NOTES ON ISLAM & MODERN SCIENCE

Transcription

1 CULTURAL CENTER FOR FOREIGNERS' CALL NOTES ON ISLAM & MODERN SCIENCE BY DR. Manea Al-Hazmi General Director of the Cultural center For Foreigners Call

2 CONTENTS THE QUR AN AND MODERN SCIENCE... 8 What is the Qur an?... 8 Why did God reveal the Qur an?... 8 The Qur an brings evidence for its truthfulness by the following means?... 8 The scientific miracles in the Qur an... 8 THE QUR AN ON THE UNIVERSE... 9 The whole universe was one entity... 9 The Big Bang theory... 9 The Big Bang The universe was smoke The modern cosmology and the origin of the universe Further vindication by noted scientists...error! Bookmark not defined. Alfred Kroner The universe is expanding The Big Crunch Further vindication by noted scientists...error! Bookmark not defined. Yushidi Kusan The balance of the universe through the four forces The concept of the Fine-Tuning The celestial bodies movement The movement of the celestial bodies is under control The need for distances between celestial bodies The Distance between the Earth and the Sun The distance between the Earth and the Moon The distance between the Earth and the Moon The attraction between the Earth and the Moon Further vindication by noted scientists...error! Bookmark not defined. Professor Armstrong Allah holds the universe The perfect structure and balance in the universe is a clear sign for the Oneness of the Creator

3 THE PROTECTED CEILING Meteor shower The atmosphere layers The atmosphere and the protection of the Earth from meteors The atmosphere and the protection of the Earth from harmful radiation The atmosphere brings benefit to Earth The magnetosphere layer and the protection of the Earth Difference between the Sun and the Moon The source of light THE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric pressure Exploring the space Exploring the space THE SECRETS OF THE SEAS Barriers between seas Barriers between seas Barriers between seas and rivers Barriers between seas and rivers Who knows the secrets of the seas? Darkness and internal waves in seas Darkness in seas Internal waves in seas Further vindication by noted scientists...error! Bookmark not defined. William Hay Durja Rao MOUNTAINS The Qura n describes the mountains: Mountains have deep roots Professor Emeritus Frank Press said in his book entitled Earth that: The role of the Mountains according to the Qur an The role of the Mountains according to modern science Further vindication by noted scientists...error! Bookmark not defined. Professor Siaveda

4 LOSS AT THE EXTREMITIES OF THE EARTH Loss of matter from the Earth s surface Reducing the land surface from another prospective THE WATER OF EARTH The Water of Earth Science and origin of the Earth s water The distribution of Earth s water Water cycle The formation of clouds Clouds formation Hail and lightning How does lightening develop? HEAVY CLOUDS The weight of clouds Rain in measure Fertilizing winds (fecundating winds) The interpretation of the verse The role of fertilizing winds The need for water Purity and fertility of rain water BARREN LAND AND WATER Soil agitates and swells after rain The soil composition The soil condition before rain How soil agitates when it rains? How soil swells when it rains? GRAINS PRODUCTION FROM GREEN SUBSTANCES Chlorophyll and photosynthesis Fresh Dates Dates for women during and after delivery Dates for women during and after delivery Why dates for women during and after labour? HONEY AND HEALTH

5 Honey a healing for people Modern medicine confirms the healing property of honey Honey helps in healing wounds Honey better than silver sulphadiazine Honey prevents many disorders Pure and palatable milk from livestock Process of milk production in livestock HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY The History of Human Embryology The Qur an on Human Embryo Stages The Stage of Nutfah Man is created from part of man s fluid What does Nutfah Amshaj mean? The Qur an told us that human is created from male and female Nutfah amshaj in the modern science The Uterus Is a Safe Place The safe uterus in the modern science The alaqah stage: The mudghah stage Further vindication by noted scientists...error! Bookmark not defined. Keith L. Moore The Prophet of Allah, Muhammad (PBUH), told us when the human embryo changes into human form The modern science and the timing of the human embryo stages Further vindication by noted scientists...error! Bookmark not defined. Joe Leigh Simpson Further vindication by noted scientists...error! Bookmark not defined. Professor T.V.N Persaud The Stage of Flesh What does lahm mean? What happens in the stage of flesh? The Stage of Nash ah What does nash ah mean?

6 Further vindication by noted scientists...error! Bookmark not defined. Gerald C. Goeringer Allah creates human in stages Modern embryology confirms that: The fetus develops in three veils of darkness Further vindication by noted scientists E. Marshall Johnson THE FRONT OF THE HEAD (CEREBRUM) The scientists comments Further vindication by noted scientists...error! Bookmark not defined. Professor Moore added: Professor Moore added: THE COCCYX Prophet Muhammad said: The origin of the coccyx Spemann and the discovery of the Primary Organizer The Primary Organiser does not perish The coccyx does not perish The recreation of man from the coccyx THE SENSATION OF SKIN PAIN Nerve endings transport pain in human body Skin burn types: The verse of the Qur an and the recent finding of science The Sensation of Abdominal Pain Sensation nerves in the abdomen Professor Tejatat Tejasen Professor Tejasen added: PAIRS Parity in human Parity in animals Parity in flowering plants Parity in non flowering plants, fungi, algae, bacteria, and protozoans Parity in the basic structures of the cell

7 Parity in matter Parity in compounds and elements Parity in energy Parity in general creation Parity is in creation but The Creator is One Further vindication by noted scientists Dr. Maurice Bucaille References

8 THE QUR AN AND MODERN SCIENCE What is the Qur an? -The Qur an is the literal Word of God. -God revealed the Qur an to the last Prophet, Muhammad, through the Angel Gabriel. -The Qur an has been transmitted everywhere by the most reliable ways. Why did God reveal the Qur an? -To bring a clear evidence for the existence and greatness of God. -To bring a clear evidence for the prophethood of Muhammad. -To be the guidance for all mankind in this life and to give glad tidings to the believers in Paradise and to warn the disbelievers of severe punishment in the Hellfire in the hereafter. The Qur an brings evidence for its truthfulness by the following means? -The Qur an is unique. -No one can produce like the Qur an. -The Qur an is 100% authentic. -The Qur an has no contradictions. -The Qur an explains scientific miracles 14 centuries ago. The scientific miracles in the Qur an The modern science came to be a witness for the authenticity and truthfulness of the Qur an. 8

9 THE QUR AN ON THE UNIVERSE The whole universe was one entity. (Have not those who disbelieved known that the heavens and the earth were one connected entity, then We separated them...?) (Qur an, 21:30) -This verse indicates that all bodies of the universe including the earth were one entity. The Big Bang theory -The universe was a compressed elementary body with size of almost zero. -This elementary body exploded (Big Bang) to form a cloud of smoke. -This means that all bodies of universe including the earth were one connected entity as the Qur anic verse stats. -This means also that the universe had a start and invalidates that the universe is constant without beginning. 9

10 The Big Bang Fig. 1. A picture represents the Big Bang. The universe was smoke. (Then He turned to the heaven when it was smoke and said to it and to the earth:" Come both of you willingly or unwillingly." They both said: "We come willingly." ) (Qur an, 41:11) -This verse indicates that the origin of the universe was smoke. The modern cosmology and the origin of the universe -The science of modern cosmology sates clearly that the origin of the whole universe was a cloud of smoke composed of highly dense and hot gases and particles. -New stars are formed from the remnants of that smoke (Fig. 2). Fig. 2. A new star forming out of a cloud of gas and dust (nebula), which is one of the remnants of the smoke that was the origin of the whole universe. (The Space Atlas, Heather and Henbest, p

11 Further vindication by noted scientists Alfred Kroner Professor of the Department of Geosciences, University of Mainz, Germany. Professor Kroner is one of the world's most famous geologists, becoming well known among his colleague scientists for his criticisms against the theories of some of the major scientists in his field. Sheikh cabdul-majeed A. Zindani met with him and presented several Qur'anic verses and Hadith which he studied and commented upon. "Thinking where Muhammad came from... I think it is almost impossible that he could have known about things like the common origin of the universe, because scientists have only found out within the last few years with very complicated and advanced technological methods that this is the case." "Somebody who did not know something about nuclear physics 1400 years ago could not, I think, be in a position to find out from his own mind for instance that the earth and the heavens had the same origin, or many others of the questions that we have discussed here... If you combine all these and you combine all these statements that are being made in the Qur'an in terms that relate to the earth and the formation of the earth and science in general, you can basically say that statements made there in many ways are true, they can now be confirmed by scientific methods, and in a way, you can say that the Qur'an is a simple science text book for the simple man. And that many of the statements made in there at that time could not be proven, but that modern scientific methods are now in a position to prove what Muhammad said 1400 years ago." The universe is expanding. (With power did We construct the heaven. Verily, We are Able to extend the vastness of space thereof.) (The Qur an 51:47). -This verse indicates that the universe is expanding. -It is thought that the universe has been expanding since the Big Bang to a maximum dimension (Fig. 3) 11

12 Fig.3. "The universe starts with a Big Bang, expands to a maximum dimension, then re-contracts and collapses (to the Big Crunch); no more awe-inspiring prediction was ever made." Quotation from Charles W. Misner, Kip S. Thorne and John A. Wheeler in "Gravitation", W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, 1973, page The American astronomer Vesto M. Slipher noticed in 1912 that the spectral lines from the rest of the galaxies were shifted toward longer (red) wavelengths. This showed that most galaxies were receding from ours (the Milky Way) at several hundred kilometers per second indicating that the universe is expanding. -The red shifts law, or Hubble s law found by the American astronomer Edwin Powell Hubble in 1929, explained that the universe is steadily expanding. The universe will vanish Allah said And (remember) the Day when We shall roll up the heavens like a scroll rolled up for books, as We began the first creation, We shall repeat it, (it is) a promise binding upon Us. Truly, We shall do it. (The Qur an 21:104). -This verse indicates that the universe will vanish and to be replaced by another one. The Big Crunch -The universe will reach its maximum expansion and then it will re-contract to the state of beginning (Fig.3) -Then it will explode again (second Big Bang) to form a new universe with a new earth different from the present ones. 12

13 Further vindication by noted scientists Yushidi Kusan Director of the Tokyo Observatory, Tokyo, Japan. Sheikh Abdul-Majeed A. Zindani presented a number of Qur'anic verses describing the beginnings of the universe and of the heavens, and the relationship of the earth to the heavens. He expressed his astonishment, saying that the Qur'an describes the universe as seen from the highest observation point, everything is distinct and clear. "I say, I am very much impressed by finding true astronomical facts in Qur'an, and for us modern astronomers have been studying very small piece of the universe. We have concentrated our efforts for understanding of very small part. Because by using telescopes, we can see only very few parts of the sky without thinking about the whole universe. So by reading Qur'an and by answering to the questions, I think I can find my future way for investigation of the universe." The perfect structure of the universe (Have they not looked at the heaven above them - how We structured it and adorned it and [how] it has no rifts?) (The Qur an 50:6)! (He who created seven heavens in layers. You do not see in the creation of the Most Merciful any inconsistency. So return [your] vision [to the sky]; do you see any breaks? Then return [your] vision twice again. [Your] vision will return to you humbled while it is fatigued. 13

14 The balance of the universe through the four forces Modern physics states that the interaction and equilibrium between the four forces: gravity, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force stabilize the physical motion of the universe. The concept of the Fine-Tuning Through the concept of the Fine-Tuning science explains that: -the universe has been designed with the greatest precision and with control. -the universe is not a collection of coincidences without a purpose but it has a purpose directed towards human life. Professor George F. Ellis, a British astrophysicist described the fine-tuning: Amazing fine tuning occurs in the laws that make this (complexity) possible. Realization of the complexity of what is accomplished makes it very difficult not to use the word miraculous without taking a stand as to the ontological status of the word - Other physicists have noticed the fine-tuning in the universe for the benefit of human life. The celestial bodies movement -Galaxies with billions stars move in their paths in perfect balance. -No collisions occur despite the fact that billions of stars move across each other s paths. -No collisions occur despite the fact that billions of stars move in their orbits in huge speeds that exceed the bounds of reason (Table 1). Celestial body The Earth Around itself The Earth Around the Sun The Solar System around the galaxy The Milky Way through space Body speed kmph 1, , , ,000 Bullet speed kmph 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 Table 1. Celestial bodies and their body speeds compared to the bullet speed. The movement of the celestial bodies is under control! 14

15 (It is not allowable for the sun to reach the moon, nor does the night overtake the day, but each, in an orbit, is swimming.) (The Qur an 36:40) -This verse affirms that the movement of the sun and the moon and other celestial bodies in their orbits is under control. The need for distances between celestial bodies -The huge spaces between celestial bodies are essential for life on Earth. -Michael Denton affirmed in his book Nature s Destiny that the distances between supernovae and between other stars is critical for life on Earth. In our galaxy, if the distances were less than the existing ones, planetary orbits would be destabilized and if the distances were more, planetary systems would not form. The Distance between the Earth and the Sun -The distance between the Earth and the Sun is precisely fixed for normal life on the Earth. -If the Earth and the Sun were any closer, living beings would burn up. -If they were any farther, living beings would freeze. -So in both cases life would be impossible. The distance between the Earth and the Moon -The distance between the Earth and the Moon is precisely fixed for normal life on the Earth. -If the Earth and the Moon were any closer, the tides would increase and ocean waves would flood low-lying land and the temperature would increase to a dangerous level. -If they were even little closer, the Moon would collide with the Earth. The distance between the Earth and the Moon -If the Earth and the Moon were any farther away, the Moon would be lost in space. -If they were even little farther away, the tides would decrease and the oceans would become less mobile thus reducing the oxygen level and endangering life in both the sea and the land. The attraction between the Earth and the Moon -The right attraction between the Earth and the Moon is essential for normal life on the Earth. -Greater attraction would cause serious changes in the rotation of Earth around its own axis, in the ocean tides and in atmospheric conditions. -Less attraction would cause serious climate changes. 15

16 Further vindication by noted scientists Professor Armstrong Professor Armstrong works for NASA and he is a Professor of Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA. Prof. Armstrong was asked a number of questions about Qur'anic verses dealing with his field of specialization. He was eventually asked, "You have seen and discovered for yourself the true nature of modern Astronomy by means of modern equipment, rockets, and satellites developed by man. You have also seen how the same facts were mentioned by the Qur'an fourteen centuries ago. So what is your opinion?" "That is a difficult question which I have been thinking about since our discussion here. I am impressed at how remarkably some of the ancient writings seem to correspond to modern and recent Astronomy. I am not a sufficient scholar of human history to project myself completely and reliably into the circumstances that 1400 years ago would have prevailed. Certainly, I would like to leave it at that, that what we have seen is remarkable, it may or may not admit of scientific explanation, there may well have to be something beyond what we understand as ordinary human experience to account for the writings that we have seen." Allah holds the universe "# (Indeed, Allah holds the heavens and the earth, lest they cease. And if they should cease, no one could hold them [in place] after Him. Indeed, He is Forbearing and Forgiving.) (The Qur an 35:41). 16

17 The perfect structure and balance in the universe is a clear sign for the Oneness of the Creator $$ (Had there been within the heavens and earth gods besides Allah, they both would have been ruined. So exalted is Allah, Lord of the Throne, above what they describe.) (The Qur an 21:22). 17

18 THE PROTECTED CEILING $ And We made the sky a protected ceiling, but they, from its signs, are turning away. (The Qur an 21:32) $$ '()* %"& [He] who made for you the earth a bed [spread out] and the sky a ceiling. (The Qur an 2:22) - '()* +, And He restrains the sky from falling upon the earth, unless by His permission. Indeed Allah, to the people, is Kind and Merciful. (The Qur an 22:65) Meteor shower 18

19 The atmosphere layers -Atmosphere layers as shown in Fig. 4. play different roles in protecting the Earth. Fig. 4. Atmosphere layers. The atmosphere and the protection of the Earth from meteors -The atmosphere destroys meteors and prevents them from falling to the Earth. -Meteors such as that fell in Arizona shown in fig. 5. can destroy cities but thanks to Allah for the protection of our planet. Fig. 5. The above photo belongs to a giant crater caused by a meteor that fell in Arizona, in the USA. 19

20 The atmosphere and the protection of the Earth from harmful radiation -The atmosphere filters harmful radiation. -Harmful ultraviolet radiation is filtered by the ozone layer in the stratosphere, infra-red radiation is filtered by water vapor in the troposphere (Fig. 6) and X-ray is filtered in the ionosphere. Fig. 6. The atmosphere layer that blocks the rays that might be fatal to life on Earth is the Ozonosphere. The atmosphere brings benefit to Earth -The atmosphere allows useful light rays that are essential for living beings. -Terrestrial radiation is trapped by the atmosphere to keep the earth warm. -The atmosphere prevents the cold temperature, -270 degree C, of the space. The magnetosphere layer and the protection of the Earth The magnetosphere layer called Van Allen Belts (fig. 7) protects living beings from the harmful radiation, celestial bodies and particles coming from the Sun and other stars. Fig. 7. The magnetosphere layer, Van Allen Belts. 20

21 Difference between the Sun and the Moon -./ (Do you not consider how Allah has created seven heavens in layers. And made the moon therein a [reflected] light and made the sun a burning lamp?) (The Qur an 71:15-16) The source of light -The verse tells us that the Moon is noor an Arabic word which means reflected light and the Sun is seraj which means burning lamp that emits light with heat. -Astronomers discovered that the source of light coming from the Sun is the burning taking place in the Sun while the source of light coming from the Moon is the reflection of the Sun s light because the Moon does not emit its own light. 21

22 THE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ( $- 01 (So whoever Allah wants to guide - He expands his breast to [contain] Islam; and whoever He wants to misguide - He makes his breast tight and constricted as though he were climbing into the sky. Thus does Allah place defilement upon those who do not believe. (The Qur an 6:125) The atmospheric pressure -The verse indicates that climbing into the sky makes the breast tight and constricted. -Atmospheric pressure decreases with elevation above the Earth s surface. -Human body can not tolerate atmospheric pressure reduction because it causes bleeding. -Space ships and airplanes are equipped to make adjustment for the reduction in the atmospheric pressure. -Astronomers have to wear special clothes that provide their bodies with the needed pressure like that on Earth. 22

23 Exploring the space )2" (O company of jinn and mankind, if you are able to pass beyond the regions of the heavens and the earth, then pass. You will not pass except by authority [from Allah] (The Qur an 55:33) Exploring the space -The verse informs us that it is possible to explore the heavens by authority 1400 years ago at the time when no one had imagined reaching the Moon. -Indeed, the first man landed on the Moon in the beginning of the 20 th century. 23

24 THE SECRETS OF THE SEAS Barriers between seas $3 )2" (He released the two seas, meeting [side by side]. Between them is a barrier [so] neither of them transgresses. (The Qur an 55: 19-20) -The two verses stress the barrier between two seas that prevent them from mingling with one another. Barriers between seas -Water barriers between converging seas were discovered by oceanographers for the first time in 1942 AD. -Water barriers prevent converging seas from mingling with one another and maintain their properties separately. -For example, Mediterranean Sea enters the Atlantic Ocean by Gibraltar but due to the barrier their water do not mix and their properties such as salinity, temperature and density do not change (fig. 8). 24

25 Fig. 8. The Mediterranean sea water as it enters the Atlantic over the Gibraltar sill with its own warm, saline, and less dense characteristics, because of the barrier that distinguishes between them. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius (C ). (Marine Geology, Kuenen, p. 43). Barriers between seas and rivers. - 45"6 (And it is He who has released the two seas, one fresh and sweet and one salty and bitter, and He placed between them a barrier and prohibiting partition. (The Qur an 25: 53) -The verse addresses the barrier between the river with fresh and sweet water and the sea with salty and bitter water. Barriers between seas and rivers -It has been discovered by modern science that fresh water of the rivers meet the salty water of seas to form partition zones of separation in estuaries (fig. 9). -The partition zone of separation in an estuary has different levels of salinity from that of the river and the sea increasing from the river side to the sea side. -Nowadays, satellites can take images for the area of estuaries to show us the boundaries of the three aquatic masses. For example, the Ganges River forms an extensive delta where it empties into the Bay of Bengal (fig. 10). 25

26 Fig. 9. Longitudinal section showing salinity (parts per thousand ) in an estuary. We can see here the partition (zone of separation) between the fresh and the salt water. (Introductory Oceanography, Thurman, p. 301, with a slight enhancement.) Fig. 10. The Ganges River forms an extensive delta where it empties into the Bay of Bengal. (Credit: Image provided by the USGS EROS Data Center Satellite Systems Branch) Who knows the secrets of the seas? -It was impossible at the time of the Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him, 14 centuries ago, to see by naked eyes the barriers between two seas or the partition zones between seas and rivers. -Then who informed the Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him about the sea secrets? Allah Who knows the secrets of the seas informed His prophet. Glory be to Allah. Darkness and internal waves in seas '()* /7 (Or [they are] like levels of darkness within an unfathomable sea which is covered by waves, upon which are waves, over which are clouds levels of darkness, one above another. When one puts out his hand [therein], he can hardly see it.) (The Qur an 24: 40) -The verse describes the darkness of deep seas and their internal waves. 26

27 Darkness in seas -Modern Oceanography explored the darkness of deep seas. There is almost no light after the depth of 200m and light disappears completely at 1000m depth (fig. 11). -Man can not dive deeper than 40m without submarine equipments so it was impossible to know the darkness of the sea below 200m 14 centuries ago at the time of Qur an revelation. Yet the Qur an mentioned it to prove that it is from Allah Who knows the secrets of the sea. Fig. 11. Between 3 and 30 percent of the sunlight is reflected at the sea surface. Then almost all of the seven colors of the light spectrum are absorbed one after another in the first 200 meters, except the blue light. (Oceans, Elder and Pernetta, p. 27.) Internal waves in seas -Modern Oceanography discovered the types of sea waves, the surface waves and the internal waves that occur between layers of different water densities (fig. 12). Surface waves are over internal waves and clouds over them as the Qur an described. -Internal waves are not seen but they can be detected by special equipments that were not available when the Qur an was revealed yet the Qur an addressed them to know that it is from Allah the All- Newer. Fig. 12. Internal waves at interface between two layers of water of different densities. One is dense (the lower one), the other one is less dense (the upper one). (Oceanography, Gross, p. 204.) 27

28 Further vindication by noted scientists William Hay Professor of Oceanogprahy, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA. Professor Hay is one of the best known marine scientist in the USA. Sheikh cabdul-majeed A. Zindani met with him and asked him many questions about the marine surface, the divider between upper and lower sea, and about the ocean floor and marine geology. "I find it very interesting that this sort of information is in the ancient scriptures of the Holy Qur'an, and I have no way of knowing where they would have come from. But I think it is extremely interesting that they are there and this work is going on to discover it, the meaning of some of the passages." And when he was asked about the source of the Qur'an, he replied, "Well, I would think it must be the divine being." Durja Rao Professor of Marine Geology teaching at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Sheikh Zindani presented to Prof. Rao many verses dealing with his area of specialisation, and asked: "What do you think of the existence of the scientific information in the Qur'an? How could Prophet Muhammad have known about these facts fourteen centuries ago?" "It is difficult to imagine that this type of knowledge was existing at that time, around 1400 years back. May be some of the things they have simple idea about, but to describe those things in great detail is very difficult. So this is definitely not simple human knowledge. A normal human being cannot explain this phenomenon in that much detail. So, I thought the information must have come from a supernatural source." 28

29 The Qura n describes the mountains: MOUNTAINS 87 Have We not made the earth as a bed, and the mountains as pegs? (Qur an, 78:6-7) Mountains have deep roots -Modern earth sciences have proven that mountains have deep roots under the surface of the ground and that these roots can reach several times their elevations above the surface of the ground (fig. 13, 14, and 15). -The history of science tells us that the theory of mountains having deep roots was introduced only in 1865 by the Astronomer Royal, Sir George Airy. Fig. 13: Mountains have deep roots under the surface of the ground. (Earth, Press and Siever, p. 413) Fig. 14: Schematic section. The mountains have deep roots embedded in the ground. (Anatomy of the Earth, Cailleux, p. 220.) Fig. 15: Another illustration shows how the mountains are peg-like in shape, due to their deep roots. (Earth Science, Tarbuck and Lutgens, p. 158.) 29

30 Professor Emeritus Frank Press said in his book entitled Earth that: "Mountains have underlying roots. These roots are deeply embedded in the ground, thus, mountains have a shape like a peg." The role of the Mountains according to the Qur an Mountains also play an important role in stabilizing the crust of the earth. They hinder the shaking of the earth. God has said in the Qur an: (- '()* 9,7 And He has set firm mountains in the earth so that it would not shake with you... (Qur an, 16:15) The role of the Mountains according to modern science -The modern theory of plate tectonics holds that mountains work as stabilizers for the earth. -This knowledge about the role of mountains as stabilizers for the earth has just begun to be understood in the framework of plate tectonics since the late 1960 s. -Could anyone during the time of the Prophet Muhammad have known of the true shape of mountains? -Could anyone imagine that the solid massive mountain which he sees before him actually extends deep into the earth and has a root, as scientists affirm? -Modern geology has confirmed the truth of the Qur anic verses. 30

31 Further vindication by noted scientists Professor Siaveda Professor of Marine Geology, Japan. Sheikh Zindani asked him a number of questions in his area of specialization, and then informed him of the Qur'anic verses and Hadith which mention the same phenomena he spoke of. One of the questions was concerning mountains. Sheikh Zindani asked him about the shape of mountains; and whether they were firmly rooted in the earth. "What is your opinion of what you have seen in the Qur'an and the Sunnah with regard to the secrets of the Universe, which scientists only discovered now?" "I think it seems to me very, very mysterious, almost unbelievable. I really think if what you have said is true, the book is really a very remarkable book, I agree." The fundamental difference between continental mountains and the oceanic mountains lies in six materials. Continental mountains are made of essentially five segments, in the oceanic mountains are made of volcanic rocks. And continental mountains are well formed by combinational forces, whereas the oceanic mountains grow formed by extensional forces. But the common points in those mountains rather they have roots to support the mountains. In the case of continental mountains light loads in steal materials formed the mountains is extended bowing into the earth as the roots. In the case of the oceanic mountains also light materials supporting the mountains as root, but in the case of oceanic mountains this light materials is light not because composition is light but it is hot, therefore expanded so many. But for the view point of identity they are doing the same job of supporting the mountains. Therefore the function of roots how to support the mountains according to the law of Achmaties. 31

32 LOSS AT THE EXTREMITIES OF THE EARTH :;" (Have they not seen that We set upon the land, reducing it from its borders? And Allah decides; there is no adjuster of His decision. And He is swift in account. (The Qur an 13: 41) Loss of matter from the Earth s surface -The verse tells us that the Earth is reduced from its borders. -In 1998, scientists observed that the Earth loses matter from its outer layers. -It was found by the scientists in NASA that oxygen and other gases are dispersed into the space from the outer layer of the Earth s atmosphere. Reducing the land surface from another prospective -The polar ice caps are melting due to the global worming thus rising the water level in the oceans and seas. This results in covering coastal areas and reducing the land surface. 32

33 THE WATER OF EARTH The Water of Earth!;<7 (And after that He spread the earth. He extracted from it its water and its pasture) (The Qur an 79:30-31) Science and origin of the Earth s water -It was proved that the origin of the Earth s water is the underground through volcanic eruptions. -The water came from underground through volcanic craters in form of water vapor or steam. -Then water vapor cooled down in low pressure in the atmosphere and condensed and it rained for thousands of years to form oceans, seas etc The distribution of Earth s water The total water of earth is 1.4 billion km3 distributed as follows: -Water in oceans and seas (97.5%). 33

34 -Snow over poles and mountains (2%). -Underground water (0.48). -Water in lakes and streams (0.02%). -Soil moisture (0.01%). -Air moisture (0.001%). Without this huge amount of water temperature could increase to 100c on the day and could decrease to -100c at night. Water cycle -Heat from the Sun vaporizes about km3 of the earth s water (320,000 km3 come from ocean and sea surfaces and km3 come from land) a year. -284,000 km3 fall on oceans and seas. -96,000 km3 fall on land. -36,000 km3 from that fall on land come back to oceans and seas thus their water level remains unchanged. The formation of clouds!"#$%&'()*+ '()* /7 (Do you not see that Allah drives clouds? Then He brings them together, then He makes them into a stack, and you see the rain emerge from within it...) (The Qur an 24:43) -The verse describes rain clouds formation. 34

35 Clouds formation Wind moves small pieces of clouds to an area of convergence (fig. 16). Fig. 16. Satellite photo showing the clouds moving towards the convergence areas. The arrows indicate the directions of the wind.(the Use of Satellite Pictures in Weather Analysis and Forecasting, Anderson and others, p. 188.) -Small clouds gather to form larger clouds (fig 17). Fig. 17. Small pieces of clouds (cumulus clouds) moving towards a convergence zone near the horizon, where we can see a large cumulonimbus cloud. (Clouds and Storms, Ludlam, plate 7.4.) -Then Clouds grow vertically through the updrafts so they are stacked up (fig. 18). Fig. 18. (A) Isolated small pieces of clouds (cumulus clouds). (B) When the small clouds join together, updrafts within the larger cloud increase, so the cloud is stacked up. Water drops are indicated by. (The Atmosphere, Anthes and others, p. 269.) 35

36 -Vertical growth of clouds, stacking up, reaches cooler areas in the atmosphere. Then water drops and hails develop and become larger and heavier and fall (fig 19). Fig. 19. A cumulonimbus cloud. After the cloud is stacked up, rain comes out of it. (Weather and Climate, Bodin, p.123.) Hail and lightning,-./ :;<=>?@ '()* /7BA (And He sends down from the sky, mountains [of clouds] within which is hail, and He strikes with it whom He wills and averts it from whom He wills. The flash of its lightening almost takes away the eyesight.) (The Qur an 24:43) -The verse indicates that lightening comes from hail. How does lightening develop? -Hailstones become negatively charged when electrons transport between ice crystals and hailstones upon contact between them. -Also positively charged splinters of ice break off then they are lifted up to the upper parts of the clouds. -Negatively charged hailstones fall down to the lower parts of the clouds and their negative charges are discharged as lightning (fig. 20). Fig. 20. Lightening development, Meteorology Today, Ahrens, p

37 HEAVY CLOUDS - =";! (And it is He who sends the winds as good tidings before His mercy until, when they have carried heavy rain clouds, We drive them to a dead land and We send down rain therein and bring forth thereby [some] of all the fruits. Thus will We bring forth the dead; perhaps you may be reminded. (The Qur an 7:57) -The verse mentions heavy rain clouds. The weight of clouds -It was discovered recently that clouds can contain up to 300,000 tons of water such as cumulonimbus (thunder) clouds. -No one imagined before this discovery that clouds have such heavy weights. -Despite heavy weight of clouds, they rain small drops with controlled speeds without any harm toward living beings which was proved by Philipp Lenard, a German physicist who received Noble Prize in physics in Rain in measure =">? (And who sends down rain from the sky in measured amounts, and We revive thereby a dead land - thus will you be brought forth - (The Qur an 43:11) -About 16 million tons of water evaporates from the Earth per second and 513 trillion tons per year. -This amount of water falls again on different regions with different proportions but the same total amount of water evaporates and falls every year. -Any change in this water cycle would result in major ecological changes and makes life on earth impossible. 37

38 Fertilizing winds (fecundating winds) $$ (And We have sent the fertilizing winds and sent down water from the sky and given you drink from it. And you are not its retainers. (The Qur an 15:22) -The verse tells us that the winds fertilize the clouds in the process of rain formation. The interpretation of the verse -Abdullah bin mas ud said: The wind is sent bearing water from the sky, then it fertilizes the clouds until rain begins to fall -Ibn Abbas and other said: Allah sends it to the clouds and it gets fertilized and becomes full of water The role of fertilizing winds -Air bubbles form on the surface of oceans and seas in large number (fig. 21). -then bubbles burst into the air leaving very tiny particles called aerosols. -the particles then mix with dust carried from the land by the winds. -the winds carry the particles to the atmosphere where water vapor condenses around them to form water droplets. -the water droplets gather to form clouds that rain on the Earth. Fig. 21. The formation of waves and bubbles 38

39 The need for water!"# 3A 45"6+$%&'()* (And it is He who sends the winds as good tidings before His mercy, and We send down from the sky pure water That We may bring to life thereby a dead land and give it as drink to those We created of numerous livestock and men) (The Qur an 25:48-49) -The verse describes rainwater as pure and fertile water as drink for living beings and lands. Purity and fertility of rain water -Science confirms that rainwater is the purist water for drink. -Biologists affirm that the surface of sea has a micro-layer with large quantities of organic matter and nutrient elements. -When water evaporates from oceans and seas, it carries with it nutrient elements that fall with rain to revitalize dead soil and grows plants. 39

40 Soil agitates and swells after rain BARREN LAND AND WATER - '()* +, (And you see the earth barren, but when We send down upon it rain, it agitates (quivers) and swells and grows of every beautiful kind. (The Qur an 22:5) 3 (And of His signs is that you see the earth stilled, but when We send down upon it rain, it agitates (quivers) and grows. Indeed, He who has given it life is the Giver of Life to the dead. Indeed, He is over all things competent) (The Qur an 41:39) -The above verses that soil agitates and swells when it receives rain. The soil composition Soil consists of mineral particles, organic matter, and space of pores for air and water (fig. 22). Fig. 22. Soil composition. 40

41 The soil condition before rain Before rain dry soil is barren or stilled because at this condition soil structure consists of particles packed in layers one over another in a motionless situation (fig. 23). Fig. 23. barren land. How soil agitates when it rains? -When raindrops fall, particles move thus soil agitates. -The movement of the water particles in the soil causes agitation in the soil too. -Agitation of soil was not known until 1827 AD when Scotch botanist Robert Brown discovered the movement of particles in the water medium. How soil swells when it rains? -Water fills the space of pores (fig. 24). -Soil particles absorb water and increase in size. -Thus soil swells and seeds and plants grow. Fig.24. Water enters between the layers of the soil causing the particle to swell. 41

42 GRAINS PRODUCTION FROM GREEN SUBSTANCES 33 '()* 01 (And it is He who sends down rain from the sky, and We produce thereby the growth of all things. We produce from it greenery from which We produce grains arranged in layers. (The Qur an 6:99) -The verse refers to plant green substance from which grains are produced. Chlorophyll and photosynthesis Chlorophyll is a green pigment located in the chloroplast in plant leaf cells where photosynthesis process takes place through the following reactions (fig. 25 and 26) : 1) The light reaction. 2) The dark reaction. Fig. 25. Photosynthesis pathways. -The light reaction during which chlorophyll absorbs sun light (visible light) and converts its energy to produce chemical molecules called ATP and NADPH (energy compounds). 42

43 -The dark reaction during which the energy (ATP and NADPH) produced by the light reaction is used to fix CO2 from the air to produce carbohydrates. -Then the carbohydrates move from the leaves to be stored in grains and fruits. Fig. 26. Photosynthesis process. -The history of photosynthesis Producing grains and fruits by green substances (photosynthesis) was not know before 1600 AD but the Holy Qur an mentioned it 14 centuries ago. 43

44 Fresh Dates Dates for women during and after delivery $$- )* B"* (And shake toward you the trunk of the palm tree; it will drop upon you ripe, fresh dates. So eat and drink and be contented.) (The Qur an 19:25-26) -The verses prescribe dates for Mary the mother of Jesus peace be upon them to make her childbirth easy. Dates for women during and after delivery -Dates proved by science to be the best food for women before and after delivery. -Doctors advice women during and after the day of delivery to have food enriched with fruit sugars such as dates (fig. 27). 44

45 Fig. 27. Palm dates Why dates for women during and after labour? -Dates contain oxytocin which means rapid birth. Oxytocin is used in modern medicine to facilitate birth and to enhance milk secretion. -Dates contain more than 60% of easily broken sugars and essential elements necessary to energize the mother weakened body, enhance milk production and stop blood pressure reduction as the result of loosing blood during delivery. 45

46 HONEY AND HEALTH Honey a healing for people *!"#$%&'() 3A 9,7 46

47 (And your Lord inspired to the bee, "Take for yourself among the mountains, houses, and among the trees and [in] that which they construct. Then eat from all the fruits and follow the ways of your Lord laid down [for you]." There emerges from their bellies a drink, varying in colors, in which there is healing for people. Indeed in that is a sign for a people who give thought. (The Qur an 16:68-69) -The verse proscribes honey as healing for people. Modern medicine confirms the healing property of honey -Honey helps in healing wounds. -Honey prevents many disorders. -Honey energizes human body. Honey helps in healing wounds -Honey prevents and controls wounds infection due to its antimicrobial function. -Honey enhances the production of epithelial cells that form new skins over wounds thus prevent scarring. -Honey stimulates the formation of blood capillaries and connective tissues under wounds. -Honey hastens the healing process due to its antiinflammatory function. Honey better than silver sulphadiazine Professor Peter Molan in the field of biochemistry at New Zealand s University studied the antimicrobial function of honey and found that honey controlled infection in burn wounds more than silver sulphadiazine normally used to control bacterial infection in hospitals. Honey prevents many disorders -Honey contains antioxidants needed to clean up harmful byproducts of body metabolism thus prevents some disorders such as heart diseases and cancer. -Honey energizes human body. -Honey contains easily broken and digested sugars, vitamins, mineral elements that energize weakened bodies and improve the function of the brain, kidneys and intestines. 47

48 Milk from livestock Pure and palatable milk from livestock 9,7=+,-./ :;< (And indeed, for you in grazing livestock is a lesson. We give you drink from what is in their bellies - between excretion and blood - pure milk, palatable to drinkers.) (The Qur an 16:66) -The verse tells us that milk is produced in bellies of livestock from excretion and blood. Process of milk production in livestock 1) Digestion: Food is chewed in mouth and digested with the help of saliva then it is sent to compound stomach for mechanical, microbial and chemical digestion then it is return back to mouth to be chewed again and digested with the help of saliva then it is swallowed to rumen for microbial digestion then it is sent to true stomach for enzymatic digestion to get the end product of digestion namely chyme 2) Chyme degradation: Chyme is sent to the small intestines, pancreas and bile gland in the liver where complex compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in chyme are degraded to simple compounds such as simple saccharides, amino acids, and fatty acids along with vitamins and minerals dissolved in water to get soft substance. 3) Nutrients absorption and transport: Degraded nutrients in soft substance are then absorbed by the intestines into blood vessels and they carried through blood circulation to the udder cells. 4) Milk synthesis in the udder cells: Nutrients in the udder cells are then synthesized to produce components of milk (proteins, lactose, lipids, and other components) dissolved in water to get pure and palatable milk. 48

49 HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY 4";CD) He it is Who shapes you in the wombs as He pleases. There is no god but He, the Exalted in Might, the Wise. (The Qur an 3:6) The History of Human Embryology -In the 4 th century B. C., Aristotle mistakenly promoted the idea that human embryo developed from formless mass resulted from the union of semen with the menstrual blood. -Until the 18 th century A.D., researchers had mistakenly believed in the pre-formation theory which stated that man is created in his full shape from the beginning. The History of Human Embryology -In 1701 A.D. after the discovery of the microscope, Hamm and Leeuwenhoek discovered the human sperm that removed the Aristotle s theory. -After the discovery of human sperm, researchers mistakenly thought that man is created fully from the beginning in the spermatozoon and woman has no role in this formation (fig. 28). Fig.28: The dwarf embryo as imagined by Leonardo da Vinci from the 15th century (on the left) and the sperm as miniature human being by Hartsoeker from the 17th century (on the right) -After the discovery of the woman s ovum in 1827 A.D., scholars mistakenly believed that man is created fully from the beginning in the woman s ovum and man s sperms have no role in this formation except as a growth stimulus. -In 1775 A. D., Spallazani proved the importance of both sperm and ovum in man creation. 49

50 The Qur an on Human Embryo Stages!"# $ 4/7*E'$%& (We created man from an extract of clay. Then We made him as a nutfah in a place of settlement, firmly fixed. Then We made the drop into an alaqah, then We made the alaqah into a mudghah, then We made out of that mudgha bones and clothed the bones with flesh; then We developed out of it another creature. So blessed be Allah, the best to create.) (Qur an, 23:12-14) The Stage of Nutfah What does nutfah mean? Nutfah means a fluid-drop sperm. -B@) That He created the pairs, male and female, from a fluid-drop sperm as it is emitted. (53:45-46) -This verse informs us that man determines the gender of the baby. -The recent science confirms that man s sperm has 23 chromosomes; one of them determines the sex of the embryo. -Some sperms have the male type chromosome (Y) and others have female type chromosome (X). -When type (Y) sperm fertilizes the ovum, baby is male and when type (X) fertilizes the ovum the baby is female. 50

51 Man is created from part of man s fluid A %:@F He It is Who created all things in the best way and began the creation of man from clay, and made his progeny from an extract of despised fluid (Sulalah) (32: 7-8) -This verse tells that man is created from an extract (part) of man s fluid. -Only one sperm fertilizes the ovum -Millions of sperms enter through the vagina to the uterine cervix. -Only one sperm fertilizes the ovum in the Fallopian Uterine Tube which connects the ovary with the uterus. -After fertilization, other sperms are prevented from entering the fertilized ovum. What does Nutfah Amshaj mean? $ 4FG Verily We created man from a mingled fluid-drop (nutfa amshaj) in order to try him: so We gave him (the gifts), of hearing and sight. (76:2). -Nutfa amshaj means a mingled fluid-drop which is a mixture of male and female structure. The Qur an told us that human is created from male and female. ( "@, O mankind! We have created you from male and female Prophet Muhammad told us that man is created from male and female. A Jew passed by Prophet Muhammad while he was addressing his companions. Some people from Quarish said; O Jew! This man proclaims that he is a prophet. The Jew said: I will ask him of something no one knows except a prophet. He asked the prophet; O Mohammed! What is man created from?" The Prophet said; O Jew! Man is created from both: man s fluid (nutfa) and woman s fluid. The Jew said; This is said by those prophets before you. 51

52 Nutfah amshaj in the modern science -The nutfah amshaj means zygote in the modern science. -Zygote develops when a sperm fertilizes the ovum (fig. 29). -The zygote then divides quickly to form the human embryo in the uterus, the woman s womb (fig. 30). -The zygote is shaped as a drop, and is a mixture of male fluid chromosomes and female ovum chromosomes. ovum. Fig. 29: Many sperms, only one can fertilize the Fig.30: The zygote divides within hours of the process of fertilization. The Uterus Is a Safe Place (We created man from an extract of clay. Then We made him as a nutfah in a place of settlement, firmly fixed. Then We made the drop into an alaqah, then We made the alaqah into a mudghah, then We made out of that mudgha bones and clothed the bones with flesh; then We developed out of it another creature. So blessed be Allah, the best to create.) (Qur an, 23:12-14) The safe uterus in the modern science The modern science proved to us that the uterus is a safe place for the human embryo development for the following reasons: 1) The location of the uterus in the woman s pelvis, where it is protected with ligaments and fascia that hold the uterus from the sides and allow its mobility and growth to hundred times its size at full term pregnancy. 2) Muscles of pelvis and perineum fix the uterus in-situ. 3) The secretion of Progesterone (pregnancy hormone) helps stabilize the uterus and slows down the uterine contractions. 52

53 4) The embryo in uterus is surrounded with different membranes that produce amniotic fluid in which the embryo swims to protect the embryo from the effect of external traumas. The alaqah stage: In the Holy Qur an, God speaks about the alagha stage of man s embryonic development: "We created man from an extract of clay. Then We made him as a drop in a place of settlement, firmly fixed. Then We made the drop into an alaqah (leech, suspended thing, and blood clot), then We made the alaqah into a mudghah (chewed substance)... (Qur an 23:12-14) Literally, the Arabic word alaqah has three meanings: (1)leech, (2) suspended thing, and (3) blood clot. -Human embryo at alaqah stage is similar in appearance to a leech (fig. 31). Fig. 31: Drawings illustrating the similarities in appearance between a leech and a human embryo at the alaqah stage. (Leech drawing from Human Development as Described in the Qur an and Sunnah, Moore and others, p. 37, modified from Integrated Principles of Zoology, Hickman and others. Embryo drawing from The Developing Human, Moore and Persaud, 5th ed., p. 73.) -Human embryo at alaqah stage is a suspension in the uterus of the mother (fig. 32 and 33). Fig. 32: We can see in this diagram the suspension of an embryo during the alaqah stage in the womb (uterus) of the mother. (The Developing Human, Moore and Persaud, 5th ed., p. 66.) Fig. 33: In this photomicrograph, we can see the suspension of an embryo (marked B) during the alaqah stage (about 15 days old) in the womb of the mother. The actual size of the embryo is about 0.6 mm. (The Developing Human, Moore, 3rd ed., p. 66, from Histology, Leeson and Leeson.) 53

54 -Human embryo at alagah stage with its sacs is similar to a blood clot due to the presence of relatively large amounts of blood in it (fig 34). Fig.34: Diagram of the primitive cardiovascular system in an embryo during the alaqah stage. The external appearance of the embryo and its sacs is similar to that of a blood clot, due to the presence of relatively large amounts of blood present in the embryo. (The Developing Human, Moore, 5th ed., p. 65.) The mudghah stage In the Holy Qur an, God speaks about the mudghah stage of man s embryonic development: "We created man from an extract of clay. Then We made him as a drop in a place of settlement, firmly fixed. Then We made the drop into an alaqah (leech, suspended thing, and blood clot), then We made the alaqah into a mudghah (chewed substance)... (Qur an 23:12-14) -Human embryo at the mudghah stage is similar in appearance to a chewed substance (fig. 35). For example, when comparing human embryo at the mudghah stage to a chewed gum, there is similiarity in appearance between them specially the somites at the back of the embryo that look like teeth marks in the chewed gum. Fig. 35: Photograph of a 28-day-old embryo at the mudghah stage. The embryo at this stage is similar in appearance to a chewed substance, because the somites at the back of the embryo somewhat resemble teeth marks in a chewed substance. The actual size of the embryo is 4mm. (The Developing Human, Moore and Persaud, 5th ed., p. 82,from Professor Hideo Nishimura, Kyoto University,Kyoto, Japan.) Fig. 36: A) Drawing of an embryo at the mudghah stage. We can see here the somites at the back of the embryo that look like teeth marks. (The Developing Human, Moore and Persaud, 5th ed., p. 79.) B) Photograph of a piece of gum that has been chewed. 54

55 Further vindication by noted scientists Keith L. Moore Professor Emeritus, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Toronto. Distinguished embryologist and the author of several medical textbooks, including Clinically Oriented Anatomy (3rd Edition) and The Developing Human (5th Edition, with T.V.N. Persaud). Dr. Moore was a former President of the Canadian Association of Anatomists, and of the American Association of Clinical Anatomists. He was honoured by the Canadian Investigations in to the 'alaqa or leech-like stage. Association of Anatomists with the prestigious J.C.B. Grant Award and in 1994 he received the Honoured Member Award of the American Association of Clinical Anatomists "for outstanding contributions to the field of clinical anatomy." "For the past three years, I have worked with the Embryology Committee of King cabdulaziz University in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, helping them to interpret the many statements in the Qur'an and Sunnah referring to human reproduction and prenatal development. At first I was astonished by the accuracy of the statements that were recorded in the 7th century AD, before the science of embryology was established. Although I was aware of the glorious history of Muslim scientists in the 10th century AD, and some of their contributions to Medicine, I knew nothing about the religious facts and beliefs contained in the Qur'an and Sunnah." At a conference in Cairo he presented a research paper and stated: "It has been a great pleasure for me to help clarify statements in the Qur'an about human development. It is clear to me that these statements must have come to Muhammad from God, or 55

56 Allah, because most of this knowledge was not discovered until many centuries later. This proves to me that Muhammad must have been a messenger of God, or Allah." Professor Moore also stated that: "...Because the staging of human embryos is complex, owing to the continuous process of change during development, it is proposed that a new system of classification could be developed using the terms mentioned in the Qur'an and Sunnah. The proposed system is simple, comprehensive, and conforms with present embryological knowledge. "The intensive studies of the Qur'an and Hadith in the last four years have revealed a system of classifying human embryos that is amazing since it was recorded in the seventh century A.D... the descriptions in the Qur'an cannot be based on scientific knowledge in the seventh century..." The Prophet of Allah, Muhammad (PBUH), told us when the human embryo changes into human form. The Prophet of Allah, Muhammad (PBUH), said: When forty-two nights have passed over the drop, Allah sends an angel to it, who shapes it and makes its ears, eyes, skin, flesh and bones. Then he says, O Lord, is it male or female? and your Lord decides what He wishes and the angel records it. The modern science and the timing of the human embryo stages -Before the forties of the twentieth century embryologists were unable to calculate the timing of human embryo development. -Nowadays, embryologists with cameras and magnifying instruments can calculate the time needed for the stages of the human embryo (fig. 37.) 56

57 Fig. 37. Different stages of human embryo. -Human embryo does not have human shape before forty second day but after this date it starts to have its human shape (fig. 38 and 39). Fig. 38. Human embryo at the age of 41 and 44 days, Compare between these tow figures. Fig 39: 42-day-old embryo in its real size; at this age the embryo starts to have its human image. Notice this small size but it is a full human regarding the image. 57

58 Further vindication by noted scientists Joe Leigh Simpson Professor and Chairman of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA. He is the President of the American Fertility Society. He has received many awards, including the Association of Professors of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Public Recognition Award in Like many others, Professor Simpson was taken by surprise when he discovered that the Qur'an and Hadith contain verses related to his specialised field of study. When he met with Sheikh Abdul-Majeed A.Zindani, he insisted on verifying the text presented to him from the Qur'an and Hadith. Professor Joe Leigh Simpson said: By the end of the sixth week and before the forty second day the image of the face is not clear and does not look like the image of a human face. The eyes, ears, and genitals are in their primitive form in their developmental stages before the forty second day. They do not function and do not resemble the human organs. Simpson added: "So that the two hadeeths (the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad) that have been noted provide us with a specific timetable for the main embryological development before forty days. These hadeeths could not have been obtained on the basis of the scientific knowledge that was available the time of their writing. It follows, I think, that not only there is no conflict between genetics and religion but, in fact, religion can guide science by adding revelation to some of the traditional scientific approaches, that there exist statements in the Qur an shown centuries later to be valid, which support knowledge in the Qur an having been derived from God. 58

59 Further vindication by noted scientists Professor T.V.N Persaud Professor T.V.N Persaud Author and editor of over 20 books, and has published over 181 scientific papers. Co-author of The Developing Human (5th Edition, with Keith L. Moore). He received the J.C.B. Grant Award in Professor Peraud presented several research papers. Professor T.V.N Persaud said: At the beginning of the seventh week of growth, i.e., around the forty-second day, the cartilaginous osseous skeleton that gives the fetus its special human shape forms, its trunk begins to straighten, and a round head forms for it. The eyes move forward to take their place in the face, thus revealing the human shape for the fetus. The same things happen to the nose that takes the human shape also. Professor T.V.N Persaud s Statement Persaud added: The way it was explained to me is that Muhammad was a very ordinary man. He could not read, didn t know [how] to write. In fact, he was an illiterate. And we re talking about twelve [actually about fourteen] hundred years ago. You have someone illiterate making profound pronouncements and statements and that are amazingly accurate about scientific nature. And I personally can t see how this could be a mere chance. There are too many accuracies and, like Dr. Moore, I have no difficulty in my mind that this is a divine inspiration or revelation. The Stage of Flesh (We created man from an extract of clay. Then We made him as a nutfah in a place of settlement, firmly fixed. Then We made the drop into an alaqah, then We made the alaqah into a mudghah, then We made out of that mudgha bones and clothed the bones with flesh (lahm); then We developed out of it another creature. So blessed be Allah, the best to create.) (Qur an, 23:12-14) 59

60 What does lahm mean? -The Arabic word lahm means muscles and flesh. -Embryologists thought until recently that both bones and flesh are formed at the same time so some used this as a proof for the conflict between the Qur an and science. -However, the recent embryology proved through the high technology that the verses of the Qur an are correct in describing the formation of the bones and then the flesh. What happens in the stage of flesh? -Between the end of 7 th week and the end of 8 th week the bones of the embryo are clothed with muscles and flesh to give a more distinguished human shape. -The embryo starts to move after the completion of muscles and flesh formation (myogenesis). -At the end of 8 th week the embryonic stage ends and the fetus stage (the stage of Nash'ah) starts. The Stage of Nash ah ((We created man from an extract of clay. Then We made him as a nutfah in a place of settlement, firmly fixed. Then We made the drop into an alaqah, then We made the alaqah into a mudghah, then We made out of that mudgha bones and clothed the bones with flesh (lahm); then We developed out of it (nash ah) another creature. So blessed be Allah, the best to create)) (Qur an 23:12-14) What does nash ah mean? -The Arabic word nash ah means developing into another creature. -Starting from the 9 th week, the embryo changes during the nash ah stage into another creature, namely the fetus stage. -The development of the fetus continues until it becomes a full human being with all systems at the end of 38 th week, the end of pregnancy. 60

61 Further vindication by noted scientists Gerald C. Goeringer Professor and Co-ordinator of Medical Embryology in the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA. Sheikh cabdul-majeed A.Zindani met with Professor Goeringer and asked him whether in the history of embryology was there any mention of the different stages of embryonic development, or whether there existed any embryological texts at the time of the Prophet. Sheikh Zindani also asked his opinion regarding the terms the Qur'an uses to describe the different phases of fetal development. After several long discussions, he presented a study at the 8th Saudi Medical Conference: "...In a relatively few ayahs (Qur'anic verses) is contained a rather comprehensive description of human development from the time of commingling of the gametes through organogenesis. No such distinct and complete record of human development such as classification, terminology, and description existed previously. In most, if not all instances, this description antedates by many centuries the recording of the various stages of human embryonic and fetal development recorded in the traditional scientific literature." Allah creates human in stages ( "*? He creates you in the wombs of your mothers in stages, one after another, in three veils of darkness. (The Qur an 39:6) Modern embryology confirms that: Life in the womb goes through three phases: 1) Pre-embryonic phase during the first 2.5 week. 2) Embryonic phase up to the end of 8 th week. 3) Fetal phase from the 8 th week up to birth. 61

62 The fetus develops in three veils of darkness ( "*? He creates you in the wombs of your mothers in stages, one after another, in three veils of darkness. (The Qur an 39:6) Modern embryology confirms that the embryological development of the baby takes place in three dark regions: 1) The darkness of abdomen. 2) The darkness of womb. 3) The darkness of the placenta. -Also advances in the science of human embryology have found that each region of these consists of three layers. Further vindication by noted scientists E. Marshall Johnson Professor and Chairman of the Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Director of the Daniel Baugh Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Author of over 200 publications. Former President of the Teratology Society among other accomplishments. Professor Johnson began to take an interest in the scientific signs in the Qur'an at the 7th Saudi Medical Conference (1982), when a special committee was formed to investigate scientific signs in the Qur'an and Hadith. At first, Professor Johnson refused to accept the existence of such verses in the Qur'an and Hadith. But after a dicussuion with Sheikh Zindani he took an interest and concentrated his research on the internal as well as external development of the fetus. "...in summary, the Qur'an describes not only the development of 62

63 external form, but emphasises also the internal stages, the stages inside the embryo, of its creation and development, emphasising major events recognised by contemporary science." "As a scientist, I can only deal with things which I can specifically see. I can understand embryology and developmental biology. I can understand the words that are translated to me from the Qur'an. As I gave the example before, if I were to transpose myself into that era, knowing what I do today and describing things, I could not describe the things that were described... I see no evidence to refute the concept that this individual Muhammad had to be developing this information from some place... so I see nothing here in conflict with the concept that divine intervention was involved in what he was able to write..." Finally The Qur an and the Sunnah, which were revealed fourteen centuries ago, mentioned such facts only recently discovered or proven by scientists. This proves without doubt that the Qur an must be the literal word of God, and that Muhammad must be the true Prophet of Allah, and that the Qur an was not written by Muhammad or by any other human being. 63

64 THE FRONT OF THE HEAD (CEREBRUM) ((No! If he does not stop, We will take him by the naseyah (front of the head), a lying, sinful naseyah (front of the head))! (Qur an, 96:15-16) -These verses describe an unbeliever who tried to stop the prophet Muhammad (PBUH) from praying at the Sacred House. What do Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology books say about the function of the front head? -The motivation and the foresight to plan and initiate movements occur in the anterior portion of the frontal lobes, the prefrontal area (fig. 40). -The prefrontal area is also thought to be the functional center for aggression. -Scientists have only discovered these functions during the last sixty years. -Nasiyah is also the center of control and guidance in animals with brains (fig. 41). Fig. 40: Functional regions of the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex. The prefrontal area is located at the front of the cerebral cortex. (Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, Seeley and others, p. 210.) Fig.41. Nasiyah is the center of control and guidance in both man and animals that have brains. 64

65 The scientists comments -Professor Muhammad Yusuf Sukkar, was the dean of Higher studies, the faculty of Medicine, University of King Abd al-aziz, Jeddah. The function of the portion of the brain that lies in the front of human head is to control the human behavior.when a person intends to tell a lie, the decision is made in the frontal lobe of the brain, which is the front of the head. If he wants to commit a sin, the decision is made there, too. Further vindication by noted scientists Professor Keith L. Moore, Professor Emeritus of Anatomy and Cell Biology at the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. There, he was Associate Dean of Basic Sciences at the Faculty of Medicine and for 8 years was the Chairman of the Department of Anatomy. Professor Moore stated that the front of the head is responsible for judging and for directing human behavior. The working organs of the body are but tools to carry out the decision made in the front of head. Professor Moore added: The comparative anatomical study of human and animal brains shows that the nasiyah has the same function: it is the center of control and guidance in both man and animals that have brains. Professor Moore added: The information we know now about the function of the brain, was not mentioned through history, nor do we find anything about it in medical books.except in this book (the Holy Qur an), which indicates that such information is of the knowledge of Allah, the Almighty, Who knows everything and that Muhammad is Allah s Messenger. 65

66 THE COCCYX Prophet Muhammad said: The earth would consume every part of the son of Adam (after his death) except for one bone "Agbu adh-dhanab" the coccyx (the bone at the base of the vertebral column) from which he is created and from which his body will be reconstituted on the Day of Resurrection. Narrated by Abu-Hurairah in Al-Bukhari. -The statement of the prophet Muhammad peace be upon him tells us about the coccyx from which man is created and from which his body will be created again on the Day of resurrection. -The coccyx is located at the end of the vertebral column (fig. 42). Fig. 42: The coccyx at the end of the vertebral column. The origin of the coccyx -Embryologists have proven that organs of the human body is created from a very delicate strand called the primitive streak and node which is created by the will of Allah on the 15th day of the fertilization of the ovum on the back of the embryo (fig. 43). -The remain of the primitive streak and node forms the coccyx at the end of the vertebral column. 66

67 Fig. 43: the primitive streak and node become emaciated and reside in the sacral zone, in the last vertebrae, so that the coccyx is formed Spemann and the discovery of the Primary Organizer -Hans Spemann found that fetus cells formation and organization are exerted by the primitive streak and node and before their formation no cells differentiation could have taken place. -After his experiments on the primitive streak and node he found that those organize the creation of the fetus, so he called them The primary organiser. -When Spemann cut the primary organizer from one fetus and implanted it in a second fetus, it led to the growth of a secondary embryo (fig. 44). Fig.44: Scheme of the development of a second embryo by implantation of the primary organizer. Source: Keith L. Moor. The Developing Human -In 1935, Spemann was awarded the Nobel Prize for his discovery of the Primary Organiser. 67

68 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1935 "for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development" Acknowledgement of Spemanns research with the Nobel Prize (Source) The Primary Organiser does not perish -When Spemann crushed the primary organiser in one experiment and then implanted it in a second fetus, the crushing did not affect it thus a secondary embryonic anlage grew. -When he boiled the primary organiser in another experiment and then implanted it in a second fetus, the boiling did not affect it again thus a secondary embryonic anlage grew. The coccyx does not perish -The coccyx remains after human death and after the decomposition of his body. -Chinese scientists proved that it is impossible for the coccyx to totally perish in the strongest acids or through burning and pounding or by radiation. -When Dr Othman Al Djilani and Sheikh Abd Al Majid Azzandani burned several coccyx bones, it did not affect their cells. The recreation of man from the coccyx -From the coccyx man will be brought back to life on the Day of Resurrection. -This process takes place, when, at the time of Resurrection, special rain falls from the sky, by the Will of Allah, The Almighty, exactly as a plant germinates from a seed. 68

69 THE SENSATION OF SKIN PAIN - F7 (Indeed, those who reject Our signs, We shall soon Cast into the Fire; As often as their skins Are roasted through, We shall change them For fresh skins, that they may taste The punishment. Indeed, Allah is ever Exalted in Might and Wise.) (4:56) Nerve endings transport pain in human body -It was thought that all human body is sensitive to pain. -Recently, Anatomy has found that there are specialized nerve endings that transport pain (fig. 45). -Skin nerve endings become exposed and transport pain when dermis and epidermis layers are injured. Fig. 45. Skin structure 69

70 Skin burn types: 1-Burns of first degree that damage the epidermis layer of skin and cause swelling and moderate pain. 2-Burns of second degree that damage the epidermis and dermis layers of skin and cause severe pain due to irritation of exposed nerve endings. 3-Burns of third degree that damage the whole skin, but do not cause much pain due to full damage of nerve endings. Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Fig. 46. Skin burn types. The verse of the Qur an and the recent finding of science -The recent finding of science states that once the nerve endings of the skins are fully damaged, there is no much pain. -This finding goes in harmony with the verse of the Qur an which tells us that when the skins of disbelievers are roasted through, Allah will replace them with other skins so they may taste the punishment. The Sensation of Abdominal Pain - :,* (Like those who abide eternally in the Fire and are given to drink scalding water that will sever their intestines) (47:15) -This verse tells us that hot water tears the bowels of disbelievers to taste the highest degree of pain. 70

71 Sensation nerves in the abdomen -No nerves for sensation in the viscera. -Intestines are not affected with heat. -Severe pain due to hot water happens when intestines are cut or perforated. -After being cut, hot water in intestines comes out into the peritoneum which is fed through the wall nerves feeding the skin, and the muscles of chest and abdomen. -This goes in agreement with the verse. Further vindication by noted scientists Professor Tejatat Tejasen Chairman of the Department of Anatomy at Chiang Mai University in Thailand previously the Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the same university. Professor Tejasen conducted a great research on pain receptors. He was asked: Do you agree that this (the verse) is a reference to the importance of the nerve endings in the skin in sensation, 1400 years ago? Dr. Tejasen responded: Yes I agree. He was presented with another question: Is it possible that these verses came to the Prophet Muhammed, (Peace Be Upon Him), from a human source? He conceded that they could have never come from any human source 14 hundred years ago. He said: "I believe that everything that has been recorded in the Quran 1400 years ago must be the truth, which can be proven by scientific means." Professor Tejasen added: Since the Prophet Muhammed could neither read nor write, Muhammed must be a messenger who relayed this truth which was revealed to him as enlightenment by the One Who is an eligible Creator. This Creator must be Allah, or God. Therefore, I think this is the time to say Laa ilaaha illallah (that there is no god to worship except Allah), Muhammed Rasool Allah (Muhammed is the messenger of Allah." 71

72 PAIRS 3 (And of everything We have created pairs, that you may remember.) (The Qur an 51:49) -This verse means that Allah has created everything animate and inanimate in pairs. Parity in human -Parity in human is male and female. -Human reproduces through sexual reproduction. -Parity in human reproductive cells (sperm and ovum). -Parity in chromosomes of sperms (X sex chromosome and Y sex chromosome). Parity in animals -Parity in high animals is male and female. -Parity in some simple animals is that male and female reproductive cells are found in the same individual. -High animals reproduce through sexual reproduction. -Simple animals reproduce through asexual reproduction such as binary division, budding, fragmentation, and creation of colonies or through virgin reproduction. Parity in flowering plants -Parity in flowering plants in the form of either male and female flowers in male and female plants or in the same plant or plant produces flowers having male and female organs. -Flowering plants reproduce sexually through pollination between male and female flowers or between male and female organs in the same flower to form zygotes then seeds then plants. Parity in non flowering plants, fungi, algae, bacteria, and protozoans -Parity in non flowering plants and other organisms such as fungi, algae, bacteria, and protozoans in the form of gametes. -Non flowering plants, fungi, algae, bacteria, and protozoans reproduce sexually through fertilization between two gametes to form zygotes then sporophytes then spores then plants or other organisms (fig. 47). 72

73 Fig. 47. Spores produced in a sporic life cycle. Parity in the basic structures of the cell -Parity in the number of chromosomes that are found in pairs inside the living cell nucleus. -Parity in the structure of chromosome which is composed of two strings held together at a point called the centromere (fig. 48). -Parity in the structure of DNA which is structured in the form of double helix. -Parity in genes that are distributed along each chromosomal strand, one from the feather and another from the mother. Fig. 48. Chromosomes and DNA. Parity in matter -Parity in matter where every matter has its antimatter. -Paul Dirac, a British scientist, proposed that matter is created in pairs. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1933 for his discovery (Parity) which led to the fact that a matter has an anti-matter. Parity in compounds and elements -Parity in compounds which are composed of positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions). -Parity in nucleus that has a positive charge and its electrons that have an equivalent negative charge. -Parity in magnetism which has normal magnetism and reversed magnetism. 73

74 Parity in energy -Parity in electricity which has positive and negative charges. -Parity in light which moves in the form of waves and in the form of particles. Parity in general creation -Night and day. -Land and sea. -Light and darkness. -Life and death. -Faith and disbelief. -Happiness and misery. -Paradise and Fire. Parity is in creation but The Creator is One. Further vindication by noted scientists Dr. Maurice Bucaille Born in 1920, former chief of the Surgical Clinic, University of Paris, has for a long time deeply interested in the correspondences between the teachings of the Holy Scriptures and modern secular knowledge. He is the author of a best-seller, "The Bible, The Qur'an and Science" (1976). His classical studies of the scriptural languages, including Arabic, in association with his knowledge of hieroglyphics, have allowed him to hold a multidisciplinary inquiry, in which his personal contribution as a medical doctor has produced conclusive arguments. His work, "Mummies of the Pharaohs - Modern Medical Investigations" (St. Martins Press, 1990), won a History Prize from the Académie Française and another prize from the French National Academy of Medicine. His other works include: "What is the Origin of Man" (Seghers, 1988), "Moses and Pharaoh, the Hebrews in Egypt", (NTT Mediascope Inc, 1994); and "Réflexions sur le Coran" (Mohamed Talbi & Maurice Bucaille, Seghers, 1989) 74