Zlateh the Goat by Isaac Bashevis Singer

Transcription

1 Zlateh the Goat by Isaac Bashevis Singer LITERARY FOCUS: SUSPENSE Have you ever gripped the armrests of your seat during the final moments of an exciting movie? chewed your fingernails while the final seconds of a big game played out? held your breath when waiting to hear if you had been chosen as a finalist in a contest? That feeling is called suspense, a feeling of anxious curiosity about what will happen next. Feelings of suspense can also build when you read something exciting. Writers sometimes build suspense by dropping hints about what will happen later in a story. Zlateh the Goat is not a horror story or a science-fiction cliffhanger. But, as you read, don t be surprised if you find your fingers turning the pages faster and faster to find out what happens to Zlateh the goat. Literary Skills Understand suspense. Reading Skills Make predictions. Vocabulary Skills Understand suffixes. READING SKILLS: MAKING PREDICTIONS When you re reading a story and the outcome is uncertain, what do you do? If you re like most people, you fill in the gap. You predict what will happen. You try to outsmart the writer by anticipating what s to come. If you read on and your prediction proves to be correct, that s great. In a way, though, you might enjoy being surprised by what actually happens. Pause at three points as you read Zlateh the Goat, and predict what you think will happen. Then, compare your predictions with what actually happens later in the story. You may want to use a chart like this one. PREDICTION OUTCOME Part 1 Collection 8 / Literary Criticism: You Be the Judge

2 PREVIEW SELECTION VOCABULARY Before you read Zlateh the Goat, get to know these words. penetrated (pen i tr t id) v.: pierced; made a way through. Sunlight penetrated the clouds. cleft (kleft) adj.: split; divided. Goats have cleft hooves. chaos (k äs ) n.: total confusion or disorder. The storm created chaos outside Aaron s shelter. exuded (eg zyºd id) v.: gave off. The hay exuded warmth. CLARIFYING WORD MEANINGS: SUFFIXES Many words are made of more than one part. When you come across an unfamiliar word, look at its parts to see if you recognize any of them. A suffix is a word part that is added to the end of a word or root. The more suffixes you know, the more word meanings you ll be able to figure out. Here are some common suffixes: able en ful ion less Suffix Common Suffixes Meaning capable of being make full of act or condition of without Examples likable, laughable deepen, lengthen stressful, doubtful inspection, reaction penniless, hopeless Zlateh the Goat 273

3 Isaac Bashevis Singer BACKGROUND: Literature and Religion Zlateh the Goat takes place at Hanukkah (khä nø kä ), an eight-day Jewish religious festival usually observed in December. Hanukkah celebrates the rededication of the Temple in Jerusalem, in 165 B.C., following the victory of Jewish fighters over a huge Syrian army. The Temple, which had been taken over by Antiochus, ruler of the Syrians, had been violated and damaged. While the Jews were purifying and repairing the Temple, a miracle occurred. A tiny bit of oil for the holy lamp barely enough for one day lasted eight days. Do you see a miracle in Zlateh s story as well? At Hanukkah time the road from the village to the town is In lines 8 14, underline the details that describe the situation Reuven faces. Why does he decide to sell Zlateh? 10 usually covered with snow, but this year the winter had been a mild one. Hanukkah had almost come, yet little snow had fallen. The sun shone most of the time. The peasants complained that because of the dry weather there would be a poor harvest of winter grain. New grass sprouted, and the peasants sent their cattle out to pasture. For Reuven the furrier 1 it was a bad year, and after long hesitation he decided to sell Zlateh the goat. She was old and gave little milk. Feyvel the town butcher had offered eight gulden 2 for her. Such a sum would buy Hanukkah candles, potatoes and oil for pancakes, gifts for the children, and other holiday necessaries for the house. Reuven told his oldest boy, Aaron, to take the goat to town. Zlateh the Goat, from Zlateh the Goat and Other Stories by Isaac Bashevis Singer, illustrated by Maurice Sendak. Text copyright 1966 by Isaac Bashevis Singer. Reproduced by permission of HarperCollins Publishers. 1. furrier (f r r) n.: someone who makes and repairs fur garments. 2. gulden (gøl d n) n.: coins formerly used in several European countries. 274 Part 1 Collection 8 / Literary Criticism: You Be the Judge

4 20 30 Aaron understood what taking the goat to Feyvel meant, but he had to obey his father. Leah, his mother, wiped the tears from her eyes when she heard the news. Aaron s younger sisters, Anna and Miriam, cried loudly. Aaron put on his quilted jacket and a cap with earmuffs, bound a rope around Zlateh s neck, and took along two slices of bread with cheese to eat on the road. Aaron was supposed to deliver the goat by evening, spend the night at the butcher s, and return the next day with the money. While the family said goodbye to the goat, and Aaron placed the rope around her neck, Zlateh stood as patiently and good-naturedly as ever. She licked Reuven s hand. She shook her small white beard. Zlateh trusted human beings. She knew that they always fed her and never did her any harm. When Aaron brought her out on the road to town, she seemed somewhat astonished. She d never been led in that Pause at line 23. What does taking the goat to Feyvel mean? Why is the family unhappy? Based on information in lines 24 29, what inference can you make about Zlateh s character? Zlateh the Goat 275

5 direction before. She looked back at him questioningly, as if to say, Where are you taking me? But after a while she seemed to come to the conclusion that a goat shouldn t ask questions. Still, the road was different. They passed new fields, pastures, and huts with thatched roofs. Here and there a dog barked and came running after them, but Aaron chased it away with his stick. The sun was shining when Aaron left the village. Suddenly the weather changed. A large black cloud with a bluish center appeared in the east and spread itself rapidly over the sky. A cold wind blew in with it. The crows flew low, croaking. At first it looked as if it would rain, but instead it began to hail as in summer. It was early in the day, but it became dark as dusk. After a while the hail turned to snow. In his twelve years Aaron had seen all kinds of weather, but he had never experienced a snow like this one. It was so dense it shut out the light of the day. In a short time their path was completely covered. The wind became as cold as ice. The road to town was narrow and winding. Aaron no longer knew where he was. He could not see through the snow. The cold soon penetrated his quilted jacket. At first Zlateh didn t seem to mind the change in weather. She too was twelve years old and knew what winter meant. But when her legs sank deeper and deeper into the snow, she began to turn her head and look at Aaron in wonderment. Her mild eyes seemed to ask, Why are we out in such a storm? Aaron hoped that a peasant would come along with his cart, but no one passed by. The snow grew thicker, falling to the ground in large, whirling flakes. Beneath it Aaron s boots touched the softness of a plowed field. He realized that he was no longer on the road. He had gone astray. He could no longer figure out Re-read lines Underline three details that help you picture the change in the weather. Pause at line 53. What do you think will happen now that the weather has changed? penetrated (pen i tr t id) v.: pierced; made a way through. How would Aaron have to answer Zlateh s question (lines 58 59)? What do we know that Zlateh doesn t know? Part 1 Collection 8 / Literary Criticism: You Be the Judge

6 70 80 which was east or west, which way was the village, the town.the wind whistled, howled, whirled the snow about in eddies. It looked as if white imps were playing tag on the fields. A white dust rose above the ground. Zlateh stopped. She could walk no longer. Stubbornly she anchored her cleft hooves in the earth and bleated as if pleading to be taken home. Icicles hung from her white beard, and her horns were glazed with frost. Aaron did not want to admit the danger, but he knew just the same that if they did not find shelter, they would freeze to death. This was no ordinary storm. It was a mighty blizzard. The snowfall had reached his knees. His hands were numb, and he could no longer feel his toes. He choked when he breathed. His nose felt like wood, and he rubbed it with snow. Zlateh s bleating began to sound like crying. Those humans in whom she had so much confidence had dragged her into a trap. Aaron began to pray to God for himself and for the innocent animal. cleft (kleft) adj.: split; divided. Pause at line 82 a moment of great suspense. Will Aaron and Zlateh freeze to death? How do you think the story will end? Zlateh the Goat 277

7 Suddenly he made out the shape of a hill. He wondered what it could be. Who had piled snow into such a huge heap? He moved toward it, dragging Zlateh after him. When he came near it, he realized that it was a large haystack which the snow had blanketed. Aaron realized immediately that they were saved. With great effort he dug his way through the snow. He was a village boy and knew what to do. When he reached the hay, he hollowed out a nest for himself and the goat. No matter how cold it may be outside, in the hay it is always warm. And hay was food for Zlateh. The moment she smelled it, she became contented and began to eat. Outside, the snow continued to fall. It quickly covered the passageway Aaron had dug. But a boy and an animal need to breathe, and there was hardly any air in their hide-out. Aaron bored a kind of a window through the hay and snow and carefully kept the passage clear. Zlateh, having eaten her fill, sat down on her hind legs and seemed to have regained her confidence in man. Aaron ate his two slices of bread and cheese, but after the difficult journey he was still hungry. He looked at Zlateh and noticed her udders were full. He lay down next to her, placing himself so that when he milked her, he could squirt the milk into his mouth. It was rich and sweet. Zlateh was not accustomed to being milked that way, but she did not resist. On the contrary, she seemed eager to reward Aaron for bringing her to a shelter whose very walls, floor, and ceiling were made of food. Through the window Aaron could catch a glimpse of the chaos outside. The wind carried before it whole drifts of snow. It was completely dark, and he did not know whether night had already come or whether it was the darkness of the storm. Thank God that in the hay it was Retell what Aaron does to survive (lines 83 99) Look back at the beginning of the story. Notice in lines 9 10 one of the reasons Aaron s father decides to sell Zlateh. In lines , underline the miracle that happens. chaos (k äs ) n.: total confusion or disorder Part 1 Collection 8 / Literary Criticism: You Be the Judge

8 not cold. The dried hay, grass, and field flowers exuded the warmth of the summer sun. Zlateh ate frequently; she nibbled from above, below, from the left and right. Her body gave forth an animal warmth, and Aaron cuddled up to her. exuded (eg zyºd id) v.: gave off. 120 He had always loved Zlateh, but now she was like a sister. He was alone, cut off from his family, and wanted to talk. He began to talk to Zlateh. Zlateh, what do you think about what has happened to us? he asked. Maaaa, Zlateh answered. If we hadn t found this stack of hay, we would both be frozen stiff by now, Aaron said. Re-read lines If Aaron or Zlateh had been alone, neither would have survived. List three ways that Zlateh helps Aaron survive. Then, list three ways that Aaron helps Zlateh survive. Maaaa, was the goat s reply. If the snow keeps on falling like this, we may have to stay here for days, Aaron explained. 130 Maaaa, Zlateh bleated. What does Maaaa mean? Aaron asked. You d better speak up clearly. Maaaa. Maaaa, Zlateh tried. 140 Well, let it be Maaaa then, Aaron said patiently. You can t speak, but I know you understand. I need you and you need me. Isn t that right? Maaaa. Aaron became sleepy. He made a pillow out of some hay, leaned his head on it, and dozed off. Zlateh too fell asleep. When Aaron opened his eyes, he didn t know whether it was morning or night. The snow had blocked up his window. He tried to clear it, but when he had bored through to the length of his arm, he still hadn t reached the outside. Luckily he had his stick with him and was able to break through to the open air. It was still dark outside. The snow continued to fall and the wind wailed, first with one voice Imagine that each time Zlateh speaks, she is responding to what Aaron says. Write what Zlateh might be saying each time she bleats, Maaaa. Then, read the boxed passage aloud. and then with many. Sometimes it had the sound of devilish laughter. Zlateh too awoke, and when Aaron greeted Zlateh the Goat 279

9 Notes her, she answered, Maaaa. Yes, Zlateh s language consisted 150 of only one word, but it meant many things. Now she was saying, We must accept all that God gives us heat, cold, Underline the details in lines that describe the ways in which Zlateh helps Aaron. 160 hunger, satisfaction, light, and darkness. Aaron had awakened hungry. He had eaten up his food, but Zlateh had plenty of milk. For three days Aaron and Zlateh stayed in the haystack. Aaron had always loved Zlateh, but in these three days he loved her more and more. She fed him with her milk and helped him keep warm. She comforted him with her patience. He told her many stories, and she always cocked her ears and listened. When he patted her, she licked his hand and his face. Then she said, Maaaa, and he knew it meant, I love you too. 280 Part 1 Collection 8 / Literary Criticism: You Be the Judge

10 The snow fell for three days, though after the first day it was not as thick and the wind quieted down. Sometimes Aaron felt that there could never have been a summer, that the snow had always fallen, ever since he could remember. He,Aaron, never had a father or mother or sisters. He was a snow child, born of the snow, and so was Zlateh. It was so quiet in the hay that his ears rang in the stillness. Aaron and Zlateh slept all night and a good part of the day. As for Aaron s dreams, they were all about warm weather. He dreamed of green fields, trees covered with blossoms, clear brooks, and singing birds. By the third night the snow had stopped, but Aaron did not dare to find his way home in the darkness. The sky became clear and the moon shone, casting silvery nets on the snow. Aaron dug his way out and looked at the world. It was all white, quiet, dreaming dreams of heavenly splendor. The stars were large and close. The moon swam in the sky as in a sea. On the morning of the fourth day, Aaron heard the ringing of sleigh bells. The haystack was not far from the road. The peasant who drove the sleigh pointed out the way to him not to the town and Feyvel the butcher, but home to the village. Aaron had decided in the haystack that he would never part with Zlateh. Aaron s family and their neighbors had searched for the boy and the goat but had found no trace of them during the storm. They feared they were lost. Aaron s mother and sisters cried for him; his father remained silent and gloomy. Suddenly one of the neighbors came running to their house with the news that Aaron and Zlateh were coming up the road. Underline details in lines that help you see what Aaron experiences. Circle details that help you imagine sounds (or the complete lack of sound). What does the decision in lines reveal about Aaron s character? How has his experience changed him from the kind of person he was before the storm? Zlateh the Goat 281

11 How has Zlateh s relationship to the rest of the family changed? Underline the details in lines that support your answer There was great joy in the family. Aaron told them how he had found the stack of hay and how Zlateh had fed him with her milk. Aaron s sisters kissed and hugged Zlateh and gave her a special treat of chopped carrots and potato peels, which Zlateh gobbled up hungrily. Nobody ever again thought of selling Zlateh, and now that the cold weather had finally set in, the villagers needed the services of Reuven the furrier once more. When Hanukkah came, Aaron s mother was able to fry pancakes every evening, and Zlateh got her portion too. Even though Zlateh had her own pen, she often came to the kitchen, knocking on the door with her horns to indicate that she was ready to visit, and she was always admitted. In the evening, Aaron, Miriam, and Anna played dreidel. 3 Zlateh sat near the stove, watching the children and the flickering of the Hanukkah candles. Once in a while Aaron would ask her, Zlateh, do you remember the three days we spent together? And Zlateh would scratch her neck with a horn, shake her white bearded head, and come out with the single sound which expressed all her thoughts, and all her love. 3. dreidel (dr d l): spinning top played with at Hanukkah. Its four sides display Hebrew letters that stand for A great miracle happened there. 282 Part 1 Collection 8 / Literary Criticism: You Be the Judge

12 Zlateh the Goat Plot Map The plot events in Zlateh the Goat work together to build suspense. Re-create the plot events by filling in the plot map below. Then, use a star to mark the point at which your interest in the story began to increase. Use a question mark to indicate any plot event you thought was contrived, or not believable. Literary Skills Analyze plot; evaluate a plot s credibility. Event 6 Event 5 Event 4 Event 3 Event 2 Event 1 Was the story credible? not credible? Explain. Zlateh the Goat 283

13 Skills Review Zlateh the Goat VOCABULARY AND COMPREHENSION Word Bank penetrated cleft chaos exuded A. Suffixes Write in the blanks the correct words from the Word Bank to complete the paragraph. Then, circle words in the passage that contain suffixes meaning full of and act or condition of. Jan smeared ink on the small (1) block and then pressed the block onto a sheet of paper to make a print. Each print showed the division of the block. Jan was careful to use just enough ink so that it (2) knew there would be (3) the paper but not the table. She, or total confusion, if her mother found a stain on the dining-room table. Finishing her print, Jan (4) pride in her work of art. B. Reading Comprehension Answer each question below. 1. Where is Aaron taking Zlateh? Why? 2. What happens on their journey? 3. What do Aaron and Zlateh do to survive? 4. At the end of the story, what does the family decide to do about Zlateh? Vocabulary Skills Use suffixes. 284 Part 1 Collection 8 / Literary Criticism: You Be the Judge

14 Zlateh the Goat, page 272 Page 274 Details that describe the situation Reuven faces: it was a bad year ; She was old and gave little milk ; the town butcher had offered eight gulden for her. Reuven decides to sell Zlateh so that he can use the money for the family s holiday needs. Page 275 INFER Possible response: Taking the goat to Feyvel means selling her to be butchered. The family is unhappy because they are fond of the goat and know what her fate is going to be. INFER Possible response: Zlateh is patient and goodnatured. She trusts the family. Page 276 VISUALIZE Details include The sun was shining ; A large black cloud with a bluish center appeared in the east and spread itself rapidly over the sky ; A cold wind blew in with it ; it began to hail ; it became dark as dusk ; the hail turned to snow. PREDICT Possible responses: Aaron will turn around and go home; Aaron will get lost in the storm. Aaron would have to answer Zlateh s question by trying to soothe her; he would not have told the truth. We know that they are out in the storm because they are on the way to the butcher. Page 277 PREDICT Possible response: Aaron and Zlateh will not freeze. They will find some protection from the storm. They will survive the storm and continue on with their trip after it has cleared. Page 278 RETELL Possible retelling: Aaron finds a haystack and creates a place inside it for himself and Zlateh. The haystack shelters them from the storm and provides food for Zlateh. Aaron bores a hole through the hay and snow so that they can breathe. The lines that tell about a miracle are He looked at Zlateh and noticed her udders were full. He lay down next to her, placing himself so that when he milked her, he could squirt the milk into his mouth (lines ). Page 279 Ways that Zlateh helps Aaron survive: She provides him with milk; she provides him with warmth; she keeps him company. Ways that Aaron helps Zlateh survive: He digs through the snow to find the hay; he hollows out a shelter for them; he digs a hole through the hay so that they can breathe. FLUENCY Possible things Zlateh means when she says Maaaa : I don t know ; You are right ; At least ; I agree ; Yes. Page 280 Details that describe the ways Zlateh helps Aaron: She fed him with her milk and helped him keep warm. She comforted him with her patience. Page 281 VISUALIZE Details that help readers picture what Aaron experiences: The snow fell for three days ; the snow had stopped ; The sky became clear and the moon shone, casting silvery nets on the snow ; It was all white ; The stars were large and close ; The moon swam in the sky as in a sea. Details that help readers imagine sounds: the wind quieted down ; It was so quiet in the hay that his ears rang in the stillness ; It was all white, quiet. INTERPRET Possible response: Aaron s decision reveals that he is a good, caring person. His experience has changed him because before the storm, he was obedient to his father; after the storm, he learned that he can survive difficult times, he has matured, and he has a mind of his own. Page 282 Zlateh is now a respected and loved part of the family. Details that support that answer: Aaron s sisters kissed and hugged Zlateh and gave her a special treat ; Nobody ever again thought of selling Zlateh ; Zlateh got her portion [of pancakes] ; she often came to the kitchen, knocking on the door with her horns to indicate that she was ready to visit, and she was always admitted ; Zlateh sat near the stove. Answer Key 31

15 Possible Answers to Skills Practice Plot Map (page 283) Event 1: Reuven the furrier decides to sell the family goat, Zlateh, to the butcher for money. The family is sad about this. Event 2: Aaron, Reuven s son, sets off to town with Zlateh. A blizzard suddenly occurs, and Aaron and Zlateh are almost frozen. Event 3: Aaron spots a mound of hay covered by snow, and they are able to take shelter there. Event 4: Aaron and Zlateh stay in the hay mound for days, while the snow continues to fall outside. Aaron lives off Zlateh s milk; Zlateh eats the hay. They become very close. Event 5: Eventually, the snow stops. Aaron and Zlateh leave the hay mound and head home. Aaron has decided not to take Zlateh to town. Event 6: Aaron s family had searched for him and were afraid that they had lost him, so they are very happy to see him again. Aaron tells them how Zlateh saved him with her milk, and the family loves her and never dreams of selling her ever again. Possible responses: The story was credible: Aaron was smart and found a way to save himself and Zlateh during the storm; his love for the animal and the animal s love for him were believable. The story was not credible: No one could live in a haystack with a goat for three days; the story depends on a miracle that probably couldn t happen; the family s fortune changed too rapidly from poverty to being able to get along without selling the goat. Possible Answers to Skills Review Vocabulary and Comprehension (page 284) A. 1. cleft 2. penetrated 3. chaos 4. exuded Circled words: division, careful, confusion B. 1. Aaron is taking Zlateh to town to sell her to the butcher. 2. Aaron and Zlateh get caught in a snowstorm. 3. Aaron and Zlateh take shelter in a haystack. Aaron drinks milk from Zlateh, and Zlateh eats hay. 4. At the end of the story, the family decides to keep Zlateh. Ola and the Grim, page 285 Page 287 Words that tell you this story may be out of the ordinary: or perhaps there was not. EVALUATE Possible response: No, the reactions of the animals are not believable because no human-made sound would affect them this way. The author is exaggerating. Page 288 WORD STUDY The simile is His fiddle sounded like roosters crowing, donkeys braying, oxen bellowing, wagons with axles that needed greasing. PREDICT Responses will vary. Possible response: Yes, the fossegrim will help Ola because he is a master musician and he helped the fiddler. Page 289 EVALUATE Responses will vary. Possible response: The words and actions of Ola s parents do not seem credible. In a real family, the parents would not let their young son go off to the mountains by himself. Words that personify the music: The sweet, mysterious music sang to the waterfall. It danced in the silver spray. Page 290 Similes: green, silky hair, like long threads of algae ; a voice like splashing water. Ola wants very much to learn to play the fiddle. Ola has a problem getting what he wants because the grim wants something of value in exchange for teaching Ola to play. It was like trying to catch fish barehanded. Page 291 It popped and crackled like ice breaking on a pond. 32 The Holt Reader: Teacher s Manual