Bantu Churches of South Africa 180

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1 INDEX AAEC see Association of African Earthkeeping Churches African Christianity 86 Christians 227, 230, 246 culture 185 grassroots societies 55 identity 121 indigenous belief 248 marriage customs 161 religion 76, 79, 82, 121 respect for the dead 250 theology 25, 175, 197, 200 traditional religion 4, 27, 43, 58, 183, 202, 245 worldview 249, 250, 251, 254, 263 African Christian Institution 60 African Church 140, 141 African Earthkeeper's Union 13 African Independency 8 African Independent Church Association 8, 37 African Independent Churches 1,5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 17, 20, 24, 33, 36, 37, 40, 57, 62, 65, 67, 71, 76, 79, 82, 104, , 150, 151, 161, 166 African Christian Institution 60 African theology 25 Association of African Earthkeeping Churches 12, 27 Catholic ecclesiology Church Universal 27 ecumenical ministries 8 ecumenical movements 1, 12, ecumenism 37, 60, 65 Ethiopian-type churches Fambidzano 1, 20, 41, 42 indigenous concepts 248 interpretation inter-religious contact 4 leaders 162, 163 Masvingo 17, 70 Methodist-type churches 148 publications on

2 religio-environmental movements 55 research methods on studies on theological training programme 37, 38 three-self formula tree-planting eucharists Zirrcon 11-12, 27 African Independent Pentecostal Church 145 African Indigenous Church 155, 163 African Initiated Christianity 13 African Initiated Churches 1, 31, 104, 210, 245 African Initiatives in Christian Mission in Southern Africa 13 African Methodist Episcopal Church 138, 139, 145, 149 African Orthodox Church 138, , 149, 150, 151 African Pentecostal Churches 179, 192, 193 African United Church 138, 141 Africanisation of Christianity 5, 235 AICA see African Independent Church Association AICs see African Independent Churches Alexander, Daniel William AME see African Methodist Episcopal Church ancestor veneration 250, 253, 255 ancient shrines Yahweh cult 128 Anderson, A 179, 180, Anderson, Rufus three-self formula Anglican Church 146, 147, 148, 149, 151, 158, 228 ecclesiology 139 missionaries 219, 221, 224 popular religion 211 apartheid 3, 5, 8, 13, 20, 21, 22, 143, 169, 174, 225, 236, 239 APCs see African Pentecostal Churches Apostolic Faith Mission 156, 158, 159 Apostolic Succession o f the Historic Episcopate 145 Association of African Earthkeeping Churches 12, 26, 28, 51, 63, 64, 66, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 81 Association of Independent Shona Churches 40, 41 Association of Zimbabwean Traditional Ecologists see Aztrec Aztrec 11, 12, 26, 27, 43, 49, 51, 61, 64, 66, 69, 71, 74 Bantu Churches of South Africa

3 Bavinck, JH 4, 5, 83 Bishop Moses 1, 12, 36, 38, 42, 51 African traditional religion 58 committed to serve the earthkeeper earthkeeping and ecumenism 60 grassroots people Muchakata name and connections new conviction 58 new forms of Christian witness tree-planting eucharist and the trees war of the trees Black Independent Church missionary work 23 black influence African Independent Churches black scholars African Independent Churches Mosala, Itumeleng black theology 32, 33, 174, 175, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, , 200 Mosala, Itumeleng Blourokke 156, 158, 159 Brander, Samuel James British and Foreign Bible Society 2 Canaanites and Hebrews Yahweh cult 128 Calvinism 2, 161 Campfire 64 Catholic ecclesiology African Independent Churches African Orthodox Church Ethiopian Catholic Church 139 Ethiopian-type churches formation of Ethiopian churches 138 the way to Ethiopia Catholic Church 147, 250 missionaries 218 Zimbabwe 23, 24 Catholicism 192, 221,

4 Cave Sunday Mantsopa 226, , 232, 234 centralisation of cult and country Yahweh cult 130 Chakarakata (liberation war) charismatic healers 268 charismatic movements Pentecostal 192 Chief Chikwanda Chief Chivi Chief Murinye child of famine Mantsopa Chimurenga (liberation war) 7, 10, 11, 12, 29, 75-85, 134 Christ 41, 63, 64, 71, 78, 124, 162, 239, 242, 243, 245, 246, 264, 265 ancestorhood 28, 29, 67 Christian grassroots communities theology , 176, 197 witness Christian Assemblies 159 Christian Catholic Church (Zion) 163 Christian companies 89 Christian Express 176 Christian Institute 178 Christianity 1, 4, 10, 14, 36, 40, 43, 71, 72, 76, 97, 109, 120, 121, 123, 211, 245 African 86 black 182, 184, Africanisation o f 5 and Hebrew religion 124 and Shona religion , 133, 134 inculturated 98, 210 mission 76, 185, 203 Southern African 33 symbolic meanings 257 Christians 1, 13, 41, 48, 53, 62, 66, 67, 107, 121, 238, 239, 242, 243, 255, 258 African 227, 230, 246 coloureds' 163 liberation struggle 60 pilgrimage 236, 238, 239, 242, 243,

5 Shona 1, 8, 9, 36, 133 witness 62-63, 66 Christology 249 church governance 88 maturity 87, 93, 94 planting 86, 93 and popular religion Church of England 221, 224 Church o f Ethiopia 147, 148 Church o f the Province of South Africa (Anglican) 138, 139, 145, 146, 149 Church Universal 27 churches African Church 140, 141 African Independent Pentecostal Church 145 African Indigenous Church 155, 163 African Methodist Episcopal Church 138, 139, 145, 149 African Orthodox Church 138, , 149, 150, 151 African United Church 138, 141 Anglican Church 139, 149, 211, 224 Catholic Church 147, 250 Christian Catholic Church (Zion) 163 Church of England 221, 224 Church o f Ethiopia 147, 148 Church of the Province o f South Africa (Anglican) 138, 139, 145, 146, 149 congregational-type 148 Coptic Orthodox Church 145, 150, 151 Dutch Reformed Church 167, 178, 239 Dutch Reformed Mission Church 159 Ethiopian Catholic Church o f South Africa 149 Ethiopian Catholic Church (Zion) 138, , 143 Ethiopian Orthodox Church 146, 147 Ethiopian Orthodox Church in South Africa 146, 147, 148, 149 Greek Orthodox Church 142, 145 Greek Orthodox Patriarchate o f Alexandria 143, 145 Indian Pentecostal churches 191 indigenous 97, 163 local 97 Methodist-type 148, 149 National Church of Ethiopia of South Africa 149 Native Catholic Episcopal Church 138, 141 Order of Ethiopia 138, 145, 146, 147,

6 Orthodox Church 150 self-critical self-founding 86 self-fulfilling self-governing 86, 87, 91 self-inculturating 98, 99 self-initiating 86 self-motivating self-propagating 86, 88-89, 92 self-supporting 86, 92 Zion Christian Churches Zion City Apostolic Church 156, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164 colonial rule 75, 76, 80 coloured' missionaries Louw, William Community of the Servants of Christ 225 Conference of Churches of Black People 19 Congregational-type churches 148 contextual theologies 175 continuity 251, 253 versus discontinuity Coptic Orthodox Church 145, 150, 151 the covenant creates the people CPSA see Church of the Province of South Africa (Anglican) culture 185 customary law 260 Daneel, ML'Inus' 1-15 Abe Bailey scholarship 3 African Earthkeeper's Union 13 AIC scholar 178, 179, 202 apartheid 20, 21, 22 Aztrec 11, 12, 26, 27, 51 bibliography black Christianity Bishop Moses 1, 12, 36, 38, 42, 51, 55-68, Christ's ancestorhood 28, 29 cross-cultural relationships 3 Dutch Reformed Church 22, 58 early research 5-9 earthkeeping 16, 20, 29, 55-68,

7 ecological conservation 11-12, 15, 61 ecumenism 82 excursus Faith and Earthkeeping 13 Fambidzano 1, 8, 9,10, 12, 19, 20, 23, 24, 26, 36, 40, 41, 42, 57 fiction 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 84 fieldwork in Rhodesia 4 folk theologian 1,2, 15 Free University o f Amsterdam 4, 8, 16 grassroots ecumenism 15 Gutu rural homelands 5 Hendrik Kraemer Institute (Dutch Reformed Church) 8 inter-religious dialogue 15 Mafuranhunzi Gumbo 7, 26-29, 31-35, 78 Matonjeni oracle of Mwari 1, 7, 11, 61, 79, 210 mission church-alc relations 38 Morgenster Mission 2, 3, 7, 31, 36, 57 Muchakata 12, 43-54, Mudavanhu Mutapa Eagles 9 new beginnings and challenges personal appraisal Pew Charitable Trusts 13 as a pilgrim 236 and Ranger, Tference 75-76, 80, 83, 84 as research supervisor , Rhodesia 4, 5, 7 Roman Catholic University Nijmegen 8 romanticism theological training centre 19, 20, 21 tree-planting 11, 12, 28, 29, 43-54, 245 University of Leiden African Studies Centre 4 University of South Africa 10, 13, 19, 26, 31 University of Stellenbosch 3 war of the trees 11, 12, 26, winning people's sympathy Zimbabwe 1, 2, 10, 20 Zirrcon 11-12, 13, 26, 27, 55 the dead Yahweh cult discontinuity 250, 251,

8 versus continuity divination and prophecy 161 Zion Christian Churches divine kingship , 282 divinity cults 279 Dutch Mission Councils 8 Dutch Reformed Church 22, 58, 239 missiologists 5 missionaries 1-15, 3, 22, 23, 25-26, 167, 178 missions 1, 2, 7 Morgenster Mission 2, 3, 7, 31, 36, 57 World Council of Churches 23 Dutch Reformed Mission Church 159 Dutch theologians and missiologists 4, 5 earth cults 268, 269, 271, 281 ecclesiology 71 earthkeeping 16, 20, 29, 72, 81 Bishop Moses and ecumenism 60 ecclesiology Catholic Orthodox 147, 148 ECCZ see Ethiopian Catholic Church (Zion) ecological conservation 15, 61 Zirrcon ecological liberation 60, 65 eco-theology 70, 71 ecumenical cooperation 9, 66 ecumenical ministries Shona 8 ecumenical movements African Independent Churches 1,12, Fambidzano 1, 36 Zimbabwe 37 ecumenism African Independent Churches 37, 60, 65 Daneel, ML'lnus' 82 and earthkeeping 60 grassroots 15 Louw, William

9 environmental deterioration 11-12, 15, 48, 56, 60, 82 environmental education centres 64 EOCSA see Ethiopian Orthodox Church in South Africa equality 251, 265 versus hierarchy Ethiopian Catholic Church of South Africa 149 Ethiopian Catholic Church (Zion) 137, , 143 Ethiopian Movement 178 Ethiopian Orthodox Church 146, 147 Ethiopian Orthodox Church in South Africa 146, 147, 148 Ethiopianism 178 Ethiopian-type churches 20, 24, 37, 40, 87, 164, 176, 186 African Orthodox Church Catholic ecclesiology Ethiopian Catholic Church 139 formation of 138 the way to Ethiopia evangelical Calvinism 2 evangelising pioneers Louw, William evils traditional religion faith and earthkeeping 13 Fambidzano 1, 8, 9, 10, 12, 19, 20, 23, 24, 26, 36, 40, 41, 42, 56, 57 Conference of Churches of Black People 19 Co-operative of Black Churches 40 theological training centre 19, 20, 21 theological training programme female and male equality folk theologians Daneel, ML Inus' 1, 2, 15 French Protestants 219 General Missionary Conference 178, 181 German Reformed Church 5 God and humanity 5 government commissions Native Affairs Commission 187 Native Churches Commission 178, 179, 187 grassroots communities

10 ecumenism 15 people 55, 56, 57, 58, 62, 65, research methods on , 202, 203 theological connection tree-planting movements 1, 11, 12, 55 Greek Orthodox Church 142 Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria 143, 145 Gutmann, Bruno 2 Gutu Heroes Acre 80 Gutu rural homelands 5 the hajj , 239, 241 healing cults 268, 281 Muyambi, Fr Lazarus ngoma and politics prophecy and divination prophetic healing symbolic healing methods Zion Christian Churches heathenism 104 Hebrew religion ancient shrines 128 centralisation of cult and country 130 and Christianity 124, the covenant creates the people the dead evils of traditional religion Hebrews and Canaanites 128 high places 131 history 127 holiness of Israel 132 the law 128 purification o f the land 129 shrines 133 Yahweh cult Hebrews and Canaanites Yahweh cult 128 herbalists hierarchy 251 versus equality

11 high places Yahweh cult 131 holiness of Israel Yahweh cult 132 Holy Spirit 239, 240, 243, 265 house churches 88, 89 IC see Independent Churches IIMO see Interuniversity Institute for Missiological and Ecumenical Research inculturation 210, 234 Independent Churches 38, 40, 41, 163, 189, 259 Independents of Africa 31, 33, 37, 136 Indians 236, 238 communities 191 Indian Pentecostal churches 191 indigenous belief 248 Christian churches 256 churches 97, 163 concepts 248 individualism 251 and kinship intercultural partnership 100 interpretation African Independent Churches grassroots Christian communities inter-religious contact 4, 66 cooperation 43 dialogue 15 inter-religious contact 66 African Independent Churches 4 Interuniversity Institute for Missiological and Ecumenical Research 23, 24 Islam 237, 243 Kairos Document 22, 174, 175 Kelham Fathers 224 kinship 251 and individualism Latter Rain Mission 156, 158, 159 law 303

12 Yahweh cult 128 Lea, Allen 178, liberation struggle 60, 61, theology 174, 184, 193, 197, 200 Lord's Supper 238, 239 Louw, William AIC perspectives background Cape Flats Cape Province ecumenical aspects historical dimensions missiological reflection missionary travels second generation turning point Zionists Lutherans 161, 167 Mafuranhunzi Gumbo 7, 26-29, 31-35, 78 Malawi divine kingship ngoma Tfenganis male and female equality Mantsopa (Manchupa) as a bridging link Cave Sunday 226, , 232, 234 child of the famine Mantsopa's cave popular religion and the church seer and war doctor Society of the Sacred Mission spiritualities in conflict St Augustine's Mission (Modderpoort) transitional figure Mantsopa's Sunday 226 Marange Apostolic Church 40 Masvingo Province (Zimbabwe) 17, 31, 36, 37, 61, 69, 70, 78 environmental damage 11, 49 Matonjeni oracle of Mwari 1, 7, 11, 61, 79, 82, 83, 133 Matopo Hills

13 MBK see Community of the Servants of Christ Mbona cult shrine , 283 Mdaza (Holy Cord) Zionists 1 Methodist Church 178, 227 Methodist-type churches 148, 149 missiologists 4, 5, 23, 24 mission Christianity 76, 185, 203 church-aic relations 38 churches 38, 118, 136, 180, 201, 248 missionaries 1, 3, 7, 25, 32, 121, 186, 217 AIC studies 179 Anglican 139, 211, 219, 221 Catholic 218 Daneel, ML'Inus' 1-15, 22, 23, 25-26, 29, 38, 58 Dutch Reformed 167 French 215, 216, 219 Lea, Allen Louw, William Lutheran 156 modern-day 175 Pentecostal 158 Sundkler, BGM 178 three-self development 89 Missionary Brotherhood of St Augustine of Hippo 221, 226, 227, 233 Missionary Council 186 Missions 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 221 Morgenster Mission 2, 3, 7, 31, 36, 57 Paris Evangelical Missionary Society 215 Society of the Sacred Mission 211, St Agnes Mission (Gokwe) St Augustine's Mission (Modderpoort) 210, three-self formula Morgenster Mission 2, 3, 7, 31, 36, 57 Mosala, Itumeleng , 203 Muchakata 12, 43 54, Mudavanhu Mugabe, Robert 78, 79, 80 Muslims , 243, 246 mutual assistance of churches 24 Mwari 1, 7, 11, 61, 79, 82, 83,

14 n'angas , 123, 124, 126 National Church of Ethiopia of South Africa 149 Native Catholic Episcopal Church 138, 141 native Churches Commission 178, 179 naude, P 184, , ndaza Zionists 12 ngoma Malawi non-christian religions 5 observer-based participation 191, 192, 193, 194 research 188, 189, 193, 198, 201 theologies 176 one God, many people continuity versus discontinuity equality versus hierarchy explanatory comments Kinship and individualism Oosthuizen, GC 178, 181, oracle of Mwari 1, 7 orality 198 Order of Ethiopia 138, 145, 146, 147, 149 Orthodox Church 150 Orthodox ecclesiology 147, 148 Paris Evangelical Missionary Society 215 participatory research 191, 192, 193, 194 characteristics Pentecostal Charismatic movements 192 pentecostalism 104, 117, 191 Pentecostals 156, 158, 159, 163, 191, 192 Philpott, G 184, pilgrim theology forward to the future the hajj inward to the centre outward to the periphery pioneers Louw, William political 306

15 cults 269, 275 ngoma 268, 281, 282, 283 popular religion 183, 230, 234 and the church post-enlightenment European theology 197, 250, 251 prophecy and divination Zion Christian Churches prophetesses Mantsopa prophetic healing Holy Spirit 108, 109, 110 Zion Christian Churches , 116 Protestantism 192 Protestants 23, 24, 219 three-self formula 86 purification of the land Yahweh cult 129 racial discrimination 156, 167, 189, 225, 238 rainmakers Mantsopa 218, 219 Ranger, Tterence 75-76, 80, 83, 84 re-baptism 38, 40 reconstruction theology 175 Reformed Church 191 Zimbabwe 38, 40 Reformed Mission Church 24 religio-environmental movements 55, 66 religion and culture 13, 121 and environment 11 and politics 75, 121, 258 and war 76 research methods on AlCs Anderson, A evaluation government commissions 187 Lea, Allen Naude, P , Oosthuizen, GC Philpott, G Sundkler, BGM

16 white scholars 186 Rhodesia 4, 7 see also Zimbabwe apartheid 5, 13, 22 Gutu rural homelands 5 romanticism sacred power 210 sacrifices 133, 265 Salvation Army 158 scapegoats 271, 274, 276, 278, 279, 282, 283 sectarian churches 186 seers Mantsopa self -critical churches 93-94, 99, 101 -founding churches 86 -fulfilling churches 96-99, 100, 101 -governing churches 86, 87, 91 -inculturating churches 98, 99 -initiating churches 86 -motivating churches 94-95, 99, 101 -propagating churches 86, 88-89, 92 -supporting churches 86, 92 separatist churches 181, 186, 187 Shona African Independent Churches 1, 15, 17, 27 African Initiated Churches 31 Christians 1, 8, 9, 36, Conference of Churches of Black People 19 ecumenical ministries 8 Matonjeni oracle o f Mwari 1, 7, 11, 133, 248 religion and Christianity , 134 respect for departed relatives 121 sacrifices 133 search for authenticity 122 Shona Independent Churches 17, 19, 23, 24, 26, 37, 40 shrines 133 St Agnes Mission (Gokwe) symbol of blood 257, 258 traditional culture 61, 71 traditional religion 69, 78, 82, , 255 shrines 133 Mbona shrine ,

17 Yahweh cult 128 Society of the Sacred Mission 211, , 232, 233, 234 Soshanguve Zion Christian Churches 107 Sotho , 232 prophetess Mantsopa South Africa black theologians 180, 181 male and female equality theology , 175 Zion Christian Churches Southern Africa Christianity 33 ecumenical attempts 37 Zion Christian Churches Southern African Christianity 33 theology 33 Southern African Independency 33 Southern Shona Independent Churches 19, 26 spirits 125, 250, 255, 265 spirit-type churches 104, 107, 136, 259 spiritual power 211 African Independent Churches 88 spiritualities in conflict Mantsopa SSA see Missionary Brotherhood of St Augustine of Hippo SSM see Society of the Sacred Mission St Agnes Mission (Gokwe) St Augustine's Mission (Modderpoort) 210, studies on AICs AIC members black influence black scholars Mosala, Itumeleng -186 white scholars Sundkler, BGM 178, 179, 180, 181, sustainable development 71 symbolic healing methods water Zion Christian Churches symbolic meanings tribal life

18 syncretism 99, 104 Taylor, John V 4 TEE see Theological Education by Extension Tenganis (Malawi) , 282, 283 divine kingship Mbona cult theism 253 Theological Education by Extension 9 theological training centres 20 Fambidzano 19, 20, Shona Independent Churches 19, 21 theological training programmes African Independent Churches 37, 38 Fambidzano theology African 25, 175, 197, 200 black 32, 33, 174, 175, 182, 183, 184, , 200 Christian , 176, 197 connection to the grassroots contextual 175 crisis liberation 174, 184, 193, 197, 200 observer-based 176 post-enlightenment European 197 of reconstruction 175 South Africa , 175 Southern African Christianity 33 therapeutic ngoma 268, 271, 281, 283 three-self formula African Independent Churches church governance 88 house churches 89 improvement 93 inadequacy new formula observations self-governing or self-critical 93-94, 99, 101 self-government 87 self-propagating or self-fulfilling 96-99, 100, 101 self-propagation self-supporting or self-motivating 94-95, 99, 101 value

19 traditional African marriage customs 161 traditional religion 1, 7, 11, 13, 14, 27, 28, 29, 43, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 55, 58, 66, 67, 69, 71, 107, 117, 122, 123, , 182, 183, 202, 245, 255 evils liberation struggle 60 transitional figures Mantsopa tree-planting 11, 12, 28, 29, 43-54, 62 eucharists 63-65, 67 urban black theology 32 Venn, Henry three-self formula war doctors Mantsopa War of Liberation war of the trees 11, 12, 26, 43-54, 60-62, 236 Chief Chikwanda Chief Chivi Chief Murinye the way to Ethiopia Western theology 21 worldview 249, 250, 251, 257 white scholars African Independent Churches , Anderson, A Lea, Allen Haude, P 184, , Oosthuizen, QC Philpott, G 184, Sundkler, BGM 180, witchcraft 121, 122, 125, 126 World Council of Churches 23 World Wide Fund 64 Yahweh cult ancient shrines 128 centralisation of cult and country

20 the dead Hebrews and Canaanites 128 high places 131 history 127 holiness of Israel 132 indigenous customs the law 128 purification o f the land 129 ZCAC see Zion City Apostolic Church ZCC see Zion Christian Churches Zimbabwe 14, 17, 20, 82, 83 see also Rhodesia African Independent Churches 1 Aztrec 11, 12, 26, 27, 43, 49, 51, 61 Catholics 23, 24 colonial rule 75, 76, 80 earthkeeping 16, 56 ecological liberation 60 ecumenical movements 37 Fambidzano indigenous culture 248 male and female equality Masvingo Province 11, 14, 17, 31, 36, 37, 61, 69, 70, 78 Matopo Hills 75 missionaries 1, 2, 3, 4, 25 Morgenster Mission 2, 3, 7, 31 nationalism 79, 83 Protestants 23, 24 Reformed Church 38, 40 religio-environmental movements 55 Shona Independent Churches 17, 19, 23, 24, 26 War of Liberation 1, 7, 10, 11, 12, 75-85, 253, 258 war of the trees 43-54, 60-64, 236 Zionist Christian Churches , 255 Zimbabwe Reformed Church Law Book 38, 40 Zimbabwean Institute for Religious Research and Ecological Conservation 11-12, 13, 14, 26, 27, 28, 43, 55, 71, 72, 74 Zimbabwean War of Liberation ( ) 1, 7, 10, 11, 12, 29, Zion Christian Churches 104 coloured' missionaries healing

21 legacy and challenge membership 105 prophecy and divination prophetic healing , 116 South Africa Southern Africa symbolic healing methods Zimbabwe Zion City Apostolic Church 156, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164 Zionists 1, 12, 20, 21, 28, 40, 67, 69, 79, 80, 81, 88, 104, 137, 164, 228, 229, 231, 255 house churches 89 Louw, William Zirrcon see Zimbabwean Institute for Religious Research and Ecological Conservation Zulus 188, 189, 212,

22 Frontiers of African Christianity: Essays in honour of Inus Daneel showcases recent reflexive research on African Christianity that draws inspiration from the career of Inus Daneel. It evocatively brings together the indigenous knowledges of church leaders and chiefs with various scholarly constructions of African Initiated Churches (AlCs) in South Africa, Zim babwe and Malawi to extend the limits of research in this field. The anthology includes cuttingedge analyses by leading specialists. Inus Daneel, the product of a missionary home and fluent in Shona, was fascinated by the interplay among African traditional religions, Shona culture and Christianity. He moved into the Shona communal lands among members of AlCs as a participant-observer in order to gain a better understanding of their spirituality. Over several decades, despite civil war, shattered finances, fam ily traumas and the disapproval of his peers in the Dutch Reformed Church, Daneel pursued his relationship with the Shona Independent Churches. Instead of simply pursuing a career as an academic, Inus Daneel became a folk theologian studying, interpreting and seeking to articulate the contextualised theologies of the Shona indigenous churches. This book therefore honours not only a 'Western' scholar, but an 'activist' whose involvement with Shona Christians has included founding an ecumenical movement and theological training program m e among them in the 1970s, and launching a grassroots environmental program m e of African religionists and Christians in the 1980s. ISBN