Political Theories of International Relations

Transcription

1 Political Theories of International Relations From Thucydides to the Present DAVID BOUCHER Oxford University Press 1998

2 DETAILED CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1. The Character of the Political Theory of International Relations 3 International Relations Theory and the Political Theory of International Relations, ' 4 The Classic Texts in the Political Theory of International Relations 11 Modern Characterizations The Three Traditions: Empirical Realism, Universal Moral Order, and Historical Reason 28 Empirical Realism 29 Universal Moral Order 32 Historical Reason 37 PART I. EMPIRICAL REALISM 3. The Primacy of Interest: Classical Greece 47 The Independent Polls 47 Identity and Difference 50 War and Stasis 54 The New Learning Thucydides' Peloponnesian War 67 Athens and Sparta on the Eve of the War 70 Fear: The Real Reason for War 72 Imperialism and Human Nature 74 The Burden of Empire 76 The Athenian Character 78 The Paradoxical Effects of War. 79 The Decline of Athens Machiavelli, Human Nature, and the Exemplar of Rome 90 Machiavelli's Method 91 Human Nature and Politics 93

3 x Contents Experience of the Ancients: Macedonia 95 Experience of the Ancients: Rome 98 The Art of War The Priority of the Secular: The Medieval Inheritance and Machiavelli's Subordination of Ethics to Politics 114 The Empire, the Church, and State 115 Marsilius of Padua and William of Ockham 119 Political Experience of Machiavelli 125 The Conditions for a Successful State 131 Reason of State ' Inter-Community and International Relations in the Political Philosophy of Hobbes 145 Interpretations of Hobbes 146 Interpreters of Hobbes's International Relations Theory 146 Hypothetical State of Nature 149 The Historical State of Nature 155 Relations among Commonwealths 157 PART II. UNIVERSAL MORAL ORDER 8. The Priority of Law and Morality: The Greeks and Stoics 170 The Greeks 172 The Greek and Roman Stoics 176 Cicero 180 Marcus Aurelius., 183 The Christian World-View Constraining the Causes and Conduct of War: Aquinas, Vitoria, Gentili, and Grotius 191 The Medieval Mind 191 St Thomas Aquinas 193 European Expansionism: Vitoria and Gentili 200 The New World Natural Rights and the Rule of Law: Grotius 209 Justice and Injustice 209 Jus naturale and jus gen tium 211 Community of the World 213

4 Contents xi Theory of Property and the American Indians Pufendorfand the Person of the State 223 A Science of Morals _ 225 The State of Nature Inconveniences of the State of Nature 232 Establishing States 234 Personifying the State 236 States and the State of Nature 238 The Morality of War and Peace 240 The Sovereign's Right to Make Peace 243 Rites of Passage 247 Colonialism and Property Rights International and Cosmopolitan Societies: Locke, Vattel, and Kant 255 Property and Colonization: John Locke and Emer Vattel 255 Just War: Locke and Vattel 259 The Equality of Nations 261 Vattel on Natural Law and the Law of Nations 262 The Right of War 266 Kant's Cosmopolitanism 268 Natural Law, Natural Rights, and the Categorical Imperative 270 No Right to Go to War 277 PART III. HISTORICAL REASON 12. Redemption through Independence: Rousseau's Theory of International Relations 289 The Emerging System of States 289 Rousseau's Ambiguity 291 State of Nature 292 Criticisms of Hobbes 293 The Denial of Natural Law 296 Rousseau and Historical Reason 298 The State as the Political Unit in International Relations 299 The Solution Edmund Burke and Historical Reason in International Relations 308 Colonialism 309

5 xii Contents Burke's Realism 311 Burke as a Universal Moralist 314 Historical Reason 317 The European Balance Hegel's Theory of International Relations 330 The Actual is the Rational 331 The Philosophical Project Realism and Universal Moralism 335 Historical Reason 340 Individuality of States 341 International Obligations 344 The Justification of War Marx and the Capitalist World System 354 The Changing International Scene 354 Marx and Hegel 355 From Nationalism to Materialism. 357 The Three Traditions 358 Capitalism and the World y 362 Colonialism e Identity, Human Rights, and the Extension of the Moral Community: The Political Theory of International Relations in the Twentieth Century 375 Human Rights, Man's Wrongs, and the Feminist Voice 377 National Identity 386 Extending the Moral Community: Justice beyond Borders 395 Bibliography 409 Index 433