much control over property as owners? Why might some people want to buy a home rather than rent