LLT180L2.doc 1. to teach. So, you want to tell everything about the whole course the first day. So, you

Transcription

1 LLT180L2.doc 1 Sorry if Monday is a little disjoint. I think the first day of class is always a little disjointed because we come in or professors come in all excited about what they re going to teach. So, you want to tell everything about the whole course the first day. So, you start going through your syllabus and you jump over here and jump over there. I ll try to be a little more organized today. As we talk a little bit about history of this period I m obviously not a history professor. However, as an undergraduate student one of my majors was in European History. I m a medievalist. So, I know something about this period but we re not going to go in great depths. Just to review a few things in my forgetfulness I forgot my little pile of call cards. I wanted to ask you a few questions on Monday. We talked about what chivalry meant. Chivalry the number one meaning in Webster is a mounted man at arms. This is the heavy cavalry of medieval times. If you went through the definitions of Webster what most of us would think of as the definition of chivalry is the definition of chivalry but it doesn t come up until like the 4 th or 5 th definition. For example, four, the dignity or system of knighthood. Five, the qualifications or character of the ideal. It s like a lot of vocabulary. We really don t know particularly what words mean. We know how they use them. One of my pet peeves in life is does Ms have a period or not after it? It does. Should it? Did it always? This is trivia if you should ever get on a game show. Things you should know in life. Somehow it s tangentially related to what we re doing since we re talking about form. Mrs. what s that an abbreviation of? Mistress. What s the number one definition of mistress in the dictionary? Person who runs the household. It s the number one meaning. Ms this is kind of curious to me because whether it s your visa card or your university. Always looking for ways to save money and certainly all that

2 LLT180L2.doc 2 little ink they use printing those dots on all your mailings with Ms. cost money. Is Ms. a real old term? Do you have an idea? Actually, it was developed in the 1950s. So you re right on by professional secretaries in New York City who a lot of them were single. They wanted something to refer to themselves other than as miss, which is not an abbreviation. So, they started using Ms no period because what is it. It is not an abbreviation. It doesn t stand for anything. It s a manufactured form. If you go back to the original Ms magazines, no period. What happens and a friend of mine who is now retired who used to teach a History English language course. We would get in this discussion. He was like Larry you re right but you re never going to win this one is that why do we have a period? We use a period after Mr. We use a period after Mrs. So, people are just too stupid or lazy to keep it straight that we don t use a period after Ms. so, now you use it and so we give up. Chivalrous, the problem is that we go chivalry to chivalrous. Chivalrous characteristic of or relating to the ideal knight of futile and renaissance times according to the modern romantic tradition. A lot of this stuff we look at. A lot of the way we think of this whole period really is influenced by the romantic tradition. Romantic literature the whole modern Romantic Movement really germinated in the late 1700 s very late 1700 s almost 1800 in Germany. It was a literary period that grew out of Germany. Part of what they did was they wanted to look back at some great golden time when there was unity. So, they went back and what? There was one church. No. So, they look back at this material and they idealized it. So, we get the view through this kind of filter of the Romantic Period. One of the things we re going to talk about today is the middle ages. I really don t quite remember if we got to asking yesterday but before we talk about this

3 LLT180L2.doc 3 more specifically. When we talk about the middle ages what general time in history are we talking about? Approximate dates from what you ve learned in school are There s going to be a wide discrepancy. That s kind of the core period. Certainly, the century that we d probably say is most or the 150 years that are the key element that everybody would agree that is medieval is maybe Some people go as early as 180 AD. Kind of a common departure point, did we talk about this on Monday? I m teaching two classes of 180 this semester so it s always confusing. You don t remember what you say in one class and what in another. 476 follow the Roman Empire. So, that s kind of a convenient date rather than saying 476 maybe as we go through this lecture for general purposes let s say we ll call medieval times. What are the middle ages? Middle to what? Historians want to see things in their own way. What s a period we live in now? Some people say literature post-modern. In a general sense we re living in modern times. What are real old times? Ancient or antiquity. So, the period in between is the Middle Ages. The way the historians viewed this was they re talking about modern times starting 1800 and forward. In other words the times we live in are modern. There are really great things about antiquity. So, what s this garbage in between? That s the middle ages. We re going to end what s going to signal in most people s minds the end of the Middle Ages? The renaissance and the renaissance word means what? It comes from French right. It means rebirth. That is a southern European manifestation. How many of you are Catholic here? So, the rest of you aren t Catholic. So, you are all victims of this next question. What happens in northern Europe, which is a representation of the renaissance at this same time? The reformation and Luther tacked his 95 theses on the SchloBkirche in Wittenberg in So, kind of a

4 LLT180L2.doc 4 convenient framework for the period we re talking about this calling that the Middle Ages. A couple of other kind of words that you re going to quickly run across I just want to make sure I mention before you start your reading. We re going to see a film. Our assignment for next time is to see this film. Obviously we ll do it. The people who are watching this on TV will be required to go view it either here on campus or wherever it s convenient about Arthur. The Arthur we re reading about is a legendary 6 th century king. One of the things we re going to talk about quite quickly in the next week or so is what is a hero and how are heroes made. There are a couple different views. One view is that maybe somebody like Arthur a historical personage out there. What happens is over a period of time a whole bunch of stuff is glued onto them. Things that people feel are important are glued onto them to make them representative of heroes of tradition. I ll actually depending on how quickly we go today I might give you a handout on the hero. If not today on Monday and the 22 characteristics of a hero tradition. Some people fulfill it extremely well. Arthur does pretty well. Out of the 22 he gets 17, 18, 19. We re going to talk about feudalism later today. One of the things that s always been confusing to me, how come we have the world England and we have the word Great Britain. England actually was the subject of and we ll talk about this in our reading in White s book. He kind of he gives Arthur a summary of English history in a paragraph about this long in the book somewhere. He talks about how all these groups repeatedly invaded England. We have the Britain s invading. Then, after the Britain s in the 5 th century when the Anglo s and Saxon s and all these dramatic tribes are moving around. The Anglos and Saxon s moved in. actually,

5 LLT180L2.doc 5 in older German instead of it being spelled England it was actually spelled Engelland. So, you obviously see there the land of the Angles. So, what are Brits? What are British, the Celtic language of the ancient Britain s? A Briton is a member of one of the peoples inhabiting Britain prior to the invasion of the Anglos and the Saxon s. So, these are words that I think are confusing. What s the different between a Britain, an Anglo, and a Saxon? Why do all these people hate each other? What s a Celt a word we hear too? Even though I ve read this definition many times teaching this course I m still not sure I can read it and repeat it. I m still not sure it functions in my brain. A Celt is a modern Gael, a highlander Scot, Irishman, Welshman, Cornishman, or Britain. It seems to me by that definition that we re using the word Celt for anybody who is in England before the Anglo s and the Saxon s got there. Everybody else is a Celt would be a general definition. I d never saw I don t know how many of you saw the movie on TV made for TV on Merlin. I was out of town. I ve had it on tape now for some time but have never made the effort to watch it. Merlin is a very old figure we re going to learn in the Arthurian cycle and other medieval legends. He s generally a magician or prophet. We do see him in Monty Python. A basic motivation in a lot of this older literature and dramatic literature is revenge. Do unto others before they do unto you. No, no that s not right. This whole idea of revenge and of course when we read White s book he s going to give some of his own politics in here and not necessarily Arthurian. He feels that a lot of the problem of relationships in Europe is a lack of forgetfulness. Forgetfulness is very important. I know that s one of my personal weaknesses. I never forget anything. That s really bad in personal relationships. Forgetfulness is probably a good quality to have. I

6 LLT180L2.doc 6 have a couple of handouts for you today. With regard to this history material I might ask you a couple short fill in the blanks on our first test but in no way do I expect you to just memorize all this stuff especially this sheet. It is simply kind of gives us some dates so I don t have to write all of this on the board as a departure point. You can just set them at the end and I ll collect them later. So, as we talk through this as we go through the lecture as far as I m concerned some of the real important dates in here are 476 the Roman Empire in the West ends. Charlemagne of course is important. In Germany, he s called Carl the Great. The French have just tried to make him their king. Actually Charlemagne was actually kind of the Franks. It s always kind of curious how the French and Germans don t like each other because they are part of one larger tribal group. They only break asunder later. They are all Franks. They break into the East Franks and the West Franks later. The Crusades will be important to us with regard to the fact that the grail literature comes into European literature after the west has lost the holy lands. So, it s pretty much like the west is saying well, you got the holy lands. Ha, ha, we have the grail. What the grail finally becomes if you ve seen Indiana Jones movie it s supposed to be the challis used by Christ either at the last supper or the challis used on Golgotha to catch Christ s blood after his side was pierced. In theory Joseph of Arimathaea again if you open your bible you know that Joseph s role for some unbeknownst reason theoretically took off with it and went to England. At one point and is been being watched there ever since. Actually they did a segment a couple of years ago or sometime ago on unsolved mysteries, a show I promise you I never watch except for this one thing because I knew it was going to be on. They did a thing where evidently somebody is still supposed to have the remnants of the grail.

7 LLT180L2.doc 7 If you saw Indiana Jones that s a great scene where the guy drank out of the wrong grail. The right grail was what? It was wood. It wasn t ornate. The one they have in England theoretically is just this little piece of wood that s left of the original grail that Joseph brought with him to England. His family probably owns it. Miracles are attached to it. Evidently they still pour water over it. They bottle the water to this day they either sell or give away to perform miracles. People still believe in this stuff. Let s get a little view of the history. One of the things you always hear about professors is that their notes are yellowed with age because they keep using the same notes. Actually, I ve lost my notes for this lecture a couple of times. So, I ve written three different lectures for it. One of the nice things about computers is your notes never get yellow with age because you can keep them on your computer and print out a new white copy every time. Last night I was trying to sit. I kept saying I have to sit down and make one coherent lecture out of this. I made a coherent lecture by kind of shuffling the pages together. So, I hope it comes off coherently. Half of man s recorded history, again just listen to some generalities. You don t need to write all this down. I m not going to test you on this in detail but I want to give you a feel for this. Half of man s recorded history had passed before anyone in Europe could read or write. About 2000 BC this area that is referred to as Europe started to change. We start getting a steady infusion of people from India and Persia. All these people are from the Indo-European language family. To take a good English dictionary and open up the front you ll probably see a diagram of language families. You ll see Indo-European, which is a language we have no written evidence of at the top. Then, you ll see these branches going out. One will be like Italic. Out of Italic you get Latin. Out of Latin you get all your Romance languages. Another group would be

8 LLT180L2.doc 8 like Germanic. Out of Germanic you get North Germanic where you get all your Nordic languages. Out of another branch you get West Germanic, which subdivides. Out of one branch you get Yiddish and German. Out of another branch you get English and Dutch. So, these groups kind of wandered out at different times. There s a great book written in the 70s or late 60s. If you like this kind of stuff it s called Atlantis by Ignatius Donnelly. The theory of Atlantis is the same idea that there was an advanced civilization. All culture from the whole world comes from this one advanced civilization. In a particular case of Atlantis it was it sank. They are still looking for Atlantis. I think they recently thought maybe they found Atlantis off Egypt someplace in the Mediterranean. People set out in boats in different directions taking remnants of culture with them and remnants of languages they remembered. The first of these groups to emerge was of course the Greek world that is Europe in a general sense. It emerged 900 BC to 500 BC. They went from the state of being barbarians except the modern meaning of the word barbarian is what? We re all barbarians because actually the technical meaning of the world barbarians means you don t speak Latin or Greek. We use that in a more general sense. So, they went from 900 BC to 500 BC. It went from having knowing nothing to the peak of their civilization. Next, the Roman world comes in. by 146 BC that s probably on your dates; the Romans had conquered the Greeks. The Romans did what we talked about last time. They absorbed what they liked of Greek intellectual life and culture. Roman Empire, 31 BC to the latter part of the 5 th century important things about the Roman Empire political unity, internal peace, government. Cities grew; things you are well familiar with. This term though when I use the term Europe the term Europe really had very little meaning

9 LLT180L2.doc 9 for the Romans and was scarcely used by them. It s really in the half millennium from the 5 th to the 10 th centuries that Europe as we think of Europe for the first time emerged with its peoples brought together in a life of their own clearly set off from Africa and Asia. The first requirement was that the Roman Empires disintegrate, go to pieces in the West. The Empire had been surrounded by barbarians on all sides. In the North by Celts who were in Wales and Scotland. Germans and gosh that s just a really tough word to use in English it s so much easier to use it in German because in German we talk about Germanen. Then, the people who are Germans like we think of Germans are Deutschen. Tacitus, the Roman historian even referred tothem as teutsche, the t becomes a d. So, when I m using the word Germans don t think of what we re talking about. I m talking about the Germanic peoples. We re talking about all these different tribes. So, we re talking about the Nordic Germans. We re talking about all of these. Germans and the heart of Europe and the Parthians in the East. What happens for about 500 years I ll use one of these German words I ve been kind of in a friendly manner criticized for by students in the past a Volk is a people right. You ve probably heard in criticisms the term Wanderlust, desire to wander being used in English as a word. So, these are people migrations, people wanderings. What happens is the Germanic tribes move all over the place. I have a map I ll give you in just a second not that I expect you to memorize it, not that I ll ever ask anything about it but it shows you where some of the Germanic tribes are. How many of you have had Spanish? What s one of the big things they teach you about the Iberian Peninsula, one of the things they say that s critically important in the history of Spain? What happened 8 th century, early 700s? Moorish Invasion. Who were there before the Moors? The Visages. Who were the

10 LLT180L2.doc 10 Visages? The Visages had a kingdom there. Visages were the West Ges. They were a Germanic tribe. So, on this one map you ll see basically these Germanen had really pretty much overrun Europe. The East Ges were in Italy. They were everywhere. They basically pushed the Roman Empire out. So, these people we have the Anglos and Saxon s. We already talked about were in England about 450. We have the Franks. The West Franks become French. The East Franks are the Germans. We have the Vandals. You ve all heard the word vandalize. We have the East Ges in Italy and the West Ges in Spain about 450. So, the West Ges, the Visages, were in Spain for over 250 years before the Moors ever showed up. One thing about all these tribes, these units wandering around they shared certain characteristics unlike what we find in the Roman Empire. This is why this is sometimes referred to as the dark ages. Who s running things? It s pretty chaotic. They re illiterate. They re unsettled. They re town less more or less nomadic and they are a pretty hostile bunch. One of the things I always teach on the first day when I teach a German course are the days of the week because the days of the week except Saturday English is Germanic language is something that s totally German. Their names are the same. Sunday is named after the sun in English. So, in German it is Sontag. Monday is named after the moon. It s Montag. In most God structures how many important dubbers are there? For example, in Christianity how many important dubbers? Three. The Father, Son and Holy Ghost. There are three. So, there are three in most. Who are the big ones in Nordic mythology? I ll give you one. Who s Thursday named after? Thor. Actually Thor s name in Germanic is Donnar. It s one of those things sometimes you have a family if you have an ultrasound and you want to find out gender. If it s a boy you say I m going to name him

11 LLT180L2.doc 11 Donnar. A guy s got to be 6 9 weight 285. So, obviously Thor is what? He s the god of war. If you ever thought about it when you read about Christmas this year and you think of Santa Claus reindeer Donner and Blitzen. Those are Thor s attributes, thunder and lightning. So, Thor s the god of war. So, he s one of the big three. Wednesday in English, Wednesday is named after? What does this s show? That s is showing possession. So, it s a day of Thor. Wednesday is obviously the day of wind. Oden or Woden, so it s Woden s day. Your main god is usually what? Your god of wisdom. So, that works in Germanic myth too. Your main god is Woden god of wisdon.e of our other gods, one of our three is god of war. Tuesday I think at first I pulled a Dan Quail yesterday and misspelled that on the board. Tuesday is the day of tui. Actually, the Germanic gods name is Teu also goes by the name of dings or dingsus. He is another god of war. So, it is kind of consistent with the idea that these are very bellicose groups. These are very warlike groups that of their three big gods one is a god of wisdom. Their other two main gods are gods of war. So, see now actually you should know this stuff because Friday folk etymology you look at a word and you think you know where it comes from. In German it s Freitag, if you know any German you know that frei me free. So, you look at that and you say oh it means day of freedom. That s actually better than that. It s named after Woden s wife Freya. The wife of your main god is usually goddess of love, fertility. So, Friday is really love day, which probably is better than being free. What did the Romans do? Why is the wall in China? The Wall of China was built about 200 BC. Keep the idiots out, keep the peoples you don t like out. Unlike the wall that was in Berlin, which the purpose of the wall between the two Germany s was to keep

12 LLT180L2.doc 12 people in East Germany. The purpose of the Wall in China was to keep people out. The Romans did the same thing. The Romans come up to a certain point and say too many barbarians over there. We aren t going any further. So, when they come up in central Europe there s an earthen wall through kind of central Germany called Teutoburgerwald through the particular forest. So, you get places like Trier for example in the Mosel valley, which was settled by the Romans. It was very weird to be that far north and see all these Roman ruins. Same thing they did in England. They get up to about the middle of England. Who are up there? The Scots and these other crazy people so they built another earthen wall, which they called the Hedrin Wall. The idea was you people stay over there and well stay over here. I think we might have mentioned last time what happens is the centuries go on. There aren t enough people for the Roman legions. So, slowly the difference between the some of the barbarians and the Romans change. We get this influx of people into the Roman legions so that by the time of the fall of Rome. Basically, the Romans have been training the people who will lead to their demise. About 50% of the legions of Rome out on these front areas were made up of barbarians. They were made out of indigenous people. These barbarians, these tribes had been relatively stable for a couple centuries under the Romans through the force of the Roman Empire through this piece that was imposed. Then, toward the beginning of the early 400s beginning of the 5 th century we started moving around. I do have a map, which again I find these more interesting just in kind of an informational way than the fact that you have to really learn these. I thought that it was kind of curious to look at because it makes us realize how these tribes were wandering. If you look at that first map for example on the upper left corner you see the

13 LLT180L2.doc 13 date on it is Who is in England? You see the Britain s had been supplanted by the Anglo s and Saxon s. In that big central area which we think of as what, a whole bunch of countries, France, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, and Germany. The Franks are predominant in that whole area. You see some other groups here on the fringe that are also Germanic tribes. You see the Saxon s. You see the Thuringen s. You see the Alemannon. Down on the Iberian Peninsula you see the Visigoth s who are the West Goths the Germanic tribe. You see the Ostrogoths who are the East Goths another Germanic tribe. One of the things I found very interesting when I was looking at this is that the Basque are here. So, again if you take Spanish or if you re interested in politics at all there are just once a month or something it seems for years and years we ve read about the Basque blowing up something in Madrid wanted to be a separate country. You can see that there desire to be a separate group is not new founded. They are a very old, old group because this goes back 1500 years. They already existed. This is an identifiable area. We see 575 that the Lombard s basically how this is different is that the Lombard s have come down into Italy. Otherwise, it looks pretty much the same. Then, what we re going to talk about subsequently is this map on the lower right corner is after Charlemagne we get these groups moving around again. The mayars are really the Hungarians. Then, the Vikings come out of Norway and to a certain extent out of Denmark, move all around due to overpopulation. They were a very advanced culture at the time. So, you see how they re moving all over the place. So, people are moving. From about troops are just moving around. The Anglo s and Saxon s who we just said on there overran Britain about 450. The Franks invaded Gaul at the same time,

14 LLT180L2.doc 14 Vandals into Spain and Africa and the East Goths into Italy. Of course, this is also the time of Attila the Hun who cut through central Europe all the way into what is now France about 450 and then disappeared. The Arabs are also rising up around this same general time frame. Information I was trying to elicit before and moved into Spain in 711. What they did was when they moved in they destroyed the Germanic kingdom that had been set up by the West Goths. I guess the key is for a lot of words and dark ages what Europe looks like in about 700? Not very good. It was pretty much a mess. Barbarian kings were doing their best to rule small kingdoms. In all truth, government had fallen to pieces. The region was in chaos. The cities and settlements continued to exist with influx constantly of unassimilated barbarians. The western barbarians were Germanic. The Germanic influence was to be a distinctive contribution to the making of Europe. We talked about the nature of these people before. It s important to know though that they did have a social organization. The social organization was pretty much a small tribe. They have extremely strong sense of loyalty and tribal kinship. They actually enjoyed much more freedom than the citizens of the Roman Empire. Many tribes were roughly democracies who when their kind or leader died elected new kings or leaders. They had a strong sense of loyalty to the king or chief but no sense of loyalty to large or general institutions. Justice was simple. Trial by battle. These Germanen, these Germanic peoples who overran the old Roman provinces did find it difficult to maintain any political organization more than the local level. This is one of the reasons people want to use this term dark ages because more of this idea of world democracy or world trade and stuff. Everything had become local again with the demise of the Roman Empire. Peasants were

15 LLT180L2.doc 15 at the mercy of roaming bans. So, we first start developing a differentiation in the new Europe of warrior and menial class. So, feudalism will come out of this. Of course, feudalism was the original pyramid scheme. I don t think we ll probably get to that today. Trade died down as opposed to Roman times. Life became local and subsufficient. Money went out of circulation. The west had little communication with other regions. The west had reverted. It was in the dark ages. Among the Franks there arose a line of capable rulers of whom you ve all heard of Charlemagne called Charlemagne in French. In German called Karl der GroBe, which is what his name means in French Charles the Great. The Frankish kings one of the ways they increased their power was they cooperated with the pope in spreading religion. So, when we talk about the role of Christianity in these virtues of knightly culture Christianity is being spread throughout Europe at this time. To a degree under Charlemagne and Charlemagne was crowned Emperor on Christmas Day 800 AD. The west was reunited but it s capital now was not Rome. It was Aachen or Aix- la- Chapelle depending on your view of things. It s part of Germany now. It s one of those areas in Europe that s been kind of depending on which decade or which century you re in was either part of France or part of Germany. I believe at the end of World War II they actually had a plebiscite in this particular region and gave people a chance to vote which country they wanted to be part of. They voted to be part of Germany. So, you can go see where Charlemagne is buried to this day in Aachen. It s very interesting because for those of you growing up in Springfield. What is an old house in Springfield? Built in 1910 or something. I grew up in Long Island in a little town on the north shore. Just up the street from my dad s business was a house that actually truly Washington used in Revolutionary times. It was built in So, if you re

16 LLT180L2.doc 16 up in the East that s old, something that was built in It s really weird to get in Europe. Last time I was in Europe, last time I was in Paris, I went out to Chartres, a big cathedral outside of Paris. They started building that about the year 1000, 1000 years ago. For us it s so weird to be standing someplace and think gosh, people have been wandering around here for 1,000 years in this structure. So, the sense of antiquity I think is hard for Americans because everything is almost post-modern. Our whole society is post-modern. Anyway, also Aix-la-Chapelle some of you might know this. The ruler was German, an ethnic group that had been left out of ancient civilization. Charlemagne did a lot of things. He fostered education. He said that all monasteries had to open up schools. So, he tried to have more literacy. He ordered certain things to be written down. This is the beginning of German being a written language. Most of your early documents are things like glossaries, like German words for Latin words. Translations into the native languages of like our father and things of that nature not really literature. Also, the alphabet was developed at this time, which is the basis of our alphabet. This empire didn t last either though. We have new hordes of Hungarians, Germanic tribes actually made it all the way to Kiev in 864. They made it to Iceland in 874 and of course, much to Christopher Columbus chagrin, historically they made it to the America s in about the year I was reading recently about studying of settlement sites in Newfoundland that were attributed back to the Vikings. By the year 1000, we re going to get done with this history stuff today I promise you. By the year 1000 or soon thereafter the entity that we call Europe had been brought into existence. The eleventh century we see an acceleration of change and towns arise. What s going to lead to when I had medieval history in college we had about four or five readers beyond our main

17 LLT180L2.doc 17 textbook. One was on the medieval town. One of the things that are going to lead to the demise of quarterly literature is that all of a sudden the towns take over economic leadership. So, the reason for the nobility to exist is not as strong as it was. Population grew and so society obviously has to be fairly well off for population to grow. It grows in Europe from the year and then doesn t grow again until Think about that. I think it was a British historian that said we need wars and plagues and stuff to control population. The thirty years war in Europe, which started off as a religious war When it started the population in the general area we call Germany today was 27 million. By the end of the thirty years war it was 9 million. The key century for me for most historians would be the 12 th or I would even say maybe from This is going to be the most important period for literature. Culture has been on the rise. So, it s most important. I want to say a few things about feudalism. We might save those for time after next. So, for next time no particular assignment. You really need to get your book because I d rather be a little bit ahead on the syllabus than behind because then if we find something wonderful to do or a film that fits in really well we can always do it. So, I think what we ll do is next time we re going to see Arthur, his life and legends. This is very good and it works perfectly for us. It s 50 minutes. I don t get to say anything. Then, on Monday we ll talk a little bit about feudalism. We ll probably start reading the first part of White s book. I ll give you specific assignment next time as far as how many pages. Have a nice day. Be good.