(1) INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Last week

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1 Discipleship Seminars (DS) presents Promise & Fulfilment: The Story of Jesus Across the Bible Seminar 2: Jesus Christ & Typology Personal Data Protection Act: This session is filmed and uploaded onto the Grace Baptist Church (GBC) website for private use by church members. By attending the class, you are giving us consent to film you. 1 (1) INTRODUCTION 1.1 Last week We looked at how some of the major promises of the Old Testament (Abrahamic Covenant, Davidic Covenant) are (1) partially fulfilled in the Old Testament (Israel, Judahite kings, nations blessed, etc.) (2) fully fulfilled in the person and work of Jesus Christ 1.2 Typology Today we are going be looking at this thing called typology. It sounds complex (but doesn t need to be) so before we go anywhere, we should take a look at how the New Testament talks about typology. Three places of interest: (1) Romans (2) Hebrews (3) 1 Corinthians Romans Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death through sin, and so death spread to all men because all sinned for sin indeed was in the world before the law was given, but sin is not counted where there is no law. Yet death reigned from Adam to Moses, even over those whose sinning was not like the transgression of Adam, who was a type of the one who was to come. Hebrews But the free gift is not like the trespass. For if many died through one man's trespass, much more have the grace of God and the free gift by the grace of that one man Jesus Christ abounded for many. And the free gift is not like the result of that one man's sin. For the judgement following one trespass brought condemnation, but the free gift following many trespasses brought justification. For if, because of one man's trespass, death reigned through that one man, much more will those who receive the abundance of grace and the free gift of righteousness reign in life through the one man Jesus Christ. (Romans 5:12-17) For since the law has but a shadow of the good things to come instead of the true form of these realities, it can never, by the same sacrifices that are continually offered every year, make perfect those who draw near. (Hebrews 10:1) 1 Corinthians For I do not want you to be unaware, brothers, that our fathers were all under the cloud and all passed through the sea, and all were baptized into Moses in the cloud and in the sea, and all ate the same spiritual food, and all drank the same spiritual drink. For they drank from the spiritual Rock that followed them, and the Rock was Christ. (1 Cor. 10:1-4) Your boasting is not good. Do you not know that a little leaven leavens the whole lump? Cleanse out the old leaven that you may be a new lump, as you really are unleavened. For Christ, our Passover lamb, has been sacrificed. (1 Cor. 5:6-7) 1 If you are not comfortable being recorded, please inform the videographer and he will omit you from the final video that will be uploaded. Page 1 of 7

2 So what we can observe: It s almost impossible to know what Paul is talking about unless you have some root in the Old Testament (how would you understand Romans 5 for example if you were not familiar with Adam? Or Hebrews, if you did not know Leviticus? Or 1 Corinthians if you did not know Exodus?) Even if we knew all of that in the Old Testament, we still struggle what does it mean to say Adam is a type to come or the law is a shadow of things to come? Paul sees Christ in rather seemingly bizarre places. Perhaps Christ = Passover Lamb is obvious, but Christ = Rock? Did Jesus teach like that? 2 (2) WHAT IS TYPOLOGY? 2.1 Definitions Daniel Block: Typology is a slightly different matter though only slightly so. As a hermeneutical principle, typology assumes correspondence between earlier and later phenomena whether events, persons, or objects and imagines that the earlier (the type) point to or anticipate the latter (antitype). In principle, searching for these links is not objectionable. However, because of the widespread abuse of the method, I rarely use the word type or typology. I prefer to speak of correspondences between phenomena, or analogies. 3 David Murray: A type is a real person, place, object, or event that God ordained to act as a predictive pattern or resemblance of Christ s person and work (or of opposition to it). 4 Simplifying and summarizing: There is some sort of relationship between Old Testament types and Jesus Christ (Daniel Block: correspondence, David Murray: resemblance) Types can be events, persons, or objects Types are real (not allegorical) meaning to say that are real things that happen in real time in real history Types can have an opposite sort of relationship to Jesus Christ (3) TYPOLOGY CAN BE PEOPLE 3.1 Adam (Romans & 1 Corinthians) A look at Adam & Jesus in Romans 5:12-21 ADAM JESUS One man s trespass (Rom 5:15) One man s grace (Rom 5:15) One man s trespass Condemnation for all men (Rom 5:18) One man s act of righteousness leads to justification for all men (Rom 5:18) 2 There is a popular argument pushed forward by Skeptics that Paul essentially fabricated a religion and what Paul teaches is different from what Jesus teaches. This is demonstrably false. There is nothing within Paul s writings that is not from Christ. We hope some of this can be seen in this class. 3 Daniel Block, quoted in Christ-Centered Preaching & Teaching, edited by Ed Stetzer, Lifeway Press, Nashville, TN. (2013) 4 David Murray, quoted in Christ-Centered Preaching & Teaching, edited by Ed Stetzer, Lifeway Press, Nashville, TN. (2013) Page 2 of 7

3 One man s disobedience lead to many being made sinners (Rom 5:19) One man s obedience the many will be made righteous. (Rom 5:19) A look at Adam & Jesus in Romans 1 Cor 15:45-49 ( Image of God theme) ADAM The first man Adam became a living being. (1 Cor 15:45 The first man was from the earth, a man of dust (1 Cor 15:47) As was the man of dust, so also are those who are of the dust (1 Cor 15:48) Just as we have borne the image of the man of dust, JESUS The last Adam became a life-giving spirit (1 Cor 15:45) the second man is from heaven. (1 Cor 15:47) and as is the man of heaven, so also are those who are of heaven. (1 Cor 15:48) we shall also bear the image of the man of heaven. (1 Cor 15:49) Short Summary: Jesus is the true and better Adam: Who comes not from dust but from heaven Whose obedience, not disobedience, spreads to all Who brings life to all as opposed to death to all Who creates humanity in the image of a man of heaven, as opposed to the man of dust 3.2 But why stop at Adam? Jesus is the true and better Abel, whose offering was acceptable to God, who was killed by his Jewish brothers, and the one whose blood on the ground cries for mercy instead of justice. Jesus is the true and better Abraham, who leaves his father s house into the unknown, and the one through whom all the nations of the earth find their blessing Jesus is the true and better Isaac, the one miraculously born, and the one who was really sacrificed by the Father for the forgiveness of many (we are only at Genesis let s go somewhere else) Jesus is the true and better Moses born under the same circumstances of infanticide, who brings God s law down from the Mountain (Tablets vs. Sermon on the Mount), and splits the curtain so that all may see the face of God Jesus is the true and better Israel, who in the wilderness: did not grumble about food in the wilderness but said: Man shall not live by bread alone did not bow in worship to a golden calf but said: God alone shall be worshiped the one who did not put God to test at the waters of Meribah but said to Satan: You shall not put the Lord your God to test Page 3 of 7

4 Jesus is the true and better Joshua who leads all not just to a physical Promised Land but to a place where we dwell with God forever and so find our Sabbath / rest when we do so Jesus is the true and better Samson the one who wrought a greater victory over his enemies by his death Jesus is the true and better Boaz: the one who redeems his Gentile bride Jesus is the true and better David the one whose kingdom shall reign forever, and the king who was really after God s own heart. Jesus is the true and better Solomon the one instituted to build the temple because he has shed no blood, and builds the temple not from bricks and mortar but by sending the Spirit to indwell into us, a temple that cannot be destroyed. Jesus is the true and better Hosea the one who takes in his adulterous & sinful Bride and washes and renews her Jesus is the true and better Jonah the one who goes wholeheartedly to a people hostile to him and preach the repentance and forgiveness found in God, the one who spends three days in the depths of Sheol, and rises up again. and so on Summary A strong understanding of typology, really enhances our understanding of Jesus Christ in so many ways as we see how the biblical character points forward to the greater person and work of Jesus Christ. As Jesus said (and we ve looked at this) in Luke 24:27 And beginning with Moses and all the Prophets, he interpreted to them in all the Scriptures the things concerning himself. God has sovereignly ordered human history to point forwards towards Jesus Christ. (4) TYPOLOGY CAN BE OBJECTS 4.1 Temples Definitions How to define a temple? A temple is where God s very being choses to dwell For in him all the fullness of God was pleased to dwell, and through him reconcile to himself all things, whether on earth or in heaven, making peace by the blood of his cross. (Col. 1:19-20) A typology of Temples in Scripture 5 IN THE BEGINNING WILDERNESS ISRAEL 1 st CENTURY THIS AGE END OF AGE 5 Refer also to our Essentials of Discipleship Module on Future Hope. Notes are available on GBC website. Page 4 of 7

5 EDEN TENT OF MEETING TEMPLE JESUS HOLY SPIRIT & THE CHURCH NEW HEAVENS AND NEW EARTH Genesis 3:8 And they heard the sound of the Lord God walking in the garden in the cool of the day, and the man and his wife hid themselves from the presence of the Lord God among the trees of the garden. Exodus 40:34-35, 39 Then the cloud covered the tent of meeting, and the glory of the Lord filled the tabernacle. And Moses was not able to enter the tent of meeting because the cloud settled on it, and the glory of the Lord filled the tabernacle. For the cloud of the Lord was on the tabernacle by day, and fire was in it by night, in the sight of all the house of Israel throughout all their journeys. 1 Kings 8:10-11 And when the priests came out of the Holy Place, a cloud filled the house of the Lord, so that the priests could not stand to minister because of the cloud, for the glory of the Lord filled the house of the Lord. John 1:14 And the Word (λόγος) became flesh and dwelt 6 among us, and we have seen his glory, glory as of the only Son from the Father, full of grace and truth. John 2:19-21 Jesus answered them, Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up. The Jews then said, It has taken forty-six years to build this temple, and will you raise it up in three days? But he was speaking about the temple of his body. Ephesians 2:19-22 So then you are no longer strangers and aliens, but you are fellow citizens with the saints and members of the household of God, built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Christ Jesus himself being the cornerstone, in whom the whole structure, being joined together, grows into a holy temple in the Lord. In him you also are being built together into a dwelling place for God by the Spirit. Revelation 21:3 And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying, Behold, the dwelling place of God is with man. He will dwell with them, and they will be his people, and God himself will be with them as their God. 4.2 Other typologies of the Object Category Jesus is the Passover Lamb whose blood saves us from the plague of destruction Jesus is the true Manna who gives us life while we are in our wilderness journey (John 5 I am the Bread of Life ) 6 Literally, encamp, or have my tabernacle Page 5 of 7

6 (5) TYPOLOGY CAN BE EVENTS 5.1 Exodus The single most major event of the Old Testament is the Exodus. Yet the New Testament does not hesitate to show that Jesus BOTH experiences an Exodus and provides an Exodus. For example in Matthew 2:14-15 quotes from Hosea: And he rose and took the child and his mother by night and departed to Egypt and remained there until the death of Herod. This was to fulfil what the Lord had spoken by the prophet, Out of Egypt I called my son. Peter Leithart provides a very good structure to show how the Chapters 1-7 of Matthew is deliberately written in a way to show the parallels between Jesus and Israel: 7 Matthew OT 1:1 Book of genesis Gen 2:4, 5:1 1:1-17 son of Abraham Gen :18-25 Joseph the Dreamer Gen 37 2:1-12 Magi Nations to Egypt for Joseph; promise to Abraham 2:13-25 Herod kills the children Exod 1-2: Pharaoh kills children 2:14 Jesus rescued, flees Exod 2: Moses rescued, flees 2:19-23 Jesus returns to Israel Exod 3-4: Moses returns to Egypt 3:1-12 John announces judgment Exod 5-12: Moses/Aaron bring judgment 3:13-17: Jesus passes through waters Exod 16: Exodus 4:1-11: Temptation in wilderness Exod 17-19: travel to Sinai 4:18-22: Jesus calls disciples Exod 18: Moses appoints rulers Chs. 5-7: Sermon on the Mount Sinai and the giving of the Torah (3) SUMMARY & APPLICATION Today s Big Idea Old Testament typologies (people, objects, events) all point towards Jesus who is the perfect form of all these typologies. 3.1 Application Scripture has a rich view of Jesus, so we must develop a rich view of Jesus in our personal understanding, our church, our ministries, our witness, and so on 7 Peter J. Leithart, Jesus as Israel: The Typological Structure of Matthew s Gospel (2016). This essay is free to download on the Internet just search for this title Page 6 of 7

7 3.1.2 Grow & Discover Tell me the Story of Jesus Access to Notes/Videos. All notes are available online at: The password for both the notes and videos is ps19#7-11. Access is for GBC members and DS attendees only. Contact Us. If you have any queries, please contact us at Page 7 of 7