Table of Contents. vii xv

Transcription

1 Foreword Acknowledgments Introduction 1 I. Historical Context 2 A Brief Sketch of Bonaventure s Life 2 The State of the Doctrine of the Eucharist 3 Date of Composition and Situation within Bonaventure s Work 6 Bonaventure an Aquinas 8 II. The Theology of the Commentary 9 Distinction 8 11 Distinction 9 14 Distinction Distinction Distinction Distinction III. Bonaventure s Division of the Text 39 IV. Notes on the Latin Text 43 V. Notes on the Translation 43 Style 43 The Translation of Scripture 45 Endnotes 45 VI. Glossary 46 VII. Selected Bibliography 49 Bonaventure, On the Eucharist (Commentary on the Sentences, Book IV, dist. 8 13) 53 Distinction 8 55 Part 1: The Antecedents of the Sacrament of the Eucharist 55 Article 1: The Prefiguring of the Sacrament of the Eucharist 57 Question 1: Was It Fitting That the Sacrament of the Eucharist Be Prefigured? 57 Question 2: The Number and Sufficiency of the Four Figures 61 Question 3: The Preeminence of the Figures 65 vii xv

2 x Article 2: The Institution of the Sacrament of the Eucharist 67 Question 1: Was It Fitting That the Eucharist Be Instituted from the Beginning? 67 Question 2: Was It Fitting That the Eucharist Be Instituted Before the Passion? 71 Question 3: Did the Lord Confect the Sacrament of the Eucharist Before He Spoke the Words? 75 Doubts concerning the Master s Text 77 Doubt 1 77 Doubt 2 79 Doubt 3 79 Doubt 4 81 Part 2: The Parts of the Sacrament of the Eucharist, Namely Word and Element 81 Article 1: The Form of the Word in the Sacrament of the Eucharist 83 Question 1: The Form of the Word Spoken over the Bread 83 Question 2: The Form of the Word Spoken over the Wine 89 Article 2: The Signification of the Sacrament of the Eucharist 97 Question 1: What Is Reality and What Is Sacrament in the Eucharist 97 Question 2: The Unity of the Sacrament of the Eucharist 101 Doubts concerning the Master s Text 105 Doubt Doubt Distinction Article 1: General Considerations about Eating the Eucharist 111 Question 1: Two Ways of Eating the Eucharist 111 Question 2: What It Means to Eat Spiritually 115 Question 3: What It Means to Eat Sacramentally 117 Question 4: Did Christ Eat in Both Ways? 123 Article 2: Considerations about the Wicked When They Eat the Eucharist 127 Question 1: Do the Wicked Truly Consume the Body of Christ? 127 Question 2: Is the Sinner Who Is Knowingly in Sin and Eats the Body of Christ Condemned? 131 Question 3: Does the Sinner Who Consumes the Body of Christ Always Sin Mortally? 135 Question 4: Does He Who Gives the Body of Christ to One Whom He Knows to Be a Sinner Sin Damnably? 141

3 xi Doubts concerning the Master s Text 145 Doubt Doubt Doubt Doubt Doubt Doubt Distinction Part 1: The Sophistical Arguments of the Heretics Who Deny that the Body of Christ Is on the Altar Are Defeated 151 Article 1: The Truth and Manner of the Presence of Christ in the Sacrament of the Altar 153 Question 1: Is Christ Truly in the Sacrament of the Altar? 153 Question 2: Is the Body of Christ on the Altar According to its Natural Quantity, or Is It Abstracted from Quantity? 161 Question 3: Is the Body of Christ Definitively Contained by the Kinds? 165 Question 4: Is the Body of Christ Dimensively or Circumscriptively Contained by the Kinds? 169 Question 5: Is the Body of Christ in Each part of the Host? 173 Doubts concerning the Master s Text 179 Doubt Doubt Doubt Doubt Doubt Part 2: The Truth of the Faith, That the Body of Christ Is Truly on the Altar, Is Confirmed 185 Article 1: The Eucharist and the Power of Transubstantiation 187 Question 1: Is the Power to Convert the Bread into the Body of Christ Equal to, or Greater than, the Power to Create Something New? 187 Question 2: Is Transubstantiation More Noble than the Power of Conceiving Christ? 191 Question 3: Is the Power to Transubstantiate Given to the Spoken Words, or Is It the Power of the Uncreated Word Alone? 195 Question 4: Is the Power of the Words Able to Convert Any Amount of the Element? 201

4 xii Article 2: The Eucharist and the Power of the Intellect 205 Question 1: Is the Presence of the Body of Christ in the Sacrament above the Pilgrim Intellect? 205 Question 2: Is the Presence of the Body of Christ in the Sacrament above the Intellect of the Blessed? 211 Doubts concerning the Master s Text 215 Doubt Doubt Doubt Distinction Part 1: The Eucharist and Confection 219 Article 1: Transubstantiation 221 Question 1: Is There True Conversion of the Bread into the Body of Christ in the Sacrament of the Eucharist? 221 Question 2: Is the Whole Bread Converted into the Body of Christ, or Does Some Part Besides the Accidents Remain? 225 Question 3: Is that Conversion Annihilation? 229 Question 4: Is the Bread Converted into the Whole Christ? 233 Question 5: Is That Conversion Sudden or Successive? 237 Question 6: What Words Fittingly Express That Conversion? 243 Doubts concerning the Master s Text 249 Doubt Doubt Doubt Doubt Part 2: The Matter in Which It Is Fitting That the Confection of the Eucharist Be Done 253 Article 1: The Kinds in Which the Church Currently Confects 255 Question 1: Is It Fitting That the Eucharist Be Confected in the Kinds of Bread and Wine? 255 Question 2: Do Both of Those Kinds Belong to the Fullness of the Sacrament? 259 Question 3: Does Water Belong to the Fullness of the Sacrament of the Eucharist? 265 Question 4: Is the Sacrament of the Eucharist Able To Be Confected in Any Bread and Wine? 271 Article 2: How Christ Confected 275 Question 1: Did Christ Confect in Leavened or Unleavened Bread? 275

5 xiii Question 2: What Sort of Body Did Christ Give to the Disciples at the Last Supper? 279 Doubts concerning the Master s Text 287 Doubt Doubt Doubt Doubt Doubt Doubt Doubt Doubt Distinction Part 1: The Accidents and the Breaking of the Kinds 295 Article 1: The Existence of the Accidents Without a Subject 297 Question 1: Are the Accidents Able to Exist Without a Subject? 297 Question 2: Is it Fitting that Kinds Exist Without a Subject in the Eucharist? 301 Question 3: Is It True that the Accidents Are There Without a Subject? 305 Article 2: The Action and Transmutation of the Accidents 309 Question 1: Are Those Kinds Able to Be Converted into Nourishment? 309 Question 2: Do the Accidents Have the Power to Convert Other Things Into the Sacrament? 317 Question 3: Do Those Accidents Operate Naturally or Miraculously? 323 Article 3: The Breaking of the Kinds 333 Question 1: Is the True Body of Christ Broken in the Eucharist? 333 Question 2: Does True Breaking Happen in the Kinds? 337 Question 3: What Do the Parts of the Broken Host Signify? 339 Doubts concerning the Master s Text 343 Doubt Doubt Doubt Doubt Doubt Part 2: The Frequency of the Eucharist 351 Article 1: The Efficacy of This Sacrament 353 Question 1: Is This Sacrament Efficacious in Any Righteous Person? 353 Question 2: Is This Sacrament Efficacious in a Sinner? 357

6 xiv Question 3: What Is the Efficacy of This Sacrament? 361 Article 2: The Frequency of The Sacrament 365 Question 1: Are We Required to Approach the Sacrament of the Eucharist? 365 Question 2: Is It Better for the Person Who Is Free to Approach to Approach Frequently or Rarely? 369 Question 3: Should a Person Abstain from the Eucharist Because of Bodily Uncleanness? 375 Doubts concerning the Master s Text 379 Doubt Doubt Doubt Doubt Distinction Article 1: The Power of the One Who Confects 389 Question 1: Is Every Priest Able to Confect? 389 Question 2: Are Only Priests Able to Confect? 393 Question 3: Does the Power of Consecrating Lie More with the Priest or with the Word? 397 Question 4: Is a Mass Said by a Good Priest Better Than a Mass Said by a Wicked Priest? 401 Article 2: The One Taking the Eucharist 405 Question 1: Does the Body of Christ Pass Through the Stomach of a Mouse? 405 Question 2: Does the Body of Christ Descend into the Stomach of a Human? 409 Doubts concerning the Master s Text 417 Doubt Doubt Doubt Doubt Notes 427 Indices 457