Notes. Ashram Bhajanavalt. I can only plead-mea culpa.

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1 Gandhi did not use diacritical marks in his writings. He sometimes used capitals for the first letter of words like ahimsa and satyagraha, but not always. I have avoided diacritical marks for words in the standard English dictionaries, the two leading cases being ahimsa and satyagraha, and for common proper names. Elsewhere I have tried to use diacritical marks as uniformly as was possible in a book which includes technical discussion as well as passages which are rather less so. I was anxious to steer a course midway between pedantry and its opposite. This has resulted in what may strike the scholar as an unsatisfactory compromise, as in, say, Ashram Bhajanavalt. I can only plead-mea culpa. Preface I. Anthropologist, and Gandhi's Private Secretary during his tour ofnoakhali in I Introduction 1. See my Principal Miller Lectures, Madras University, 'The Meaning of History', Feb. I976 (Published in Journal of the University of Madras, July 1976). 2. Harijan, 20 Apr. 1935, P 74 3 Young India, 8 Sept. I Gandhi's Religious Thought and Indian Traditions 1. See Mahadev Desai's Dqy to Day with Gandhi, vol. I, p. I 32. The talk was given on 22 May 1918 (subsequent reference to these volumes will be made under Mahadev Desai's Diary) May The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, XLVIII, Publications Division, Government of India, Delhi, 30 May Hereafter referred to as Collected Works. p Collected Works, L, p Harijan, 24 Aug. I Quoted in Prqyer and Meditation, F. C. Rappold, Pelican, p Young India, 24 Mar. 1927, p Mahadev Desai's Diary, vol. III, p Harijan, July I940.

2 IO. Mahadev Desai's Diary, vol. vm, p II. Ibid., vol. VI, p I2. Ibid., vol. v, p. I39 I3 Ibid., vol. v, p. I48. I4. Autobiograplry ( I948 edn) pp I5. Mahadev Desai's Diary, vol. VI, p. 333 I6. Harijan, 29 Apr. I933, p. 6. I7. Delhi Diary, Navajivan, I948, p. I23 I8. Mahadev Desai's Diary, vol. v11, p I9. Ibid., vol. I, p. I Young India, 2I Jan. I See Ashram Vows under 'The Vow of Celibacy'. 22. The references to Tolstoy are taken from Kalidas Nag's Tolstoy and Gandhi, Patna, I See Appendix I in Prl!Jer, compiled and edited by Chandrakant Kaji, Navajivan, Apr. I977. This includes some translations from Ashram Bhajanavali, the prayers and hymns used in the ashram 'order of service'. 24. Mahatma Gandhi at Work, p Quoted in Geoffrey Ashe's biography of Gandhi, p Desai's Diary, vol. Iv, p Ibid., vol. vm, pp. I Ibid., pp. I Ibid., vol. VI, p Ibid., p Young India, I3 Oct. I92I, pp The reference is to the classical parallel drawn between parts of the body and the four castes. 32. Desai's Diary, vol. vm, pp. I Ibid., vol. Iv, p Legend has it that the swans on Manasa Lake on Mount Kailas drink milk, leaving the water. The allegorical meaning is that a man should be able to distinguish between the good and bad elements in his mind ( manasa) and so live on Mount Kailas, the abode of the gods. The contemporary Indian will of course note with wry pleasure that the practice of putting water in the milk seems to have a long lineage! The speech referred to was made in Vankaner on 20 February I925 and is recorded in Desai's Diary, vo!. VI, p. I8. 35 See my paper on 'The Concept ofseva' in Approaches to Religion published by the Guru Gobind Singh Department of Religious Studies, Punjabi University, Patiala, I See my book The Language of Philosophy, Allied Publishers (India) and Martin us Nijhoff, I98I, for more in this vein. 37 Desai's Diary, vol. VII, pp. 236 f. 38. Desai's Diary, vol. vm, p Quoted in The Moral Challenge of Gandhi, by Dorothy Hogg, Allahabad, I946, p. I9 40. Young India, 5 Apr. I Young India, I2 Nov. I Young India, 3 Nov. I Young India, 30 Apr. I Desai's Diary, 111, p. 20.

3 45 Young India, g Apr Desai's Diary, vol. v, p The Impact of Christianity on Gandhi 1. Harijan, 17 Apr Mahadev Desai's Weekly Letter, Young India, 12 Jan Young India, 6 Aug Young India, 11 Aug Harijan, 31 Dec Desai's Diary, vol. vn, p M. K. Gandhi- An Indian Patriot in South Africa, Joseph J. Doke, reprinted by Publications Division, Government of India, Sept Ibid., p g. Ibid., p Young India, IgJan Desai's Diary, vol. vm, p. 28g. 12. Ibid., p Harijan, 26Jan. 1947, p Romain Rolland and Gandhi Co"espondence, tr. ofvol. 19 ofcahiers Romain Rolland, Publications Division, Government of India, ed. Sept. 1976, p. 255, entry dated 4 Feb Harijan, 30 Jan Desai's Diary, vol. vn, p Ibid., vol. VIII, p Ibid., p. 235 Ig. Ibid., p Ibid., p The Modern Review, Oct. 1941, p. 4o Harijan, 11 May Harijan, 18 Apr Harijan, 12 June Gandhi Marg, Apr (rpt). 26. The letter is dated 2 Aug Quoted in Hugh Tinker's The Ordeal of Love, OUP, 1979, P Harijan, 1 Sept. 1946, p Experiments with Truth 1. Desai's Diary, vol. IV, p Harijan, 23 Feb Desai's Diary, vol. 1, p Desai's Diary, vol. 1, p Desai's Diary, vol. v, p Young India, 24 June Dated 2 Feb Quoted in Desai's Diary, vol. IV, p Navajivan, 21 Feb

4 9 Ibid., 21 Feb Dated 29 Oct Quoted in Desai's Diary, vol. IV, p. 25I. II. Gandhi Marg, Apr. I959 (rpt). 12. An undated letter written by C. F. Andrews, perhaps around I920. I3 Gandhi Marg, Apr. I959 (rpt). 14. Letter to Miss Esther Farring. Quoted in Desai's Diary, vol. I, p. 78. I5. Pyarelal's letter to C. F. Andrews dated I8 September I93I. Quoted in Hugh Tinker's The Ordeal of Love, p. 259 I6. The letter is dated IO Nov. I932. I7. The letter is dated 6Jan. I933 Romain Rolland and Gandhi Correspondence, p I8. My Days with Gandhi, Nirmal Kumar Bose, Nishana, Calcutta, I953, p. 274 I9. Ibid., P Desai's Diary, vol. viii, p Harijan, 23 Mar. I Desai's Diary, vol. VII, p. I I I-I Modern Review, Oct. I92I. 24. roung India, 28 Oct. I Letter dated I Oct. I9I8, Desai's Diary, vol. I, p Letter tojamnalal Bajaj dated I6 Mar. I922, Speeches and Writings of Mahatma Gandhi, p I Apr. I905. I am grateful to Professor Paul Grimley Kuntz of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia for drawing my attention to this article. 5 The Non-Violent Weapon of Suffering I. roung India, I I Aug. I927, P roung India, 3I Dec. I93I, p. 4I8. 3 roung India, 5 Nov. I93I, p An Autobiography tr. Mahadev Desai, Navajivan, Ahmedabad, I927, pp. 6I5- I7. 5 Ibid., p. 6I6. 6. To a Gandhian Capitalist, Hind Kitabs, I95I, p From reravda Mandir, Navajivan Press, Ahmedabad, 2nd edn, I935, p roung India, 29 Sept. I92I, p Desai's Diary, vol. VIII, p IO. Desai's Diary, vol. II, p Desai's Diary, vol. VII, p I I I2. Letter dated 2 Mar. I924. I3 Letter dated 26july I926. I4. Address in Bombay, I8 May I924. I5 Letter in Modern Review, Oct. I9I6. I6. Harijan, Aug. I939 I 7 In a letter to Lord Irwin dated 28 June I930. I8. SeeJ.J. Doke, M. K. Gandhi, Natesan, I909, p. I34 I9. Harijan, Apr. I roung India, 4 Oct. I924.

5 186 6 Waiting On God 1. Young India, 14 Oct Collected Works, L, p Harijan, 10 Dec Harijan, July The Bombay Chronicle, Nov Harijan, 24 Dec Letter to Mirabehn, 6 Feb Harijan, 10 Dec g. For more on this theme see my The Language of Philosophy, Allied Publishers (India) and Martinus Nijhoff, Nov Young India, Aug HariJan, 16 Feb. 1934, PP Young India, 25 Sept. 1924, p Young India, 4 Dec. 1924, p Harijan, 29 Aug. 1936, p Gandhi's Correspondence with the Government , Navajivan Publishing House, Ahmedabad, 2nd edn, Sept. 1945, p Gandhi Memorial Peace Number, Viswa-Bharati, 1949, pp A Guide to Health, translated from the Hindi by Rama lyer, S. Ganesan, Triplicane, Madras, 1930, p Harijan, 6 May 1933, P Harijan, 8 Aug. 1936, p Young India, 20 Dec In an interview, to S. K. Roy in USA in From a prayer speech, 4 Jan From a prayer speech, 14 May From a prayer speech, 26 May Harijan, 21 Apr. 1946, p Harijan, 20 Apr. 1935, p Letter dated 12 Jan Quoted in Romain Rolland and Gandhi Correspondence, P Young India, 23 Sept. 1926, p Desai's Diary voj. 1, pp. 168-g. 31. From a prayer speech, 26 May Press report, 22 June Mahatma Gandhi- The Last Phase, Pyarelal, p Diversities of Gifts 1. Young India, 25 May 1921, p Young India, 3 Sept. 1931, p Seep Young India, 11 Aug. 1927, p Young India, 23 Oct Young India, 7 Jan

6 7 Desai's Diary, vol. IV, p Letter dated IO Feb. I9I8. 9 Desai's Diary, vol. I, 3 Mar. I9I8. Io. Ibid., p. 67. II. Harijan, 29 Sept. I940. I2. Toung India, 2 Sept. I926, p I3. Harijan, I4 Sept. I947 I4. Harijan, 29 Sept. I940. I5 Quoted in Malwtma Gandhi's Ideas, C. F. Andrews, p. 71. I6. Harijan, 3 Nov. I946. I7 Harijan, 29 Sept. I940, p. 297 I8. 26 May I946. I9 Strqy Glimpses of Bapu, Kaka Kalelkar, Ig6o, p. I Desai's Diary, vol. v, p To the Council of the Federation oflnternational Fellowships at Sabarmati, I3-I5 Jan. I Toung India, 5 Nov. I93I, p. 34I. 23. Mahatma Gandhi's Ideas, C. F. Andrews, p cr. the 'reciprocal correction' referred to in the Amsterdam Assembly of the World Council of Churches. 25. Harijan, 28 Jan. I939, p Mahatma Gandhi's Ideas, C. F. Andrews, p. 3o Dec. I Desai's Diary, vol. IV, pp , entry dated 22 Oct. I Harijan, I5 Sept. I Harijan, 24 Aug. I934 3I. Harijan, I3 Mar. I937 p Harijan, 11 Mar Harijan, 13 Mar. 1937, p The Vision Splendid 1. Sabarmati, 1928, p. 19. Report of the First Annual meeting of The Federation of International Fellowships held at Satyagraha Ashram, Sabarmati 13-I5Jan. I Collected Works, LXXVIII. 3 Autobiography, p Ibid., p Ibid., p. 4I4 6. The Selected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, vol. 111 (Satyagraha in South Africa), Navajivan, 1968, p Autobiography, p Desai's Diary, vol. vn, p To Ashram Sisters, 3 Oct. I927. Io. Ibid., 25 Oct. I927. II. Gandhi, his life and thought, J. B. Kripalani, Publications Division, Government of India, I970, p. 70. I2. Autobiography, p. 504.

7 188 I3. Desai's Diary, vol. vm, p I4 Letter dated 2I Dec. I9I7. See Desai's Diary, vol. I, p. 4 I5. Young India, I3 Oct. I92I, p I6. Cf. Husserl's conversation with Dorion Cairns on 27 June I932 when Husser! noted that the mystic 'neglects work'. I7. See G. Mackenrodt, Sinn und Ausdruck der sozialen Formenwelt, I952, p g Mok~a Rethought I. K. Swaminathan, editor of the Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, tends to this opinion (in a personal letter to me). 2. Harijan, 22 Feb. I942, p Collected Works, XLIV, p. 444 From Ashram Bhajaniivali. 4 Ibid., P See Collected Works, XLIV for more in the same vein. 6. See article by Mahadev Desai in Navajivan, 2I Feb. Ig26. 7 Collected Works, XLIV, p Young India, 8 Dec. I920. g. Harijan, 25 Mar. I939, p. 64. IO. Young India, I3 Oct. I92I, p I I. Speeches and Writings of Mahatma Gandhi, Fourth Edition, G. A. Natesan & Co., Madras, p I2. Young India, 27 Aug. I925 I3 Collected Works, XIV, p I4 Article entitled 'Congress Position', 27 January I948. I5. Harijan, g Aug. I942 N.B. The Rashtriya Sevak Sangh is a Hindu rightist organisation with revivalist tendencies. I6. Harijan, 2 Mar. I934, p. 24. I7 Collected Works, XLI, 2I July I929, p. I I. I8. Gandhi: His Life and Thought, J. B. Kripalani, Publications Division, Government of India, Aug. I970. I g. This phrase is used by Gandhi in an entry dated g August I925, Collected Works, XXVIII, P so: The true cave is the one in the heart. Man can hide himself in it and thus protected can remain untouched by the world even though living and moving freely in it, taking part in those activities which cannot be avoided. 20. Collected Works, vol. xxxn. 2 I. Ibid., p. I Ibid., p. I Ibid., p Young India, Nov. I Collected Works, xxvm, p Navajivan, 2I Feb. Ig Collected Works, vol. XIV, p. I Harijan, Aug. I Collected Works, vol. LXXVIII, p. 8.

8 r8g 30. Harijan, 28 Sept. 1947, p Arhat means 'a liberated being' according to the Hinayana tradition. 10 Epilogue 1. Collected Works, XXXII, p Sabarmati, 1928, p Harijan, Feb Delhi Diary, Navajivan Publishing House, Reprint, Nov. 196o, p. 165.

9 Select Bibliography The most invaluable and definitive source for all aspects of Gandhi's life and thought is The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, Publications Division, Government oflndia, Delhi. (The series is as yet incomplete). See also Romain Rolland and Gandhi Correspondence, tr. of vol. I9 of 'Cahiers Romain Rolland', Publications Division, Government of India, I976. Further References Andrews, C. F., Mahatma Gandhi's Ideas, Macmillan, I , Mahatma Gandhi at Work, Macmillan, I93I. Bose, N. K., Selections from Gandhi, N avajivan, I , My days with Gandhi, Nishana, Calcutta, I95$ also Orient Longman, Delhi, I973 Desai, Mahadev Do;y to day with Gandhi, vols I-vm, Navajivan, I , The Gospel of Selfless action or The Gita according to Gandhi, Navajivan, Ahmedabad, 4th imp., I956. Doke, Joseph J., An Indian Patriot in South Africa, reprinted by Publications Division, Government of India, I967. Gandhi, M. K., Hindu Dharma, Navajivan Publishing House, Ahmedabad, I949 --, An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with Truth, Navajivan Publishing House, Ahmedabad, 2nd edn, I ,Ashram Observances in action, Navajivan, trans. published I955 --,In Search of The Supreme, vols I-III, ed. V. B. Kher, Navajivan, I96I. Kripalani, J. B., Gandhi, his life and thought, Publications Division, Government of India, I970. Rolland, Romain, Mahatma Gandhi, Allen & Unwin, London, I924. Tendulkar, D. G., Mahatma, Life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (8 vols) 2nd edn, Publications Division, Government of India, Delhi, I96o. I go

10 Index Abhishiktananda, Swami 181 Advaita 104, 107, 108, 134, 165 Ahimsa 33, 35, 36, 38, 40, 74, , 101, 102, 148, s. s o, 172 Ahmedabad 20, 62, 69, 70, 71, 100, 123, 143 Alaukik 63, 138, 141, see also Supernatural Ambedkar, Dr 81, 150 Ananda 108, 158, see also Bliss Anarchism go Andrews, C. F. ' 9, 25, 27, 37, 49, 51, 56, 69, 70, 71, 72, 88, 102, I 13, 132, 139, t8o Anekantavada 32-3 Arhat 27, 173 Arnold, Sir Edwin 34 Artha 18, 30, ll8, ss. 76 Asceticism 67, 109 Ashrams s8, 69. ll2, "3 139-s Ashram Bhajantivah- 2 7, 6o, 128, 14 7, 15 7 Alman 108 Atonement 49 Autobiography 23, 50, 6o, 70, 83, 137, 140, 148 Avatar 35, 43 Azad, Maulana 88, 126 Being 61, 68, 104 Bhagavad Gila 7, 20, 34-40, 43, 44, so, 67, 70, 74, 75. 8g, 101, I2o, '33 '34. '47. so, s6, 6s, ' '79 Discourses on the Gila 69 Bhagavata Pura1Jil 24, 29 Bhagwan Das 121 Bhajans 24, 27-8, 44, 59, " Bhakti 38, 39, 88 see also Devotion Bhatt, Shamal 61 Bhave, Vinoba 113, 125 Bible, The so, 5', 52, "9 see also Old Testament, New Testament Blake, William 5 Bliss 21, 28, 107-8, 157 see also Ananda Bodhisattva 91 Boer War 76, 140 Bondage 36, 44, 75-6, go, 144, 157, 164, '75 of egoity 144 Bondareff 20 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich 10 Bose, Nirmal Kumar xiv, 72, 185 Bradlaugh, Charles 59 Brahmacharya 64, 133, 141 Brahman 108 nirgu1jil 104 sagu1jil 104 Brahmo Samaj, Brahmos 103 Bread labour 3, 20, 36, 39, 146, 16o, 163 Brother Lawrence 102, 135 Buddha 34. 4'' s6, 8g, 170 Buddhism 12, 175 Mahayana 34, 43, 91, 105 Bunyan,John 4 Caste 19, 38, 79, 81, 152 see also Untouchability Champaran 51, 70, g6, 147, 148, '49 Chatterjee, Bankim Chandra 7, 119 Chauri Chaura 159 Christ see Jesus Christ Christianity x, 41-57, 114, 132, 164 Christian hymns 113, 136 Christian missionaries 15, 27, 41, 47, 127, 131 Church-going 22 Civil disobedience, civil resistance, see Satyagraha Civil rights 5, 79 Cobbett, William 5, I 73 Compassion 41, 64 Conflict resolution 121, 126, 163 Congress Party, see Indian National Congress Conscience 30, 84, 95, g6, g8, 101, 104, 106 Constructive work, Constructive programme 38, , 116, , ' , 168 Contemplation 1, 10, 11, IOI, 175 Conversion 48--g, 8o Courage 151 Cow-protection 2-3, ll8 Cross, The 4 7, 56, 77-8, 79 Dandi 35, 70, 97, 166 Daridraniiriiyan 31, 104 Darwin, Charles 176 Das, C. R., 25, 73 Democracy 33, 85, 87, llg, 121, 54 Desai, Mahadev 65, 87, 123, 134, 146, 148, 170, 7 Detachment 35, 36, 39 Devotion 35-6, 39, 102, 173 see also Bhakti Dharma 17-22, 51, 84, go, 91, 94, g6, gg, 103, ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~!~ 74

11 Index Dharma (Contd) s11 also Swadlumna, Vamadharma Discipline 12, 33, 50, 55, 68, 8o, 86, 133, 178 Doke, Rev. Joseph 42, 50, , 126 Dolci, Danilo 82 Drummond, H., 63 Ecology xi, 63, 107 Economics 63, 100, 118, 124, 16g, 176, 181 Ecumenism x, 131, 134 Education 142, 146 Egoity 2, 101 Elwin, Verrier 49 Ends and means 35, 158-g Erikson, Erik H., 71 Ethics ethical principles 18o Evil, problem of 37, 75, 76, 8g Experiments with truth Faith 102, 113 in God 92, g8, 106 in the individual 153 Fasts 11, 33, 44, 55, 67, 71-3, 97, 123, 133, 136, 155 Fearlessness 73, 131 Freud, S., 176 God u, 12, 17, 32, 35-40, 44, 45, 46, so, sa-g, 72, , , , 163, 164, 167, I 77, I 78 and Truth 58, 14B, 162 as Father 44, 105, 131 as perfect 45 God-realisation 106, 107, 108 many names of 124 presence of 102, 135 Son of God 43, 45, 55, 79, I 27 sons of God 44 Gokhale, Gopal Krishna 9, 139, 148, 163 Good and evil 37 Grace 39, 50, 75, g8, 101, 132, 133, 156 GutJtlhla 36, 46, 1 33 Guru 12, 17, 139, 141 Gutierrez, Gustavo 5, 1 75 Hanuman 17 Happiness 108--g, 158 Harijan 144, 1 52 Harijans,,. Untouchability Harish&handra 6o Heart 27-8, 130 Hind Swaraj 5, 8g, 118, 122, 141 Hinduism 57, 14-39, 81, 85, 94, 123, 129, 141, Hindu-Muslim unity 2, 11, 68, 6g, 117, 123-4, 126 Humility 83, 86-7, 131, 133, 144 Ideal community Independence movement 6, 159 Indian National Congress 84, 87, g6, 122, 163, 168 indian Opinion 14, 143 Industrialism 5, 19, 150 Inner voice 30, Islam 15, 83, 121 Gandhi's response to Jainism x, 26, 32-4, 43, 4B, 49-50, 67, 70, 72, 79, 83, 84, go, 91, 100, 101, 105, I 19, 122, 138, , Jallianwalabagh 38, 124, 125, 159 Japa 16, 44 Jesus Christ x, 34, 36, 43, 45, 47, 51, 52-7, 121, 127, 134 Tnana 36,38 Joy 158 Kali worship 50, 130 Kallenbach, Hermann 142, 149 Kama 18, 155 Karma, theory of 24-5, 35, 174 Kant, 1., 104, 167 Kasturba 24, 148 Kluidi 22, 55, g6 King, Martin Luther 82 Kingdom of Heaven 6, 39, 168 Koran 83-4, 122, 124, 125, 127, 143 Krishna 7, 36, 3 7, 53, 54 Kumarappa, J. C. 55, 67, 6g Leibniz 46 Liberation 33, 35, 36, 42, 68, 107, 152 Sll also Mo/cia Lolctuamvaha 20, 3 1, 35, 39, 77 Love 26, 34, 35, 39,56-7,64, 79, 88-g2, 153, 171 law of 39, 77, 86, 88-g2, 1 42 love of God 178 Maluibluirala 35, 6o Mahatma 102, 105, 112 Manu 6o Mantra 12, 17 Manual work 100, 138, 150 Manusmrti 29 Marcel, Gabriel 1 2 1, 168 Maritzburg 48 Marx, ltarl 77, 1 76 Materialism 5, 117, 118, 121 Mif)lii 104, I 19, 134, 149 Means and ends 35, 1 58-g Meditation 10, 11, 12, 34, 88, 110, 111 Mehta, Narsinh 15, 27, 156, 178 Mirabehn 88-g, 110, 128, 139, 157 Miracles 1 39 Mohammed 53, 122, 123 Mo/cia 18, 19, 26, 32, 54, 56, 154, , 175 Morallaw 164 Moral sense 8 Music 5g-6o, 113, 157

12 Index 193 Muslims 85, IIO, r8o Muslim League see also Islam Mysticism 101, 136, 151, 175 mystical body Nature 62-3, 65, man and 175 natural law 18, 67 Nehru, Jawaharlal 5, 88 New Ttstament 20, 41, 49, so, 54, 66, 91, 108, ''4 125, 146 Nirvii1}1J 34 Nifkiimkarma 35 Niyamas 68 Noakhali 9, 6g, 81, 151, 18o Non-cooperation 100 Non-violence 75-93, 147 see also Ahimsa Nursing 1 oo, 1 40 Oceanic circle 48, 85, 116, 153, 175 Old Testament 47, 50, 108, 157, 167 Pakistan 126, 152 Parivriijaka 4, 15 Partition of India 87 Pataiijali 22, 68 Patel, Sardar 112 Peace 83, go, 113, 172, 179 Penance 43-4, 71, 124, 156, 164 Perfection 36, 46, 8g quest of 33, 36, 45, 64, 74, 145, 165, 172 Phoenix Farm 112, 14o-1, 142, r8o Pilgrimages 44 Plato 66 Polak, H., Pranimi sect 1 5 Prayer 12, 95, 108, , 146, 162, congregational prayer III-13, , 131 petitionary prayer 43, IQg-IO prayer speech 28, IOI, 111, 127-8, 18o Punqiirlllas 18 Pyarelal 71, 125 Quakers 100, 127 Quran stt Koran Radhaluishnan, S., 14, 30 Rajagopalachari 72 Riima 16-17, 53, 54, 70, 94, 129 Ramana Maharshi 2 Riim;iyiJIIIl 16 Riimniim 12, 16-17, 109 Riima Riijya (Riimariijya) 17, 39, 6o Rationalism 95, 120 see also Reason Raychandbhai 4, 25, 32, 42, 155 Reason 8, 29, 30, 79, 95, Ioo, 102, 129, 130, 145 dictates of reason g8 see also Rationalism Rebirth 24-7, 156, 174 Reincarnation see Rebirth Religious education Religious language 13, 29, 32, 128, 134 Religious pluralism x, a, 114, 177 Renunciation 18, 35, 36, 38, 41, 64, 70, 170 Rights and duties Rolland, Romain 23, 51, 52, 56, 88, 92, 1o8, 1 ro, 157 Roy, Raja Rammohun 7, 28, 127 Royden, Dr. Maude 72 Ruskin, John 20, 115, Sabarmati 144, 146, 16g, 179 Sacred thread 3, 2a-9 Sacred and profane 10, 120, 149, 175 Sainthood xi, 1, 86 Salvation see Mo~a Samkara 3a, 106 Saniitana dharma 7, 1 19 San'!J'iisa 20, 77, a7, 156, 166 sannyiisf 38, Bo, 87 Sat 6o, 61, 65, 68, 74 Satya see Truth Satyagraha 75-93, 112, 152, 168 satyagrahi, discipline of, 139, 15a, 162 see Vows Satyagraha ashram 143 (stt also Noncooperation) Scavenging 39, a7 Science 68, I 29 Seal, Brajendranath 9 Secularism 4, a3, as-6, Self perfection 33 purification 12, 44, 55, 64, 71, 84, 94, 116, 130, '4' 143, 165, 173,,,a, '79 realisation 108 -sacrifice 91, 1 og suffering Sermon on the Mount 7, 41, 47, so, 51, 52, Bg, 91 Service 12, 31, 33, 36, 39, 4a, 93, 101, 106, 107, 108, '44 '47 '54. ISS. 166, 175 Seva see Service Shastras 31 SiddkiJ 54 Sikhs a, Sin 42-4 Slade, Madeleine see Mirabehn Son of Man 56, 79 Soul-force so, 51, 65, 88, 91, 95, 112, 168 see also Satyagraha South Africa 5, 12, 32, 41, 4a, so, 6a, 78, Bg, g6, "4 115, 118, 125, 126, 139. '43. '49 '59 Spinning 2, 20, 63, 146, 152, 157 Spinoza 46 Spirituality 34, 57, 6g-7o, 71, 94, 1 19, 136, 15a, '75 spiritual exercises 12 spiritual experience 136, 1 79 spiritual growth 1 o, 13, 24, 48, Bo, 87

13 194 Index Spirituality ( Contd) spiritual power 34 Sri Aurobindo 11g Sri Ramakrishna 58 St. Augustine 171 Sthitaprajiia 35, 40, 47, 147, 153, 157 St. Paul 51, g4, 114, 137, '5' Sudras 3, 20, 34, 3g Suffering 26--7, 37, 75-93, 130, 144, 157, 172 vicarious suffering 43, 4g Supernatural, the 63 supernatural powers 138 see also Alaukik Surdas 27, 157, q8 Swadharma 16, 1g, 3g, 4g, 116, 132, 157 Swaraj 155, 158, Sylidvada 34 Tagore, Devendranath 35, 103 Tagore, Rabindranath I' 4. g, 23, 34. 5'' s6--7, , gg, 102, 108-9, 132, , 3g, 157, 171, 176, I8o Talents, trusteeship of 116 Tantric tradition 138 Tapasya 70, 71, 76, go, 13g, 145, 157, 164, qo Temple-going 7, 22-4, 31, 146 Thibon, Gustave 102, 138 Thoreau, H. D., 115, 175 Tilak, Bal Gangadhar 32, 11g, 123 Time, cyclical view of 75, 15g Tolstoy, L., oo, 25-6, so-, 84, 8g, 140, 142, 150 Tolstoy Farm 112, Transvaal 26, 70, g7 Trappists 11, 68, 100 Truth xi, xii, sb-73, Ss, 92, 100, IOI, 102, 129, 146, 67, 170 existential 68, go experiments with xi, 58-73, go, 133, 173 factual 61-2, 65 fragmentary view of 8, 45, 67, 74, 86, 154 God and xi, '3 sb, 72-3, I?g love and 88, 8g ontological sense of 6o-1 Tulsidas 16, qo, 178 Unity of life go, 104, 105, 106, 107 of man 104, 116 Untouchability, untouchables 8, 27, 2g, 66, 6g, 71, 81, g6, 100, 102, I 17, 129, 143, 145, 146, 147. so, 174 Upanishads 6o, 7g l!opanifad 35, 67, 70 Taittinya 6o Vaishnavism 12, 32, 43, 46, 72, So, 88, 8g, g4, 102, 108, 156, 172 Vallabha (Vallabhacharya) 15, 38, go Varna 1g, 38 vamadharma 3, 1g, 38 varnashrama 1g Violence 76, 82, 112, 153, 170 Vivekananda, Swami 20, 31, I 04, 118, 119, 133, so, 78 Vows 33, 67-70, 10g, 146, 168 Vratas see Vows Vykom(Vaikom) 6o, 62, 81 War so, 77 Wardha 52, 6o, 113, 17g Weil, Simone g7, 102, 173 Women role of 151 Work 38, go-3, 101, 107-8, 141, 147, 151 gospel of 36 work ethos 1 18 Worship 11, 28, gs, 107, 108, 110, 144, 147 image-worship 146 ragiias 6o, n. gs, '47 ramas 52, 68 Yoga 22, 28 anaiakti yoga 35, 3g karma yoga 12, 38, 107 yogic practices 58 Yeravda Mandir (Jail) 24, 67, 71, g8, 144 roung India 51, 167 Zend Avesta 166 Zulu Rebellion 76, 122, 14o-1

C Collected works of Mahatma Gandhi, Publications Division, New Delhi, E=English, H=Hindi

C Collected works of Mahatma Gandhi, Publications Division, New Delhi, E=English, H=Hindi List -1 NATIONAL GANDHI MUSEUM RAJGHAT, NEW DELHI - 110002 AUDIO GROUP - A As on 28.4.2014 Post- Prayer and Other Speeches of Mahatma Gandhi List of the Post-Prayer Addresses of Mahatma Gandhi delivered