OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 11 JANUARY, 1961 NUMBER 1 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO. Published by. (Formerly Ohio Indian Relic. Collectors Society)

Transcription

1 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 11 JANUARY, 1961 NUMBER 1 Published by THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO (Formerly Ohio Indian Relic Collectors Society)

2 The Archaeological Society of Ohio Editorial Office Business Office 420 Chatham Road, Columbus 14, Ohio 65 N. Foster Street, Norwalk, Ohio Tel. AMherst Tel. Norwalk Officers President - Harley W. Glenn, 2011 West Devon Road, Columbus 12, Ohio Vice-President - John C. Allman, 1336 Cory Drive, Dayton 6, Ohio Executive Secretary - Arthur George Smith, 65 North Foster Street, Norwalk, Ohio Recording Secretary - Merton R. Mertz, 422 Third Street, Findlay, Ohio Treasurer - Norman L. Dunn, South West Street, Findlay, Ohio Editor - Ed W. Atkinson, 420 Chatham Road, Columbus 14, Ohio Trustees Gerald Brickman, 409 Locust Street, Findlay, Ohio (Term expires May, 1961) Thomas A. Minardi, 411 Cline Street, Mansfield, Ohio (Term expires May, 1961) Emmett W. Barnhart, Northridge Road, Circleville, Ohio (Term expires May, 1962) John W. Schatz, 80 South Franklin, Hilliards, Ohio (Term expires May, 1962) Dorothy L. Good, 15 Civic Drive, Grove City, Ohio (Term expires May, 1963) Wayne A. Mortine, 454 W. State Street, Newcomerstown, Ohio (Term expires May, 1963) Editorial Staff Editor - Ed W. Atkinson, 420 Chatham Road, Columbus 14, Ohio Technical Editor - Raymond S. Baby, Ohio State Museum, N. High & 15th, Columbus 10, O. Associate Editor - Thyra Bevier Hicks, Ohio State University, Columbus 10, Ohio Assistant Editors - John C. Allman, 1336 Cory Drive, Dayton 6, Ohio - H. C. Berg, 262 Walnut Street, Newcomerstown, Ohio - Gerald Brickman, 409 Locust Street, Findlay, Ohio - Gordon L. Day, Field Service Dept., Cincinnati Milling and Grinding Machines, Inc., Cincinnati 9, Ohio - Ralph J. Servey, 1726 Baird Avenue, Portsmouth, Ohio - Arthur George Smith, 65 North Foster Street, Norwalk, Ohio Object of the Society The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio; to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and nonprofessional, including individuals, museums and institutions of learning; and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership is open to all persons of suitable character and interest. The annual dues are payable either the first of January or the first of July each year. Dues are as follows: adults (18 and over) $4. 50, Juniors (under 18) $2. 25, Husband and Wife (one copy of publication) $5. 50; Sustaining, $ Funds are used for publishing "Ohio Archaeologist" and for other necessary expenses of the Society. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization, and has no paid officers or employees. * * * * * Ohio Archaeologist is published quarterly in January, April, July, October. Price per issue $ 1. 25, per volume $ Subscription included in the Society's annual membership dues. Address all articles, personal news, queries and comments, etc., to the Editor. Address all communications concerning application for membership, change of address, purchase of back numbers, and other business matters to the Executive Secretary.

3 Table of Contents The Cover 1 The President's Page 2 Double Crescent, photo courtesy Merle R. Sharp 3 Exploration of the Henry Boose Site, by Joseph Dunlap 4-10 Feurt Village Artifacts 11 Archaeological Publications Available 12 A Unique Hopewellian Breastplate, by Raymond S. Baby Survey of Ohio Paleo-Indian Artifacts 13 A Flint Ridge Workshop Site, by Dr. Stanley G. Copeland Obsidian in Northern Ohio, by Arthur George Smith 17 Welcome Mound and the Effigy Pipes of the Adena People, by Frank M. Setzler Two Sandstone Atlatl Weights, photo courtesy H. C Kuntz 23 Knives--and Archaeological Terminology, by Sigfus Olafson Slate Discs, by Gerald Brickman 25 An Obsidian Fluted Point Made by James Parsons, by Orville H. Peets Periodicals on Archaeology 27 A Shell Mask Gorget from Scioto County, by Olaf H. Prufer 28 Ohio Artifacts, photo courtesy Emil Baeumel 29 Notched Mussel Shells from Ohio Valley Fort Ancient Sites, by Ralph J. Servey Back Issues Available 31 Beveled Ohio Flint Knives, photo courtesy Charles A. Hyman "Plains Anthropologist" 32 "Some pay their dues" 32 A Beautiful Slate Fake, photo courtesy Ed W. Atkinson 33 Book Reviews--Arthur George Smith, Editor News of the Society Notes and Personals 36 Newcomerstown Chapter Reports third cover New Members third cover The Cover This outstanding human head effigy pipe was found in 1905 by Elding Rutherford on the Chenoweth farm along Deer Creek, 5 miles south of London, Madison County, Ohio. It can be assigned to the Fort Ancient Culture, and portrays what must have been the height of fashion in hair-dos--coiled topknot and braided locks along each side of the otherwise shaven head. The pipe is fashioned from dark gray-brown sandstone, and weighs 2 lbs., 4 oz. Height to the top of the hair coil is 4 1/16", and to the top of the block at the rear is 3 1/4". Over-all length is 5 1/8", width 2 7/16". The diameter of the bowl is 1 1/8", depth 1 5/16"--the stem hole diameter is 1 3/16", depth 1 1/8". The pipe is now in the collection of Dr. Gordon F. Meuser, Columbus, Ohio

4 The President's Page I'm delighted at the aggressive spirit that has prompted two current membership contests. New members are the life-blood of our Society, and we can never secure enough. Here are the two contests being waged, and any member has a chance to win each one! At the November I960 meeting, John R. Ford of Sugarcreek challenged all comers, promising a $5 value artifact to anyone who would sign up more members than he between November 13, I960 and our next meeting on March 12, There's a truly sporting proposition--ford versus all comers! Membership Chairman Stan Copeland announces a Society-sponsored membership drive to run between January 1 and May 13, The two persons securing the greatest number of new members will each receive a dovetail spear donated by Dr. Copeland, with duplicate prizes in case of a tie. In this contest, three members most likely to be in touch with prospects by virtue of their Society offices are barred from competition--executive Secretary Smith, Editor Atkinson, and Dr. Copeland himself. For both contests, a new member is defined as anyone who has not been on the rolls of The Archaeological Society of Ohio during I960. It is up to every contestant to notify Treasurer Norman L. Dunn of each new member he sponsors. This can be done by signing your name on all Membership Application cards you distribute (see below) on the line "Recommended by, " or by sending the names of your new members to Mr. Dunn. Remember-- the new member's dues must be paid before you can receive contest credit! Here's wishing each of you the best of luck in the contests--and all good things in the New Year Harley W. Glenn, President Name Street or R.R. No THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCrETY OF OHIO Membership Application City.- Zone State Age, if under 18 Business or Profession Do you have a collection of artifacts? General Are you an active collector Recommended by Specialized or just interested Enclosed for dues Regular membership $4.50 Enclosed for dues Junior membership up to 18, $

5 Double crescent of green banded slate, found in Athens County, Ohio, at the junction of the Hocking and Ohio Rivers. Lower right arm restored by Jacob Royer. In the collection of Merle R. Sharp, Kingston, Ohio

6 Fig. 1 (Dunlap)--Four typical burials at the Henry Boose site. (A) Burial 4, adult male, lying on the back, partly flexed. (B) Burial 6, child, lying on left side, completely flexed. (C) Burial 8, adult male, lying on the back, completely flexed. (D) Burial 11, child, lying on left side, completely flexed. Note shell gorgets and beads, a portion of the artifact assemblage associated with this burial

7 Exploration of the Henry Boose Site by Joseph Dunlap, Curator of The Allen County Museum, Lima, Ohio Until the Henry Boose site was accidentally discovered in Allen County, Ohio, in the fall of 1959, there were no Gravel Kame sites known which compared in size to those in neighboring counties--particularly Hardin. Bits of evidence (1) had previously been found that indicated the presence of Gravel Kame People in Allen County. Located in Bath Township, in the southeast corner of section seven, the site is about 3 miles north of Lima on the north side of Blue Lick Road, just east of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad overpass. The outstanding topographical feature of the area is an elliptical-shaped kame, which rises about 25 feet above the surrounding land. The Henry Boose site is situated on the northwest slope of this hill and measures about 75 feet north to south by 50 feet east to west. At the time of exploration, there were no buildings on the site, but at one time this area was part of Henry Boose's farmyard, an excellent drawing of which is found on page 66 of Harrison's "Atlas of Allen County" (2). A large portion of the burial ground is located under the northern half of the principal barn in the picture. Early in 1959 the Lima Lumber Company, having leased this area, removed a dwelling, a barn, trees, and top soil, and began extensive gravel removal. Late in the summer of 1959 several skeletons had been unearthed and staff members of the Allen County Museum were invited to visit the site. Upon finding several more skeletons partially exposed, they sought the advice of Raymond S. Baby, Curator of Archaeology, Ohio Historical Society. Two incomplete skeletons from the area had, in the meantime, reached Baby's office from the Allen County Sheriff. Baby and Asa Mays, Jr. (field assistant of The Ohio Historical Society) arrived at the site the next day, September 24, They excavated three skeletons to demonstrate to museum staff members and Lima Lumber Cornpay personnel the correct techniques to be followed and the procedure for measuring and recording finds (3). The Lima Lumber Company readily granted permission to continue excavation (4). At Baby's suggestion the site of the burials was fenced in, and the State Highway Patrol was asked to keep watch at night. Because of the large amount of publicity given to the discovery by newspapers throughout the state, crowds at times were almost unmanageable even with the fence. Careful excavation revealed 27 burials, and on November 9, 195 9, the work was discontinued. Straw was thickly spread over the area to protect it during the winter (5). Some time later a twenty-eighth burial was accidentally uncovered by a loading machine. It was recorded and brought to the museum where the rest of the assemblage had been placed. On April 23, I960, the straw was removed and excavation was resumed. By June 12 only 4 additional burials had been discovered and it was believed the site had been exhausted. Later a bulldozer removed gravel in approximately 6-inch horizontal layers, but no additional burials were discovered. Since excavation of the Henry Boose site was a salvage operation, much - 5 -

8 rfl-. flr > > wr* Fig. 2 (Dunlap)--Artifacts from the Henry Boose site. identification and description. See the text for - 6 -

9 information had already been lost prior to exploration. For example, depth measurements are only relative because the thickness of top soil and gravel removed from the surface was not known. Therefore measurements were taken from a single elevation at the highest point and do not represent the actual depths of the pits. The number of skeletons removed before September 24, 1959, is also unknown. Including those sent to Columbus, those taken to the Allen County sheriff's office, and those whose presence was indicated by numerous loose bones gathered up near the site, there must have been at least 6. Great quantities of gravel had been removed during the summer of 1959, and owing to the type of equipment being used whole skeletons qould have been carried away unseen. Skeletons found near the surface were often severly damaged, and little more could be done than count them. A total of 32 burials was discovered during the exploration. An infant burial was found with each of the adult burials 17, 22, and 2 3. Three infants' skeletons were found behind the thigh bones of adult burial 29. The remains of at least 4 badly damaged skeletons found in one pit were recorded as burial 9. The number of individual burials recorded therefore totals 41, and of these 34 have been identified (6) as follows: Adult: male 10, female 7, sex not determined, 1. Total, 18. Immature: 16 (one of which was identifiable as a male adolescent). All burial pits were oval-shaped and ranged in size from 12 inches by 6 inches to 3 feet 7 inches by 12 1/2 inches. All skeletons were flexed, most of them completely. Of 25 recorded, 10 were found placed on the right side, 7 on the left, and 8 on the back. Red ocher was present with 12 burials, and was extensively deposited about the hands and back of the adult (associated with the 3 infants) recorded as burial 29. Typical burials are seen in Fig. 1. Burial 4 (Fig. 1A) was an adult male, lying on the back, partly flexed. Burial 6 (Fig. IB) was a child, on the left side, completely flexed. Ocher was present. Burial 8 (Fig. 1C) was an adult male, on the back, completely flexed. Burial 11 (Fig. ID) was a child, on the left side, completely flexed. Found in association (Fig. ID and Fig. 2) were 2 shell gorgets, 3 shell beads, and the worked tip of a bear canine tooth. Thirteen of 16 adult skeletons show evidence of disease involving the bones, such as arthritis. Nearly all the skeletons possess sound teeth, but they show considerable wear even down into the dentin. Burial 17, the skeleton of an adult male whose lower jaw was well preserved, is an exception. The first molar, lower left, lacks the entire crown. Only the roots are exposed. The first molar, lower right, shows mesial occlusal and distal occlusal cavities. The second molar, lower right, shows a distal occlusal cavity involving the pulp of the tooth with splitting of the distal root from the crown. Loss of bone structure around the teeth due to attrition and wear is evident. Burial 16, the skeleton of an adult female 20 to 25 years of age, shows evidence of having been struck a severe blow above the right temple. Although the skull was not penetrated, and apparently healed, a depressed scar remains as evidence

10 I " - * * : - * ) & * * * ' " ' ^. Fig. 3 (Dunlap)--Artifacts from the Henry Boose site. identification and description. See the text for - 8 -

11 Artifacts All artifacts were found as burial associations except the awl point (Fig. 3, e). And all artifacts discovered were made of deer bone or marine or freshwater shell except a worked bear tooth (Fig. 2,h) and a copper bead (Fig. 2, j). Shell Here is a tabulation of the shell gorgets and large beads shown in Fig. 2, all measurements being in inches: Gorget, Fig. 2, a Width and Height * 15/8x2 7/32 Larger Perforations Diam. Distance from Nearest Edge # (n Dae) Diam. (left) 1/16 (right) 1/16 Smaller Perforations Distance from Nearest Edge # 5/16 5/16 Distance Apart # 11/16 Gorget, Fig. 2,b 1 17/32 x 1 7/16 5/16 9/16 (left) 3/16 (right) 3/16 7/32 3/16 3/8 Gorget, Fig. 2,c 1 5/16 x 1 1/4 5/16 9/16 (left) 5/32 5/16 Gorget, Fig. 2,d 2 5/32 x 1 15/32 7/16 7/16 (left) 3/16 (right) 3/16 1/8 1/8 1/2 Bead, Fig. 2,e 7/16 x 13/32 3/16 1/16 Bead, Fig. 2,f Bead, Fig. 2,g 11/16 x 11/16 25/32 x 3/4 7/32 5/32 These two dimensions are taken horizontally and vertically, as each artifact is placed in the photograph. 5/16 5/16 # Each of these measurements is taken from the center of the The broken edge prevents this determination. The 95 small beads (Fig. 2, i) are marine shell disks. The larger bead (Fig. 2, i) was formed from the columella of a conch. It is 15/32 of an inch in diameter and 3/8 of an inch long. Its hole is 3/16" of an inch in diameter. Each of the 3 fresh-water shell spoons (Fig. 2,k, l,m) has had its edges worked smooth. Bear's Tooth The canine tooth of a bear (Fig. 2,h) is 1 1/32 inches long and 5/8 of an inch across the top. Two notches have been cut into one side and, as demonstrated by the thread in the picture, the upper notch is cut through into the pulp cavity to permit suspension of the artifact. Copper One tubular copper bead (Fig. 2,j) was found, measuring 17/32 of an inch in length and 7/32 of an inch in diameter. Deer Bone All artifacts shown in Fig. 3 are made of deer bone. The awls (a,b,c,d) and the awl tip (e) were formed from metapodial bones. Artifacts (f) and (g) were made from the distal ends of ribs. The right upper edge of (f) and the right lower edge of (g) have been flattened. Locations of the Artifacts in the Burials One gorget (Fig. 2, a) was found with burial 6 (Fig. 1, B) below the skull at the neck

12 The smaller shell beads (Fig. 2,i) and the copper bead (Fig. 2, j) were found with burial 7, which was so severely damaged that no data could be taken. The skull was missing. Two gorgets (Fig. 2,b,d), three large beads (Fig. 2,e,f,g), and the bear tooth (Fig. 2,h) were all found with burial 11 (Fig. 1,D). One gorget (Fig. 2,c) was found by the jaw of an infant associated with the adult in burial 22. Three shell sjjoons (Fig. 2,k,l,m), three bone awls (Fig. 3,b,c,d), and two worked deer ribs (Fig. 3,f, g) were found packed together on the sternum of the adult female skeleton in burial 24. One bone awl (Fig. 3, a) was found with burial 25, under the chin of this adult female skeleton. The broken awl tip (Fig. 3, e) was found in the rubble on the surface of the site. Recently, while examining the child's skeleton that comprised burial 20, another conch bead was found mixed with the gravel in the box. It is similar to, but slightly larger than, the large bead in Fig. 2,i. Conclusion The method of disposing of the dead, and the artifact assemblage, can be attributed to the Glacial Kame People who lived in Ohio from approximately 2,500 B. C. to 1,500 B. C. All material recovered from the Henry Boose site, plus photographs and measurements of nearly every burial, are to be found in the Allen County Museum. A map of the site showing exact locations and relative depths of the pits is in preparation. The artifacts will soon be placed on exhibit and it is hoped that at least one of the skeletons (perhaps burial 4 or burial 24) will eventually be reconstructed for exhibition. (1) In 1887 the "Lima Daily Gazette" reported that four skeletons had been found on the East High Street road, east of Lima, by a family digging a basement. With one was an artifact which is now identified as a sandal-sole gorget and is on exhibit in the Allen County Museum. It measures 6 5/16 inches by 2 1/8 inches and is perforated in seven places. Five more skeletons were taken from the same location in 1943, when the same basement was increased in size. "The Reporter" for July 1943, published by the Allen County Historical Society, describes these finds in detail. An 8-inch cannel coal gorget found by James Pillars in Allen County in 1889 is in the Ohio State Museum and is discussed in "The Archaeologist," 111: (2) Harrison, R. H., "Atlas of Allen County, Ohio," Philadelphia, (3) The size and relative depths of the pits were recorded and four measurements were taken from each skeleton on two fixed points, thus making it possible to map the burials. Such a map is now being prepared by Tom Sheldon of Sheldon Engineering, Lima, Ohio. Mr. Sheldon also surveyed the site before the two fixed points were finally removed. (4) The Lima Lumber Company not only halted gravel removal at the site for ten months, at no little inconvenience to itself, but even offered the use of its earth-moving equipment as work progressed. Robert Farmer, vice-president of the company, spent many days on the site enthusiastically assisting in its exploration. Two other persons who were consistently on hand to help were Frank Hackman and Steve Warren. James Derringer, Mrs. Robert Farmer, Mrs. Phyllis Leech, Alan Leech, Leonard Hill, Mrs. Carl Mast, Robert Robinson, Mrs. Martin Sondheimer, and John Timmerman were all present at one time or another and assisted with patience and care. (5) James A. MacDonnell, president of the Allen County Historical Society, supplied the straw, and also the posts and fence used to enclose the area. (6) The author is indebted to Raymond S. Baby, Curator of Archaeology, The Ohio Historical Society, for skeletal identification data

13 Fourth in our series of photographs showing Feurt Village artifacts unreported by Mills, (top) Toy pottery bowls, top and bottom views, handpressed from lumps of shell-tempered clay, buff-colored, (center) Two bone tubes, probably hair pipes, (bottom left) A slate projectile point, (bottom center and right) Bone discs, use unknown, probably made from deer scapula. Hair tubes from the collection of Philip Kientz, Columbus, Ohio; all other artifacts from the Dr. Stanley G. Copeland Collection of The Ohio Historical Society

14 Archaeological Publications Available Many Ohio archaeological reports have been published by The Ohio Historical Society (formerly The Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society). A selection of particularly significant reports from earlier years is listed below because they are still available at the offices of the Society, The Ohio State Museum, Columbus 10, Ohio. Your order should be sent to The Ohio Historical Society, and will be shipped postpaid if accompanied by your check or money-order. Members of The Ohio Historical Society are entitled to a 20% membership discount. Each report is available in the original papercovered quarterly unless otherwise noted. The only report not available in any form at The Ohio Historical Society is William C. Mills, "Exploration of the Mound City Group," Vol. 31, Please note that the list given here does not include all the quarterlies or bound volumes still available. If you are seeking certain issues not listed below, ask The Historical Society if they are still available. Mills, William C. : "Excavations of the Adena Mound. " Bound Vol $ Mills, William C. : "Explorations of the Gartner Mound and Village Site. " Vol. 13, No. 2, April *. Mills, William C. : "Baum Prehistoric Village. " Bound Vol. 15, $2.00. Mills, William C. : "The Explorations of the Edwin Harness Mound." Vol. 16, No. 2, April *. Mills, William C. : "Explorations of the Seip Mound. " Vol. 18, No. 3, July *. Mills, William C. : "Archaeological Remains of Jackson County." 2 and 3 combined, April-July $1.50. Vol. 21, Nos. Mills, William C. : "Exploration of the Tremper Mound." Vol. 25, No. 3, July *. Mills, William C. : "Explorations of the Westenhaver Mound. " Vol. 26, No. 2, April *. Mills, William C. : "The Feurt Mounds and Village Site. " Vol. 26, No. 3, July *. Mills, Truman B. : "The Ulrich Group of Mounds. " Vol. 28, No. 2, April *. Mills, William C. : "Flint Ridge. " Vol. 30, No. 2, April *. Mills. William C. : "The Campbell Island Village Site and the Hine Mound and Village Site. " Originally published in Vol. 4, No. 1, Now available only as paper-covered reprint in the series "Certain Mound and Village Sites in Ohio. " 5 0*. Shetrone, Henry C. : "Exploration of the Wright Group of Prehistoric Earthworks. " Vol. 33, No. 4, October *. Shetrone, Henry C. : "Explorations of the Hopewell Group of Prehistoric Earthworks." Vol. 35, No. 1, January *. Shetrone, Henry C. and Greenman, Emerson F. : "Explorations of the Seip Group of Prehistoric Earthworks. " Vol. 40, No. 3, July *. Greenman, Emerson F. : "Seven Prehistoric Sites in Northern Ohio. " Vol. 44, No. 2, April *. Shetrone, Henry C. : "The Folsom Phenomena as Seen from Ohio. " Vol. 45, No. 3, July *. Greenman, Emerson F. : "Two Prehistoric Villages near Cleveland, Ohio. " Vol. 46, No. 4, October *. Morgan, Richard C. : "A Hopewell Sculptured Head. " Vol. 50, No. 4, October- December *. Griffin, James B. : "Document: the Spruce Run Earthworks: a Forgotten Adena Site in Delaware County." Vol. 56, No. 2, April *. "Bibliography of Ohio Archaeology," published in $

15 A Unique Hopewellian Breastplate by Raymond S. Baby, Curator of Archaeology, The Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio In 1956 the Department of Archaeology acquired by gift from the Wehrle Foundation several mound-site collections of the late Augustine T. Wehrle of Newark, Ohio. These collections, consisting of artifacts from Adena and Hopewell sites in Licking County, were made by Mr. Wehrle between 1923 and All of the specimens, as well as the mounds from which they were obtained, are documented with brief written accounts, drawings, and photographs. The most outstanding object in the artifact assemblages is a double frog effigy breastplate from the Edward Rutledge Mound, located about seven miles southeast of Newark in Franklin Township (see Figs. 1 and 2). This unique breastplate, measuring 6 1/4" in length and 2 3/4" in width, is fashioned from sheet copper. 025" in thickness. Thin bast fiber cordage strung diagonally across the face (Fig. 1) and textile fragments on the underside (Fig. 2) are evidence of it once having been attached to a garment. It was found in direct association with a cremated burial "placed just to the south of the north pile of stones and four feet and 3 inches above the floor of the mound. " Also found in association with this burial were numerous freshwater pearl and discshaped shell beads, and four copper bracelets. Copper effigy breastplates and ornaments representing birds and mammals are well known for the Hopewell Culture. However, to the knowledge of the author, this is the first occurrence of a frog effigy breastplate. It was probably a totemic symbol adorning a garment or robe that was used at a social function. Survey of Ohio Paleo-Indian Artifacts Raymond S. Baby, Curator of Archaeology, The Ohio Historical Society, is now participating in the continuing survey of Ohio Paleo-Indian artifacts, which was announced in Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 10, No. 4, October I960. Any person having fluted or unfluted Ohio Paleo-Indian points or other artifacts, is urged to send in the material so that necessary measurements and evaluations can be made on the actual specimens. Telephone or write either of these men: Olaf H. Prufer, Curator of Anthropology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, East Boulevard, Cleveland 6, Ohio. Phone SWeetbrier , extension 27. Raymond S. Baby, Curator of Archaeology, The Ohio Historical Society, High Street at 15th, Columbus 10, Ohio. Phone AXminster Survey report number 3 was published in November I960, and includes a discussion of the earliest possible time a fluted point (number 34, in report number 2) could have reached Kelley's Island, where it was found. The discussion leads to the conclusion that the island "could not have been visited by Man before 9, 000 B. P. (or 7, 000 B. C. ), a date which represents the lowermost limit for the island's occupation. " The three survey reports now record in detail 63 Ohio Paleo-Indian points whose provenience is known. Copies of these reports can be secured by sending 25* for each to the Cleveland Museum at the address given above. If you wish to receive succeeding reports postpaid, please send your request to the Museum and be prepared to remit 25* as each one is received. Members of The Archaeological Society of Ohio are urged to cooperate by making their Paleo-Indian material available to Mr. Baby or Mr. Prufer

16 * v - Fig. 1 (Baby)--Face of copper breastplate, showing bast fiber cordage. 1/3 enlargement

17 Fig. 2 (Baby)--Underside of copper breastplate, showing textile fragments. 1/3 enlargement. - 15

18 *JB? \ & Fig. 1 (Copeland)--Typical core and flake knife matching groups from site FR/1. (upper left) Candy-striped rose, blue-green and pink, (upper right) Mottled gray and cream with dark red and pink flecks, (lower left) Reddish pink and very pale pink, core found February 14, 1954 and flake found April 3, (lower right) Core and fitting flake found by Philip Kientz, candy-striped pink, light blue and bluish-white. 16

19 A Flint Ridge Workshop Site by Dr. Stanley G. Copeland, 1054 Lilley Avenue, Columbus 6, Ohio About three miles east of Flint Ridge State Park in Licking County, Ohio, is the first workshop site (FR/1) I ever examined by excavating. It covers the upper portion of a small wooded hill. The site first came to my attention in a most unusual way. In 1944 a collector friend, Kenneth R. Lennington, with whom I had done archaeological field work since early high school days, became acquainted with a Californian couple while dining in a restaurant in Atlanta, Georgia. Finding out that Lennington was from Ohio, the couple mentioned that they had excavated Indian artifacts at Flint Ridge some years before. They drew a map for him showing the location of the site where they had worked. Later that year when Lennington came to Columbus for a visit, he and I went to Flint Ridge. We located the site and began its excavation. This particular hill top site had never been cultivated so that the workshop debris, which varied in thickness from a trace to as much as 6 inches, was still undisturbed. The debris examined consisted chiefly of flint chips and large reject fragments. Also recovered were a few broken celts, numerous hammer-stones of flint and hardstone, and many blades and blanks in various stages of manufacture. Several projectile points of Adena and Hopewellian types were also found. A number of grit tempered pot sherds recovered from a small area within the site were probably the remains of a single vessel. An outstanding group of artifacts consisted of multi-colored "jewel flint" cores and numerous flake knives. In many instances knives and cores were of matching color and material. Fig. 1 shows four such relationships. I had long wanted to find a flake knife that would fit perfectly on the facet of a core; but it was Philip Kientz who actually made such a discovery while working with me on one of the trips to the site. Knowing how I felt, he immediately presented the specimens to me. This matched set is pictured at the lower right in Fig. 1. I have continued to visit this site and over a period of sixteen years have made a number of excavations. Obsidian in Northern Ohio by Arthur George Smith, Firelands Museum, Norwalk, Ohio In April 1916, I first visited the Esch Mound Site on the west bank of the Huron River, about two miles from its mouth. Among the items I picked up around the base of the mound was a small chip of obsidian the size of a penny. It appears to have been chipped from a pebble. A tiny recent chip out of one edge is brighter and more glassy than the flake surface, so it shows a slight hydration from age. The Esch Mound is the northernmost Hopewell mound in Ohio. It was dug by the Ohio State Museum whose report is in manuscript form. Some of the material is on exhibition at the Museum, the finest piece being a great alligator head pipe. Dr. Emerson Greenman, who dug this mound, wrote me that he found no obsidian in this Esch mound, and though I have hunted the site for many years, I have never seen another piece

20 Welcome Mound and the Effigy Pipes of the Adena People by Frank M. Setzler, Head Curator, Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Washington 25, D. C (Editor's Note Through the great kindness of Mr. Setzler, Ohio Archaeologist is privileged to reprint a large portion of his report on the excavation of the Welcome Mound, published in September I960 as Number 3441, Volume 112, Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Following an introductory section on the mound site (46Mr-3) located near New Martinsville, West Virginia, and a review of the Adena concentration along the Ohio River and its tributaries, Mr. Setzler'a report continues verbatim as printed here. Original references to plates have been left in the text, although Ohio Archaeologist reproduces only plate 2, the shoveler duck effigy pipe in comparison with the bird itself. Mr. Setzler's graciousness in permitting the use of his material is evidence of the sincerity of his statement in a recent letter to the Editor, in which he says, "As you may have surmised I have always been interested in the education and welfare of the amateur archaeologist. ") Erecting a tumulus as large as Welcome Mound was a considerable undertaking for these (Adena--Ed. ) people. It measured about 110 feet in diameter and 14 feet at the highest point (plate 1). The hundreds of tons of dirt were composed of both the thin mantle of topsoil and surrounding humus and a loose gravelly soil, interspersed with water-worn pebbles ranging in size from a marble to elliptical biconvex pebbles 4 to 5 inches across. The composition was comparable to that found in the Natrium Mound, a mile to the south (Solecki, 1953, pp. 327, 382, 390). Such a mixture made it difficult for us to dig with shovels and trowels. In contrast to some of the other large Adena mounds which contained the remains of many more bodies (Bache and Satterthwaite, 1930; Greenman, 1932; Webb and Snow, 1945; and Webb and Baby, 1957), Welcome Mound contained only three adult human skeletons. Two of the bodies were placed on the base near center. There were no pits or clay-lined tombs beneath the original surface of the ground as were found in the other mounds. The stratum of glacial gravels underlying the base probably discouraged such an operation by people limited to primitive tools of wood or stone. The badly decomposed skeletons were surrounded with the usual channels or molds, caused by decayed logs lying in various directions. Layers of bark and the residue of perishable things lay both beneath and over the skeletons. A mass of thick, coarse, grit-tempered potsherds and a handful of freshwater mollusk shells were found on the same level within a few feet of the skeletons. After much effort to restore these hundreds of sherds, I was able to construct a large (over 1-foot high) barrel-shaped vessel with no neck or constriction and with a flat undecorated rim. The rim is 5/16 inch thick, and the wall thickens down the side to 5/8 inch near the rounded base. The outside surface, especially near the top, gives the appearance of smoothed-out cord marks. In color, it varies from a dark brownish grey at the top, through a pinkish tinge, to an off-white base. It is tempered with relatively large and coarse water-worn gravelly pebbles. It is not as heavy and crude as earlier Adena Fayette Thick pottery, but is in no way comparable to the decorated pottery of the contemporaneous Hopewell Indians, whose burial mounds are in the same general area. I am inclined to place the pottery somewhere between Early and Middle Adena periods. In the mouth of skeleton No. 3 was found a large tooth (plate 1), subsequently identified as the canine tooth of the mountain lion, or cougar, Felis concolor. The tooth in this position would seem to be of little significance,

21 but this finding must be correlated with a previous discovery. W. S. Webb and R. S. Baby in 1949 (Webb and Baby, 1957, pp ) found the front portion of the upper jaw of a wolf, cut in the form of a spatula, associated with a human skull in the Ayres Mound near New Liberty, Kentucky. This jaw, together with the six other known associations of bear, cougar, and wolf teeth, establishes an important ceremonial trait among these Adena people. Thanks to the meticulous work of Webb and Baby, we now know that the Adena people had men who served their society in a capacity comparable to that of a shaman, medicine man, or witch doctor. The mountain lion tooth in the mouth of skeleton No. 3 therefore supports the belief that this skeleton is the remains of an important religious leader. He was probably buried in a costume that included an animal mask. If the bark and other discolorations surrounding this skeleton could be identified, we would have more specific evidence of the paraphernalia and garments--probably the skin of a cougar--worn by this intermediary between his people and the spirit world. Such an individual would be sufficiently important to justify the arduous task of constructing a 14-foot high mound. Granulated pieces of charcoal found at the base of the mound and in association with burials 2 and 3 were tested for Carbon-14 by Michigan-Memorial Phoenix Project No. 6. Dr. James B. Griffin of the University of Michigan has relayed the results of sample M-903 as 2300 plus or minus 200 years before the present, or about 341 B. C. Effigy Pipes The most unusual object recovered during the excavation of Welcome Mound was the straight-tubular, duck-effigy pipe (USNM ). One can readily see (plate 2) that the prehistoric sculptor responsible for carving the duck effigy was gifted, as he reproduced almost to scale the head, neck, and bill of a shoveler duck, Spatula clypeata (Linnaeus). In using Ohio limestone, he had the advantage of its softness when freshly dug. After it is exposed to the air, it becomes hard and brittle. This peculiarity was noticed when I cleaned the dirt from around the pipe. The bristles of the whisk broom made slight scratches. I had to use a camel's hair brush instead. Several days later the limestone was much harder. The pipe was found 5 inches from the right knee of skeleton No. 1 (plate 1), 6 feet beneath the crest of the mound and 8 feet directly above burial No. 3 in square N18-W1. The body had been buried in a north-south direction with feet pointing to the north. The bones being articulated indicated that the body was buried in the flesh on its back. It was surrounded by a greenish-grey oily clay, which was enclosed with heavy bark. The acidity of these bark coverings (oak or walnut) seems to have given the bones a reddish cast. On three sides were imprints or molds 18 inches in diameter left by the decomposed logs. The bones of the skeleton are heavy and are judged to be those of a middleaged male. The pipe measures 6 5/8 inches in length. The tubular end is 1 inch in diameter on the outside, and the diameter of the drilled hole is 5/8 inch. The widest part of the bill is 1 1/2 inches. Near the head back of the eyes, it is 1 3/16 inches wide. The narrowest part of the bill, directly in front of the eyes is 1 3/32 inches wide. The 3/16 inch opening in the bill or mouthpiece is elliptical. The eye sockets are 3/8 inch in diameter and are 2 1/2 inches from the end of the bill. The underside of the bill clearly suggests the lamellae characteristic of shoveler ducks (plate 2). The pipe is thus basically tubular in shape and gracefully carved to represent the neck, head, and bill of a shoveler duck. The two countersunk holes, representing eye sockets, could have been filled with a perishable substance to

22 Plate 2 (Setzler)--The duck effigy pipe from Welcome Mound compared with the bill, head, and neck of a shoveler duck. Under side pictured on facing page

23 - 21 -

24 represent the pupils. The relatively flat, expanded bill served as the mouthpiece. The circular bore runs to within 1/2 inch from the mouthpiece, where the hole is reduced from 5/8 inch to an elliptical opening of 3/16 inch. Straight tubular effigy pipes have also been found in other Adena mounds. The most famous one is the human effigy pipe, found by Mills in 1901 in the Adena Mound on Governor Worthington's estate near Chillicothe, Ohio. This pipe is reproduced here (plate 3) through the kindness of Raymond S. Baby of the Ohio State Museum. It was carved from multicolored Ohio pipestone also in the form of a straight tube and represents the body of an achondroplastic (chondrodystrophic) dwarf, as is apparent from the short heavy-set muscular torso, stubby arms and legs, enlarged head, and swollen (goiter) neck. This pipe has been regarded by both archaeologists and artists as one of the sculptured masterpieces of American Art. Until now, it was the only effigy pipe ever described from an Adena Mound. Soon after the Welcome Mound pipe was discovered, a cast of a similar duck effigy pipe was located in the Division of Archaeology of the Ohio State Museum. The original, now in the Dayton Museum of Natural History, was reported found in loose dirt while the Englewood Mound, near Dayton, Ohio, was being levelled by a bull-dozer during the building of a dam in the early 1930's. The pipe is illustrated here (plate 4) by permission of Mr. E. J. Koestner, Director of the Dayton Museum. The length is 6 1/4 inches, the diameter of the neck is 7/8 inch, and the widest part of the bill is 1 1/4 inches. The length from the end of the neck to the center of the eye socket is exactly 4 inches, the same length as the Welcome Mound pipe. Two effigy pipes were uncovered in the excavation of a mound in Sayler Park, Cincinnati, Ohio, by the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History. One is a well-proportioned clay effigy of an aquatic bird and was found in association with one of the burials. The director of the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History, Mr. Ralph Dury, very kindly sent me photographs of this pipe, as well as of another that represents the head of a wolf. These pipes were excavated under the supervision of Dr. James Kellar and S. Frederick Starr and are reproduced here (plate 4) by permission of Mr. Dury. On the basis of these and other artifacts recovered, we must assume that Sayler Park Mound was also built over the interred bodies of Adena people. Since straight-tubular effigy pipes were made exclusively by the Adena, they are a diagnostic culture trait of these people. The carving of objects as artistic as these pipes certainly represents an artistic talent beyond that of an ordinary member of a society. To what extent the making of pipes indicates specialized professions, however, is difficult to determine. The duck effigy pipe from Welcome Mound appears to be related in some way to the person buried beside it and to a mortuary custom of the Adena people. Moreover, it may indicate some religious significance associated with a shoveler duck. The same reverence postulated here for the shoveler duck may be applied to the wolf and unidentified aquatic-bird effigy pipes from Saylor Mound. The human effigy pipe from Adena Mound could well represent a particular individual. A person possessing the physical and pathological characteristics apparent in the effigy was likely regarded as unique and thereby deified; actual dwarf skeletons have been recovered in Adena mounds. Among numerous primitive people, the smoking of tobacco or some herb was regarded as sacred or an important part of a ceremonial function. As we know from early European contacts with North American Indians, the smoking of a peace pipe attended all important political as well as religious or cere

25 monial functions. Possibly these effigy pipes and the more common plain pipe (plate 4) found in the mounds of the Adena represent the origin of such a ceremony. Our only evidence rests with similar forms used by historic Indians and reported by early Spanish, French, and English explorers and missionaries. Several monographs have been published on this topic, e. g., G. A. West (1934) and H. C. Shetrone (1941). These men not only illustrate various other kinds of pipes, but quote from hundreds of sources describing the variety of uses that were made of the many forms of Nicotiana. When we consider the impact that tobacco had upon the countries of the world after 1492, it is understandable that the probable original ushers of this herb buried pipes--especially such well carved pipes--as offerings to their dead. Summary The burial methods, the type of pottery and restored vessel, the date from Carbon-14 tests, the effigy pipe, and the association of an animal tooth in the mouth cavity are sufficient evidence to establish Welcome Mound as an Adena burial site. The wearing of an animal mask indicates that such a person could have served as a shaman and as such would justify the building of Welcome Mound. The effigy pipes indicate a possible religious association between the prehistoric Adena and aquatic birds, animals, and dwarfs, while the artistry shows an advance over the common straight tubes of the earlier, archaic people and those of the Adena. Two sandstone atlatl weights surface-found by H. C. Kuntz, RFD #1, Newcomerstown, Tuscarawas County, Ohio. Grooves on the pointed specimen are cut at an angle toward the flat side, perhaps to facilitate lashing. The cylindrical weight's grooves are perpendicular to each end. Both are probably Adena artifacts

26 Knives-and Archaeological Terminology (Editor's Note the following excerpts from two letters recently received from Sigfus Olafson, 81 Chatsworth Avenue, Larchmont, New York, will, we believe, very much interest readers of Ohio Archaeologist. Mr. Olafson was an organizer of the West Virginia Archaeological Society and served as its president until this year. He is widely known as a highly respected amateur archaeologist. ) "I have no wish to get mixed up in any controversy over the so-called Schoonover-Rice point (Ohio Archaeologist, July and October, I960) but whatever it may be called it is evident that it is a knife and not a projectile point. The subject of beveling has been adequately covered by Arthur George Smith in American Antiquity (Vol. 18, No. 3, January 1953) and Ohio Archaeologist (Vol. 4, No. 2, April 1954), and he makes a case which can hardly be controverted. The only function of a projectile point is piercing, and beveling or serrating the edges adds nothing to its effectiveness. "Beveling, as Smith has pointed out, is a natural and convenient way of resharpening a dulled hafted knife without removing the blade from the haft. Serrating the edges greatly improves its cutting qualities. In some cases the chipping techniques used formed serrations on blades made to be used as projectile points but, by and large, it can be taken for granted that most serrated blades and perhaps all beveled blades are knives. "Some Ohio Valley beveled knives have a distinct notch in the center of the base, put there, no doubt, for a purpose. A projection in the slot of the haft, into which the blade was fitted, could in turn have fitted into this notch, thus forming another point of attachment between blade and haft besides the lashings, and giving the completed tool the firmness so desirable in a knife. Perhaps the concave base of the Schoonover-Rice knife had a similar purpose. "We tend to forget that a knife was just as indispensable to an Indian as a projectile point and that many of the artifacts we call projectile points are actually knives. Some forms could be used for either purpose. This appears to be true of many fluted and lanceolate types whose edges are often dulled from use as a cutting implement. A good example is the Plainview point, sometimes found reduced to a short pentagonal or steeple shape by repeated bevelings to resharpen it. Even though the beveled form has a Plainview base and is found in direct association with Plainview, archaeologists have given it a type name and call it the Meserve point. "This shows how ridiculous the present system (if one can call it that) of classifying projectile points can get. With so many people rushing into print so they can have the honor of naming a projectile point type we may eventually have as many types as there are points, for after all, no two points ever made are exactly alike. When will archaeologists adopt a system of projectile point classification based on scientific principles? Apparently not soon! "I am not at all impressed with the present system of classifying points by naming them after some site which tells you nothing about the type, shape, cultural relations or chronological position. For instance, the classic Hopewell point is called the Snyder point, named after some obscure site in Illinois by someone who rushed into print with it and so claims priority for his selection. If any locality deserves to be associated with classic Hopewell it should be in Ohio and how much better and simpler it would have been if it were called "Scioto Hopewell," or "Scioto stemmed Hopewell. " The latter would give the locale, the shape, and the cultural affiliations while such a name as "Snyder point" tells you nothing and sends you off researching to find out what

27 it is all about. If Illinois Hopewell points differ in some respects the matter could be taken care of by calling them "Illinois stemmed Hopewell," thus telling you something about distribution, shape and culture. But Snyder - I rebel at that. "In the last two meetings of the Eastern States Archaeological Federation the matter of projectile point classification has come up for discussion, and rather heated discussion too, with the professionals for the present system and the amateurs for something else. I bow to the superior wisdom and training of the professionals in practically all things, but not in this. I do not claim to have the answers but other sciences have worked out systems of classification that function admirably, and even though I do not have the answers I know that there is in the field of archaeology enough brains and science to come up with a workable system." Slate Discs by Gerald Brickman, 409 Locust Street, Findlay, Ohio "What were they for?" is the question I ask myself each time I see these three specimens in my collection. They are surface finds which I have made in Hancock County. If any reader has evidence suggesting their probable use, or any theory, I would like to hear from him, and to share the communication with the readers of Ohio Archaeologist. (According to Raymond S. Baby, slate discs have been found at Late Woodland sites, and are recognized as a cultural trait. No specific use for them has been established -- The Editor)

28 Fig. 1 (Peets)--(A) Obverse side of 3" long obsidian fluted point, and (B) flake struck off tb create the flute. Fig. 2 (Peets)--(A) Reverse side of the obsidian fluted point shown in Fig. 1, and (B) flake struck off to create the flute

29 An Obsidian Fluted Point Made by James Parsons by Orville H. Peets, RFD#1, Millsboro, Delaware James Parsons of Lewes, Delaware, who made the 3" obsidian fluted point shown in Figs. 1 and 2, is a careful investigator and collector for whom theorizing and practical testing always go together. He has made many ordinary projectile points from the water-worn flint pebbles that are the only source of flint in the Delaware area, and when he was able to get some good obsidian from the west he decided to try his hand at making a fluted point. Parsons' theory as to how the fluting was done, although formulated only from his own experience, was similar to that proposed by John Witthoft (1) and others. It would be necessary, he decided, to prevent the force of the blow from spreading laterally so that it would carry downward from the base to the tip as far as possible. It has been suggested (2) that the fluting was the last operation on the otherwise finished point. An Indian craftsman would not have like the prospect of spoiling a usable point, so he must have had confidence in the manner by which the flute was to be produced. The place at which the blow would logically be struck was, Parsons reasoned, at the edge of the base (striking platform) and equidistant from the corners. So he first struck off several flakes on both sides at this selected spot, making relatively large and deep nicks (spall facets) which left the striking platform as a miniature flat-topped promontory (Figs. 1A and 2B). Using the same small oval stone that he employs for most of his percussion chipping, Parsons then struck this stub a single sharp blow which produced the longer flake (Fig. IB) and left the flute (Fig. 1A). Because this was the first and longer flute created, we call this side the obverse, although with truly symmetrical channels one could not use the terms obverse and reverse. However, symmetrical channels are not common, probably for the reason that the base is often not thick enough after taking off the first flake to allow a strong stub to be worked out, and a weak one would only be shattered. So the reverse flute (Fig. 2, A) resembles more the scar left by an ordinary conchoidal fracture. It is interesting to note that the relation here of the obverse flake and flute to the reverse closely approximates that illustrated by tables presented by Mason (3). Before making this fluted point Parsons had not read this important paper by Dr. Mason and, in any case, the character of the fluting of his points is the result of his own technique and not of his reading. He demonstrated his theory to his own satisfaction and has offered to demonstrate it to a group of authorities if satisfactory raw material is supplied. If others hold different theories, it would seem to be their obligation to make their own practical demonstration as Parsons has done. (1) Witthoft, John: "A Paleo-Indian Site in Eastern Pennsylvania. " Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 96, No. 4, pages (2) Mason, Ronald J. : "Late Pleistocene Geochronology and the Paleo-Indian Penetration into the Lower Michigan Peninsula. " Anthropological Papers No. 2, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (3) Mason, Ronald J. : op. cit. Periodicals on Archaeology Add to the list of regularly published archaeological magazines, as given in Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 10, No. 4, October I960: Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society. Published in October, January, and April (this issue twice the size of the others). Dues $3. 00 per year. Address William S. Fowler, Bronson Museum, Attleboro, Mass

30 A Shell Mask Gorget from Scioto County by Olaf H. Prufer, Curator of Anthropology Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio The Cleveland Museum of Natural History owns a large collection of bone and shell artifacts from a village site known as the Tanner Farm on the Ohio River near Portsmouth, Ohio. The material was collected by N. A. Chapman in the 19th century, and was received by this Museum after Chapman's f] death some time during the 1920's. The collection contains bone tubes, bone beads, perforated animal s\ teeth, two bone flutes, and a series of bone wedges. There also are fragments of plastrons and carapaces of box turtles as well as a few engraved shell and bone fragments. The specimen described in this paper is an elongated, triangularshaped, incised shell gorget. Its maximum length is 3. 2 cms; the maximum width is 2 cms. This specimen is of considerable interest since it bears an incised design of a face with the 'Weeping-Eye' motif. The outline of the gorget represents the rough outline of a face which is further emphasized by incisions. Two perforations serve to represent the eyes. A third perforation in the middle center below the eyes seems to indicate the mouth. The 'Weeping-Eye' motif is incised from the eyes downward. The eyes have been drilled from both sides of the specimen; the mouth, from the back side only. The assemblage of artifacts from the Tanner site makes it clear that it belongs to the Ft. Ancient Aspect. More specifically, such gorgets with the 'Weeping-Eye' motif have been noted in the Madisonville Focus, especially in the Fox Farm component from Mason County, Kentucky (1). Such specimens are not frequently found, but they do occur in Ohio. They occur sporadically in Kentucky and seem to increase in numbers in Tennessee. (1) Griffin, J. B. : "The Ft. Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ancient Aspect. " University Of Michigan Press, See especially Plate CXXI, Nos

31 e Ohio artifacts from the collection of Emil Baeumel, RFD #5, Wapakoneta, Ohio. (a) Dark banded slate gorget, Shelby County, (b) Gray slate gorget, Shelby County. (c) Dark slate gorget with "tally" marks upper left and lower right, Auglaize County. (d) Light gray banded slate axe, Auglaize County, found near the supposed burial place of Chief Blackhoof at St. Johns. For scale, 6" along the mid-line, (e) Light gray banded slate atlatl weight, Allen County (?). (f) Gray banded slate "blank" for a geniculate atlatl weight, no drilling started, Auglaize County, (g) Dark banded slate expanded gorget, Shelby County

32 Notched Mussel Shells from Ohio Valley Fort Ancient Sites by Ralph J. Servey, Baird Avenue, Portsmouth, Ohio To the best of my knowledge, deeply notched mussel shells such as are illustrated in Fig. 1, have never been reported from prehistoric sites along the Ohio and Kentucky sides of the Ohio River. Nor do I know of their being reported from sites in other areas. Over a period of years I have found a number of these worked shells while surface-hunting these six Fort Ancient sites: Feurt Village in Scioto County, Ohio; Brush Creek and Island Creek in Adams County, Ohio; Tanner, Fullerton, and an unnamed site 3 miles west of South Portsmouth, all in Greenup County, Kentucky. I have never found them in burial association. Examination of 30 notched shells (24 are pictured in Fig. 1) reveals these facts: Each V-notch was made apparently by cutting from one surface only, thus producing on the opposite side a sharp unbroken edge along each side of the V. Twenty-five specimens show that the cut was presumably made from the outer surface, and 5 specimens indicate that the cut was started from the inner surface. The width of the cuts at the edge of the shell ranges from 1/8" to 1/4", although a few specimens exceed this range up to 1/2" in width. The depth of the notches ranges from 1/4" to as much as about 1 1/2". Fig. 1 (Servey)--Notched mussel shells, see description in the text

33 While most of the V-notches taper to a very narrow point, a few were enlarged at the bottom of the V to make a wider opening. This is illustrated by the shell in Fig. 1 which is at the far right and second from the bottom. There are 2 V-cuts in 5 of the shells, only one in each of the remaining 25. Two suggestions have been made as to the possible significance of these notched shells: Raymond S. Baby points out that the cut or cuts might represent stages in the forming of blanks which would then be fashioned into the perforated shell ornaments identified with the Fort Ancient horizon (1). I have not been able to identify in my collection from these sites any shell fragments that might represent the discards from the completed process, although it is quite probable that I may have overlooked them while in the field. Ed W. Atkinson advances the theory that the V-cut provides a means for stripping unwanted vegetable resins from bast fibers, preparatory to spinning the thread with which the Fort Ancient people wove cloth. Examination of the shells with a hand glass revealed 4 specimens that show a small worn area at the bottom of each V and on the inside shell surface. A piece of ordinary cotton string, comparable in diameter to a small bundle of fibers, fitted perfectly into each worn area. Such wear might have been produced by drawing fiber bundles through the V in a stripping operation. It would be much appreciated if anyone who has found similar artifacts would report the details in a future issue of Ohio Archaeologist. (1) Mills, William C. : "The Feurt Mounds and Village Site. " Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 3, July Fig. 89, page 443. Back Issues Available Past issues of Ohio Archaeologist contain a wealth of photographs of fine artifacts, and an important number of site reports. Such information is indispensable to both the collector and the amateur archaeologist. Since many members have inquired about filling in missing copies in their files, or about securing a complete file of issues prior to the time they became members of The Archaeological Society of Ohio, here's the situation: Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 1, No. 1, started with the issue of April, In that year three numbers were published. Each year since then 4 numbers have been published. Vol. 2, No. 4 was dated November instead of the usual October. Any or all of the issues can be supplied except: Vol. 1, No, 1, April 1951; Vol. 6, No. 3, July 1956; Vol. 7, No. 1, January A special bulletin is also in stock which is devoted to the Warren County Serpent Mound, date of issue Sept Two bulletins of the Ohio Indian Relic Collectors' Society are available, bulletin 25 (Sept. 1950) and bulletin 26 (Jan. 1951). All these may be purchased at the price of $1. 25 per issue or $4. 50 per volume of 4 issues. They will be sent postpaid on receipt of payment, which should be mailed to Gerald Brickman, The Archaeological Society of Ohio, 409 Locust Street, Findlay, Ohio

34 A choice group of beveled Ohio flint knives from the collection of Charles A. Hyman, 1806 McCollum Road, Youngstown 9, Ohio. (1) Gray. For scale, 3" long. (2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 14) Black. (4) Black with light-colored mottling. (6) Light gray mottled with pink. Licking County. (8) Gray. (9) Flint Ridge cream. (10) Light brown, translucent. (11) Mottled shades of gray. (12) Light tan. For further comment on beveled knives, see "Knives--and Archaeological Terminology" elsewhere in this issue. "Plains Anthropologist" Announcement was made in Ohio Archaeologist (Vol. 10, No. 4, October 1960) of the revival of the "Plains Anthropologist, " journal of the Plains Conference for Anthropology. Over 300 subscriptions have been received already, according to a letter issued early last December. Interested persons are urged to subscribe for the 1961 series of 4 issues. The subscription price is only $2. 00, which should be sent to Plains Anthropologist, Research Institute, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma. Some pay their dues before they are due, Some pay their dues when the dues are due, Some say they'll pay, but they never do, What do YOU do when the dues are due? "The Treasurer"

35 A beautiful fake slate "what is it" from the collection of Ed W. Atkinson, Columbus, Ohio. Too nicely polished, worked down to a knife-edge thinness along the semi-circular edge. Steel bit drilled

36 Book Reviews Arthur George Smith, Editor, Firelands Museum, Norwalk, Ohio. The Editor will welcome contributions to this section. GUIDE TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF CERTAIN AMERICAN INDIAN PROJEC TILE POINTS. Special Bulletin No. 2 of the Oklahoma Anthropological Society. Robert E. Bell. I pages, 52 figures. Until April 1, 1961, available only to members of the society at $3. 00; thereafter available to anyone at $ Annual membership dues, $ Address Robert B. Hill, Secretary- Treasurer, Oklahoma Anthropological Society, 3419 South Birmingham, Tulsa, Oklahoma. Archaeologists and collectors alike will welcome this continuation of Robert E. Bell's careful description and depiction of recognized projectile point types. Bulletins 1 and 2 record 100 point types out of the 150 to 200 the author estimates have been named up to this time. Bell assures the reader that he is engaged in "gathering data and specimens of other types constantly, and hopes to eventually assemble Special Bulletin No. 3. " Each plate includes finely detailed drawings of a number of specimens of the type under consideration, and "The descriptive information which goes along with each plate gives important data necessary to identify each type. It includes information on the type name, a description of the type, the distribution, estimated age and cultural affiliation, remarks and source of plate illustrations. Additional data can be obtained from the references included in the bibliography. " All the Ashtabula and Guilford points and some of the Copena and Turkey Tail points illustrated are from the collection of Dr. Stanley G. Copeland, member of The Archaeological Society of Ohio. A must for anyone whose interest in a point isn't satisfied until he can answer his own question "What type is it?" HIGHLY RECOMMENDED--E. W. A. THE PREHISTORY OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. J. Desmond Clark. Penguin Books Inc., 3300 Clipper Mill Road, Baltimore 11, Maryland. XXVI pages, 16 plates, 71 text figures, 15 maps, 7 tables. October, Price $ This is another Pelican Book on archaeology. It is really a pocket encyclopedia on the prehistory of Southern Africa. It covers the whole range of South African prehistory and archaeology from the Australopithecine manapes to the great stone ruins at Zimbabwe that were built in the 17th Century. The chapter on the Australopithecines, who had faces like an ape but who walked erect, were flat backed and straight legged, is extremely interesting. So is the chapter on the various types of fossil men that have been found in South Africa. These chapters alone are worth the price of the book. The text is well organized and very easy to read. The author uses a few Afrikaans words for terrain features, but they are easily understood from the context. Besides its wealth of archaeological information, this book gives a great deal of background on the country and its past and present climates. Those who picture South Africa as a steaming movie-type jungle will be a bit surprised to learn that instead it is more like our Southwestern deserts, only dryer. Over most of the Union of South Africa, South West Africa, and Southern Rhodesia the rainfall is less than 20 inches a year

37 After reading this book, and studying the figures of artifacts, the average American amateur archaeologist or collector will realize how lucky he is to live where there is such a wealth of fine specimens for his cabinet instead of fist-axes and crude unifaced splinters of stone. HIGHLY RECOMMENDED--A. G. S. News of the Society GOOD PROGRAM GOOD For those of you who missed the November 13, I960 meeting... Dorothy and Ernie Good put on a fine program you should have witnessed. Slides and commentary on their many excavating sessions in Watts Cave, Kentucky, made fascinating looking and listening. BOARD ACTIONS During free periods of the November 13, I960 meeting, the Society's Board of Directors devoted three hours to deliberating on various matters, under the chairmanship of President Harley W. Glenn. Among the actions approved by vote of the Board are these that are of general interest to the membership: Husband and Wife Membership Effective January 1, 1961, this joint membership becomes available at an annual cost of $ Both members are entitled to vote but only one copy of Ohio Archaeologist will be furnished. Sustaining Membership Effective January 1, 1961, this class of membership becomes available at an annual cost of $ Those members who choose to give this additional financial support to The Archaeological Society of Ohio will be recognized by publication of their names in Ohio Archaeologist. Honorary Members Until now, The Archaeological Society of Ohio has named no honorary members. H. Holmes Ellis. 516 Cambridge Boulevard, Grand Rapids, Michigan, was voted this honor. Mr. Ellis was one of the founders of The Ohio Indian Relic Collectors Society, and as Assistant Curator of Archaeology for The Ohio Historical Society gave freely of his time and professional influence to encourage the formal organization of our predecessor society in Raymond S. Baby also becomes an honorary member by virtue of the board's vote that "The Curator of Archaeology of The Ohio Historical Society be designated as an honorary member of The Archaeological Society of Ohio during tenure of his position, and that he serve as Technical Advisor to the Society's Board of Directors. " Constitution Revision Committee It has become increasingly apparent that the Society's constitution, originally drafted in 1955, no longer serves as a complete and specific guide for the conduct of the Society's affairs, nor does it satisfactorily define the responsibilities of its officers and standing committees. Following lengthy discussion, it was voted that a Constitution Revision Committee be created. President Glenn then appointed this committee: John C. Allman (Chairman), Ed W. Atkinson, Leroy M. Bissett, Gilbert W. Dilley. He requested the committee to make every effort to complete its study by February 1, (Editor's Note--any recommendations for revision of the present constitution would be presented by the committee to the membership for their approval under Article 9 of the present constitution. Since the committee's study is already under way, any member who wishes to suggest

38 changes and additions is urged to record his suggestions in writing with any member of the committee. Please do so before February 1. ) Vice-President is Chapter Advisor Under the present constitution, the Vice-President has no specific duties. By vote of the Board, the Vice- President is now designated as advisor to existing chapters, and to those members who may consider the formation of a chapter. Chapter Reports Each chapter is now requested to submit an annual written report of its activities at the Society's annual meeting in May of each year. THE TREASURER REPORTS As of December 15, I960, Treasurer Norman L. Dunn reported a total paid-up membership of adult and 47 junior. On that same date the balance sheet showed a net income of $ The society is grateful to the many contributors to "Ohio Archaeologist" who have been willing and able to pay for the costs of photographs and plates used with their articles. Notes and Personals A delegation of four represented The Archaeological Society of Ohio at the October 16, I960, meeting of the West Virginia Archaeological Society--Ray Baby, Harley Glenn, "Sarge" Smith, and Ed Atkinson. Under the chairmanship of retiring president Sigfus Olafson, reports were given by a number of the members, and talks were presented by two from the staff of the Carnegie Museum's Section of Man--Curator James L. Swauger and Associate Curator Don W. Dragoo. A highlight of the program was a plan for action presented by Dr. Edward V. McMichael, head of the recently created Section of Archaeology of the West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey. It was a particular privilege for our delegation to hear these men, and to spend much time with them and with members of the society in informal discussion during the evening. It must be a great pleasure for Exec. Sec. AGS to get a letter like the following from Mrs. W. A. Fetterley, Nelson, B. C., Canada--we quote in part: "After more than a year of hearing my husband say 'I must send in my dues to the Ohio Archaeologist and answer Mr. Smith's letters, ' I decided to do it for him! Send in the dues, at least, and tell you how much he enjoys the magazine and appreciates your friendly letters... I am sure one of these days he will write and tell you how much help he has derived from the various articles in the magazine, and how he enjoyed the little personal touch your notes gave... This last year he was made President of our local Museum Association, a small hardworking group whose almost herculean efforts have finally resulted in a small museum being opened. Rather grudging civic support and quarters are at last being given us. However, it all meant more work and long hours. " Who do you think just entered a 3-year membership for 10-year-old Charles J. Grizzell of Columbus, Ohio? None other than proud grandpa Charles Kisling of Washington C. H., who believes in bringing up boys in the right path! Just as we go to press (December 21) word comes from Mrs. Grizzell that her father has suffered a rather severe heart attack. Progress to this time has been amazing, although the doctors threaten to keep Mr. Kisling in the hospital until perhaps about the time you will receive this news. Send a card or a note--charles L. Kisling, 228 Oakland Avenue, Washington C.H., Ohio

39 Newcomerstown Chapter Reports Word from Leonard Brown, Secretary-Treasurer of the busy Newcomerstown Chapter of ASO, tells us that the other officers elected last October are: James Tish, President and Wayne Mortine, Vice-President. Arthur Dawson has been named Program Chairman. "Meetings are held on the fourth Tuesday of each month," Leonard continues, "and our attendance and interest have been good in spite of the midwinter, set-by-the-fire feeling many people get. "At our November meeting a local geologist working on road construction projects in our area told us about the rights-of-way involved. A bridge project now under way passes within 50 yards of the site of Chief Netawative's cabin. Our chapter plans to have men quickly available for record-making and salvage recovery in case the road projects reveal any 'uncoveries. ' The Mound City Chapter has set a fine example in this regard. Through the courtesy of Carroll Welling each of our members received a copy of an historic Ohio map. "Early in November the large artifact collection of the late Mr. Darling of Warsaw was sold at public auction. A number of our members attended this sale. "Several of our members are working on articles for 'Ohio Archaeologist, ' among them Charles Berg and Francis Truex. " (Good news! And thanks to Leonard Brown for this fine report The Editor. ) New Members As of December 24, I960, these 44 new members have been welcomed into the Society since publication of the list in the October issue. There must be scores more prospects to be converted into members, if you'll only make a little effort. Get in the contest announced on The President's Page let's give President Glenn a list of new members in the April issue twice as long as this one Ind. Maine Mich. N. Y. Ohio Centralia Flora Wilmington Muncie Damariacotta Montgomery Fulton Baltic Barberton Canton Celina Cleveland Columbus Continental Coshocton Delaware Elyria Findlay V. H. Carpenter, 1232 N. Poplar St., Box 188 Don E. Lewis, RR #3, Box 78 Leo Paul Davis, 905 N. Joliet St. A. C. Donovan, 21 Orchard Place Alwin E. Bulau, Bristol Road Albert Wentworth, 207 S. Michigan William E. Perkins, 208 Cayuga St. Thomas S. Bellville, Box 188 Robert H. Gardner, Box 205 Rev. H. A. Hartman Claud F. Lahm Lewis I. Lahm *Roy Witchey, 2885 Clarks Mill Rd. 3, *Thomas Albu, 1706 Oberlin Court N. W. *David R. Twigg, 609 N. Buckeye St. 21, Mrs. Irving Whitehouse, 4409 Renwood Rd, 4, *Charles J. Grizzell, 159 Deerfield Rd. G. E. Adair Coshocton Public Library, 4th and Chestnut Sts. Stanley R. Miller, 442 Sandusky St. Edward L. Valerius, 414 Hilliard Rd. Mr. 8t Mrs. Roy E. Morgan, Jr., 911 E. Sandusky St. *Melissa Jane Morgan, 911 E. Sandusky St. Tenn. Texas Va. Wash. Garfield Hgts. Logan Marietta Navare New Phila. N. Fairfield Norwalk Piqua Sugarcreek West Lafayette Chattanooga Liberty Hot Springs Portsmouth Davenport Canada Toronto 18, Ontario 25, Roberts. Bender, Eastwood Blvd. *David Yaw, 212 E. Hunter St. Bernard Schafer, 5 11 Seventh St. James Fahrni, RR #2 (Rte 246) Chester A. Randies, 400 Eleventh St., N. W. Emmett R. Schide, Jr., 140 E. High Ave. Lloyd E. Swinderman, RR #4 Jack D. Widder, RR #2 *Allen Nielsen, RR # 1, Box 79 *Michael K. Graham, 284 Whittlesey Lynn E. Bierly, RR #2, Box 278 Ronald Supinger, 515 Wilson Ave. Blaine F. Miller, 210 Dover Rd., N. E. H. E. McCleary, RR #1 5, Frank Morast, 1635 Berkley Circle James B, Smith, 2613 Beaumont Ave. Deryle Kern, RR #2 Edward Bottoms, 225 Castlewood Rd. Chester N. Schoeff, c/o Joe C. Linstrum Frank Ridley, 289 Burnhampthorpe Rd. : Junior Member

40 w«t Committees PROGRAM COMMITTEE Ernest G. Good (chairman, 15 Civic Drive, Grove City, Ohio; Raymond S. Baby, Columbus; Leonard H. Brown, Newcomerstown; Norman L. Dunn, Findlay; Bennett E. Kelley, Washington C.H. ; Merton R. Mertz, Findlay; Arthur George Smith, Norwalk. MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE Dr. Stanley G. Copeland (chairman), Lilley Avenue, Columbus 6, Ohio; Emmett W. Barn hart, Circleville; Leroy M. Bissett, Columbus; Don I. Blue, Marietta; Donald McBeth, Kingston; Thomas A. Minardi, Mansfield; Summers A. Redick, Columbus; Ralph J. Servey, Portsmouth; Arthur George Smith, Norwalk; H. C. Wachtel, Dayton. COMMITTEE ON FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS Arthur George Smith (chairman), 65 North Foster Street, Norwalk, Ohio; Raymond S. Baby, Columbus; Dr. Stanley G. Copeland, Columbus. PUBLIC RELATIONS Bennett E. Kelley (chairman), South Fayette Street, Washington C H. EXHIBITS Charles H. Meng (chairman), 490 South Hampton Road, Columbus 13, Ohio; Donald McBeth, Kingston; Thomas E. Porter, Frankfort.