Four-Room House, Pillared House, and the Search for the Iron Age Israelite House

Transcription

1 대학과선교 제 29 집 : Four-Room House, Pillared House, and the Search for the Iron Age Israelite House 홍국평 ( 연세대학교, 구약학 ) 국문초록 철기시대이스라엘가옥형태에대한논의는 네칸방집 (the four-room house) 과 기둥있는집 (the pillared house) 이라는두가지개념을통해진행되어왔다. 이두개념은서로유사하지만분명한차이를지니고있다. 네칸방집 은평면도에초점을맞추어세개의평행하는방과그옆에덧붙여진뒷방으로구성된구조에초점을맞춘다. 반면 기둥있는집 은 2층구조에더주목하고, 1층은가축들이주로생활하고 2층에사람이거주하는형태의기능에초점을맞춘다. 고고학자들과성서학자들은두개념을모두사용해왔지만, 둘사이에존재하는기능적차이에대해충분히관심을두지않았고, 이에따라이름과실제사이에불필요한혼선이야기되곤하였다. 본고는새로운고고학적발굴을통해고대이스라엘가옥구조에대한발전된이해를제공하는것을목표로하기보다는, 두개념이배태하고있는가옥의기능적차이에초점을맞추어, 이스라엘가옥형태에대한지속된연구과정에서불필요한혼선을방지하고자하고자한다. 이를위해, 최근발표된파우스트와버니모비츠의연구를예로들어, 두개념의차이를분명히사용하지않았을때어떤혼선이일어날수있는지논의한다. 고대이스라엘가옥형태를이해하는것은고고학적으로나성서학적으로큰의미를가지고있다. 이런연구를진행할때, 네칸방집 과 기둥있는집 두개념이

2 118 대학과선교 제 29 집 (2015) 배태하고있는전제와특징에대한면밀한이해는보다발전적인논의의기반이될것이다. 주제어 : 철기시대, 이스라엘가옥, 네칸방집, 기둥있는집

3 Four-Room House, Pillared House, and the Search for the Iron Age Israelite House 홍국평 119 The family house of Ancient Israel, the lowest tier of a three-tiered structure 1) of the Ancient Israel society, received much attention to Syro-palestine archaeologists. Archaeologists discovered a dominant house plan of the Iron Age Israel, which consisted of three elongated rooms and a broad room (or a back room) across the rear of the house. The house constructed over this typical floor plan was called four-room house. 2) Y. Shiloh considered it the Israelite house 3) for its dominance in Israelite territories in the 12 th century BCE to the early 6 th century BCE, a period roughly corresponding to the lifespan of the kingdom of Israel and Judah in the southern Levant. 4) This claim has once been widely accepted by archaeologists. Since a few decades ago, however, several archaeologists became reluctant to use this traditional title of the house of Ancient Israel mainly because not all house plans found in the Iron Age Israel were in fact in the four-room plan but divergent patterns such as three, two, or six room plans have been discovered. 5) Thus, the title four room house does not correctly represent the Israelite house plan and 1) The house of the Yahweh (beth YHWH) and the house of the king (beth hammelek) and the house of the father (beth abh) represented by the Temple, the Palace and the common houses. Philip J. King and Lawrence E. Stager, Life in Biblical Israel (Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox Press, 2001), 4. 2) See, e.g., J. S. Holladay Jr., House, Israelite, The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York: Doubleday, 1992); 임미영, 고대이스라엘가옥구조중 הילע 는무엇인가, 성경원문연문연구 25 (2009), ) Yigal Shiloh, The Four-Room House: Its Situation and Function in the Israelite City, Israel Exploration Journal 20 (1970), ) See, e.g., Holladay Jr., House, Israelite, ) These are considered as subtypes of the four-room house by Shiloh. Shiloh, The Four-Room House, 180ff.

4 120 대학과선교 제 29 집 (2015) could potentially be a misleading title. 6) Several scholars began to use another title, the pillared house etc., focusing not only on the floor plan but also the functional aspect of the building that would have been built above the plan. 7) This new naming has serious implications insofar as the function and structure of the pillared house differs significantly from the more traditional understanding of the four-room house. In this paper, therefore, I will review the theory of behind the four-room house and pillared house, unveiling continuity and difference embedded in the two titles, and demonstrate that both sides have their own strength and weakness. I will also track down whether the difference between two sides are adequately understood and followed up by later scholars, and see how this helps us better understand the reality behind Iron Age Israelite house. I do not pretend to offer a hitherto unknown findings in this paper. The purpose is more modest one to ponder upon and spell out the implications behind the reception of the two titles of ancient Israelite house. 6) George Ernest Wright, A Characteristic North Israelite House, Archaeology in the Levant: Essays for Kathleen Kenyon (Warminster, Eng.: Aris & Phillips, 1978), ) E.g., Volkmar Fritz, Tempel und Zelt : Studien zum Tempelbau in Israel u. zu d. Zeltheiligtum d. Priesterschrift (Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1977), 60 64; Lawrence E Stager, The Archaeology of the Family in Ancient Israel, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 260 (1985), 1 35.

5 Four-Room House, Pillared House, and the Search for the Iron Age Israelite House 홍국평 121 I. The Four-Room House In 1970, Yigal Shiloh, declares In the light of the connection between the distribution of this type and the borders of Israelite settlement, and in the light of its period of use and architectural characteristics, it would seem that the four-room house is an original Israelite concept. 8) Several archaeologists reject this idea because a few four-room houses were found outside Israel. 9) But later Shiloh, despite the existence of four-room house outside Israel, claims that there is no reason that this type of building should not also have been used in non-israelite sites elsewhere during the Iron Age. 10) At any rate, Shiloh reluctantly steps back from his original position and says, we can safely point to the four room house as the Palestinian house type of the Iron Age. 11) Whether it is Israelite house or Palestinian house, it is obvious that the four room houses stand out very distinctively, both because of their plan and because of their location in one clearly defined are in the Levant, while the residential structures from outside Palestine do not display any special plan. 12) The primary feature of the house is, according to Shiloh, the back room the width of the building, with three long rooms stemming for- 8) Shiloh, The Four-Room House, ) E.g., Stager, The Archaeology of the Family in Ancient Israel, 17; Israel Finkelstein, Ethnicity and Origin of the Iron I Settlers in the Highlands of Canaan: Can the Real Israel Stand Up?, Biblical Archaeologist 59 (1996), 204f. 10) Yigal Shiloh, The Casemate Wall, the Four Room House, and Early Planning in the Israelite City, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 268 (1987): 5. 11) Ibid. 12) Ibid.

6 122 대학과선교 제 29 집 (2015) ward from it 13) because the existence of a backroom can best characterize the Israelite or Palestinian four-room house. 14) Consequently, Shiloh does not include some tripartite buildings: the temples that had catalyzed the cultic interpretation to the origin of the four-room house 15) and the store houses that had brought forth the theory of granary origin. Shiloh also points out that the four-room plan is used not only for the private dwelling but also for other purposes 16) such as the administrative-governmental buildings (e.g., buildings of Tell el-far a III and II, the three buildings at Tell en-nasbe and the west tower at Tell Beit Mirsim A) and the monumental buildings (Hazor, Tell el-kheleife, Jericho, Shechem, Tell el-hesi and Tel Gamma). In short, Shiloh s position is grounded firmly on the floor plan, which is almost the sole archaeological evidence preserved to date for the structure of the common house of three thousand years ago. A limitation of this proposition is, as is already indicated above, 17) that 13) Shiloh, The Four-Room House, 180; Shiloh, The Casemate Wall, 4. 14) While Shiloh does not pay much attention as to how these rooms were utilized, including the back room, Herzog proposes that the back room served as the main living and sleeping quarters. Zeev Herzog, Beer-Sheba II: The Early Iron Age Settlements (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 1984), 76. This has been refuted by Holladay who stressed the fact that sometimes (e.g., Beer-Sheba House 75) the width of a backroom is as narrow as 1.1m. Holladay, House, Israelite, ) E.g., H. Thiersch, Ein Altmediterraner Tempeltyp., Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 50 (1932), 73 86; Walter Andrae, Das Gotteshaus und die Urformen des Bauens im alten Orient (Berlin: HSchoetz, 1930); G. R. H. Wright, Temples at Shechem, Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 80 (1968), ) Shiloh, The Four-Room House, ) E.g., Wright, A Characteristic North Israelite House, 151.

7 Four-Room House, Pillared House, and the Search for the Iron Age Israelite House 홍국평 123 this title can be misleading insofar as two and three-room variants exist. 18) Thus, Shiloh always had to employ an extended y title the four-room house and its subtypes. But even the extended title, the four-room house and its subtypes is not enough to include all the various house plans found in Israelite territories. Braemer categorizes the various plans found in Israel into fifteen different types. 19) Moreover, sometimes, the broadroom, the primary feature of Shiloh s four-room house, is lacking (e.g., IB1, IIA1, IIA2, IIA3 according to Braemer s categorization). The focus on the floor plan translates into a relative paucity of attention given to the functional features of the building built upon the plan other than that of the broad room. II. The Pillared House Lawrence Stager, following his teacher G. E. Wright, provides a different idea of the private domain of the Iron Age Israel, focusing on the functional aspects of the house by his synthesis of the scattered evidence available from the recent archaeological discoveries. His primary concern is in what kind of place the Ancient Israelites dwelled and how it functioned in its own circumstances. The two-story house that has been presenting in Semitic Museum of 18) Cf. Avraham Faust and Shelomoh Bunimovitz, The Four Room House: Embodying Iron Age Israelite Society, Near Eastern Archaeology 66 (2003), 23; Holladay, House, Israelite, 311. Cf. HOU.01, HOU.02, 313 Fig., HOU ) François Braemer, L architecture domestique du Levant à l age du fer, Protohistoire du Levant (Paris: Editions Recherche sur les civilisations, 1982), 43.

8 124 대학과선교 제 29 집 (2015) Harvard University is an outcome of such efforts to reconstruct the typical Israelite house. On the ground floor of this small homes of farmers and herders 20) is a domestic stable where small animals such as sheep and goats could sleep at night providing an effective, if malodorous, heating system 21) and on the second floor is a dwelling place of the family. 22) For him this type of house was first and foremost a successful adaptation to farm life. 23) 1. Domestic Stable Stager thinks small animals occupied either side, or both, of the three elongated rooms, most likely where pillars support the ceiling, based on following reasons. (1) The piers or pillars of the houses at Ai at a height of ca. 1.60m above the floor, which, Stager thinks, would have been a constant headache to inhabitants. 24) (2) Small arched passageways found at Ai, no more than 0.80m high and wide, which led into the side rooms seems to have been the doorways for smaller animals. 25) (3) The side rooms lack hearths, ovens, or cis- 20) Stager, The Archaeology of the Family in Ancient Israel, ) Ibid. 22) One may recognize Wright s influence on Stager. Although Wright did not use the term pillared house, it was he who indicated the name four-room house is improper due to the existence of variants. Wright, A Characteristic North Israelite House, 151. Wright also proposed that the first floor of the house was domestic stable and recognized the need for a second floor as a dwelling space, although he did not think of the complete second floor but rested with the open central courtyard, which was widely assumed at his time. 23) Stager, The Archaeology of the Family in Ancient Israel, ) Ibid., ) Ibid., 12.

9 Four-Room House, Pillared House, and the Search for the Iron Age Israelite House 홍국평 125 terns; not plastered but usually paved with flagstones. 26) (4) The mangers were built into the cobbled stylobate between pillars. 27) These are quite compelling evidence for the existence of the stable at least some of the houses, especially the rural ones, although we would hesitate to say that all the Israelite houses of Iron Age, including the urban ones had such stables. 2. Complete Upper Floor While most scholars considered the central room as an open courtyard around which were three side rooms, either one or two stories high 28), Stager insists the existence of the complete upper floor based on following reasons. 29) (1) During the cold and rainy season the central open courtyard would have been slippery, thus, unusable. (2) Had the ground floor been occupied by livestock, the four-room house without a second floor, or even the two story side rooms with an open courtyard, would have been too crowded for an average-sized family. (3) The width of the stone walls and pillars are strong enough to carry an upper story. (4) Stone stairs were preserved in some cases. (5) The width of courtyards is ca m; technically there is no reason it should not be roofed, particularly when timbers, easily reaching heights of 10m, are readily available in the forests of the highlands. 26) Ibid. 27) Ibid. 28) E.g., Wright, A Characteristic North Israelite House, ) Stager, The Archaeology of the Family in Ancient Israel, 15.

10 126 대학과선교 제 29 집 (2015) The concept of the upper floor is bolstered by Holladay, 30) who borrows from recent ethnoarchaeological studies to obtain a more concrete idea of how much space a typical nuclear family usually occupies in rural circumstances similar to that of Ancient Israel. After a thorough examination, Holladay concludes that only with complete upper story, the living space of an Ancient Israelite house (in his case, Beer-sheba House 75) matches that of villages of middle east. 31) Moreover, a recent archaeological report of a pillared house from Tall Al- Umayri with a careful reconstruction of the four-room house with an upper floor solidifies the idea of the two-story building. 32) The potential upshot of Stager s theory is clear. He revitalizes the Ancient Israelite house in its full shape and function, the archaeological discussion of which previously was limited only to its floor plan. With his reconstruction we now can picture the Ancient Israelite private dwelling place in a vivid fashion more than ever. Furthermore, his functional explanation of this house enhances our understanding of how this house functioned in the highlands of Palestine as a home of farmers and herders. However, while his reconstruction deserves credit, yet his is also questionable whether his reconstruction can be universally applied to 30) Larry G. Herr, Douglas R. Clark, and Warren C. Trenchard, Madaba Plains Project: Tall Al- Umayri, 2000, Andrews University Seminary Studies 40 (2002), ; Douglas R. Clark, Bricks, Sweat and Tears: The Human Investment in Constructing a Four-Room House, Near Eastern Archaeology 66 (2003), ) J. S. Holladay Jr., House, Israelite, The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 315f. 32) Herr, Clark, and Trenchard, Madaba Plains Project, 120, Fig. 10.

11 Four-Room House, Pillared House, and the Search for the Iron Age Israelite House 홍국평 127 all the houses of Iron Age Israel. Stager calls his reconstructed house the typical Israelite house in the Iron Age 33), but in my judgment, it is safer to call it a typical rural house of the Iron Age insofar as most of his data are rooted in rural sites such as Ai and Raddana. His reconstruction of pillared house is also pictured against agricultural milieu. An urban Israelite house at the time might not share the exact structural and functional features of the reconstructed pillared house, especially the existence of the domestic stable, assuming not all urban families bred animals. Even in rural situation, individual house can vary according to the purpose and depend on the economic capability of the family. 34) All in all, the main features of the pillared house is not the floor plan but the functionality of the two story building built upon the foundation. While floor plan is the foundation of understanding the structure of the house, the focus is more given to reconstructing the entire building. Pillared house thus highlights its two-story structure, buttressed by pillars, as well as the existence of the domestic stable, the mangles of which were usually built and placed between the 33) King and Stager, Life in Biblical Israel, ) For example, recently Bietak claimed to discover an Israelite four-room hut in a site of Medinet Habu of Egypt. Manfred Bietak, Israelites Found in Egypt: Four-Room House Identified in Medinet Habu, Biblical Archaeology Review 29 (2003), 41. He argues that it was a house for the workers who appear to be hired to demolish the temple just beside the hut. If so, would this poor hut, dwelled by foreign workers, have had a second floor and a domestic stable? The ground structure seems to be too weak to carry an upper floor, and the life of the dwellers does not seem to need animals inside the house. Admittedly, this is an extreme case, but my point is that not all house in four-room plan would have had to be a two-story building with a stable on its first floor.

12 128 대학과선교 제 29 집 (2015) pillars. Yet, I must say that this title pillared house is, again, too general. Does Stager want to include all the buildings with pillars as the typical house of Israel? 35) For example, what about bīt hilāni and the tripartite store houses that are well-known for their use of numerous pillars but lacking the broad room a primary feature of the four-room house plan all together? Conversely, what about the roofed or two-story buildings in four-room plan that have only walls but lack any pillar? Does the lack of pillars exclude the house from being the Israelite house? III. Implications to the Search for the Israelite House Thus far we have seen that both sides have their strength and weakness explaining the nature of the dominant Israelite house type. Perhaps it is fair to say that neither one is enough to replace the other side at least at this point. Now it became clear that these two names imply different substrata, with two different foci. The four-room house focuses on the floor plan and the function of the broad room, while the pillared house focuses on the entire structure as a two-story 35) Shiloh explicates his position in his final article that was published just before his death in 1987 and criticizes the position of those who promote the concept of pillared house. His argument seconds his earlier point that the main feature of Israelite houses is not the pillars and the two story structure but the floor plan. Shiloh, The Casemate Wall, 4.

13 Four-Room House, Pillared House, and the Search for the Iron Age Israelite House 홍국평 129 building with a stable in the ground floor. Being so different their image and conception of this ancient house form, sometimes, it almost seems that they are using different languages that one cannot understand the other. Today, Stager s theory appears to be receiving increasingly more scholarly support. Interestingly, however, the traditional term four-room house continually enjoys its authoritative position. Even scholars like Holladay who backs up Stager s position keeps the traditional four-room house. But, sometimes, this can only make the situation worse. For instance, Clark published a few articles regarding the excavation of Tall al- Umayri where a two-story four-room house was discovered. Clark calls it pillared building in the first publication; 36) but, strange as it is, four-room house is employed in the next one. 37) A glaring example of such confusion is found from a recent study published by A. Faust and S. Bunimovitz. 38) The academic tool Faust and Bunimovitz is equipped with is sociology. As most sociologically oriented studies are, this one too is exciting to read and helpful to broaden our perspectives to the active and dynamic dimension of human society. Their effort to decipher the social aspects embedded in the four-room plan is tempting and persuasive in many ways. Faust and Bunimovitz start with asking questions about the unparalleled 36) Douglas R. Clark, Early Iron I Pillared Building at Tall Al-ʻUmayri, Biblical Archaeologist 59 (1996), ) Clark, Bricks, Sweat and Tears, ) Faust and Bunimovitz, The Four Room House, 22-31

14 130 대학과선교 제 29 집 (2015) predominance of the four-room house throughout the Iron Age and its sudden and complete disappearance at the end of the Iron Age. 39) Then they review two previous explanations, the ethnic explanation of Y. Shiloh and the functional explanation of L. Stager only to highlight their incapability to answer their questions. They refuse Shiloh s opinion, because of the existence of a few four-room houses outside Israelite borders, as other scholars do. Regarding Stager s position, while they appreciate his functional explanation, they claim, yet it falls short of conveying the full story of the structure s exceptional dominance as an architectural form during the Iron Age, and beyond that, as a cultural phenomenon. There were houses typical of other periods that functioned well, but non of them achieved such a dominant position no functional explanation can account for the house s sudden loss of popularity. If the house was so suitable for peasant life in the Iron Age, why did the peasants living in the New-Babylonian and Persian periods stop employing it? 40) This in fact is a compelling argument in that it appears to be difficult for Stager or any other to explain the sudden disappearance of the house. Now they set forth their explanation; namely the social aspects of the four-room house. 41) In the heart of their argument is the access analysis, a way of examining the floor plan, which is usually em- 39) Ibid., ) Ibid., ) Ibid., 25ff.

15 Four-Room House, Pillared House, and the Search for the Iron Age Israelite House 홍국평 131 ployed in comparative anthropological studies regarding house and households. 42) Unlike a typical Canaanite-Phoenician house of the same period, in which some rooms could be entered only by passing through other rooms, revealing a hierarchy of access 43), Faust and Bunimovitz think that in the four-room house all the inner rooms are directly accessible from the house s central space. 44) They think this suggests there was no status hierarchy built into the house s plan and thus that the four-room house reflects an egalitarian ideology. 45) Based on this access analysis and other sociological observations Faust and Bunimovitz argue that the four-room houses clearly participate in a non-verbal communication that reveals the non-hierarchical configuration and the democratic or egalitarian ethos of Ancient Israel. 46) If this four-room plan indeed was a crystallization of Israelite egalitarian ethos that is not shared by the neighboring countries, this explanation appears to be capable to answer the questions laid down earlier by the authors. There are two major problems of their argument. First one is more general and the second one is more specific, closely related to the present paper. First, Faust and Bunimovitz s explanation that the sudden disappearance of the four-room house resulted from the evapo- 42) E.g., Bill Hillier, The Social Logic of Space (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); see also Richard E. Blanton, Houses and Households: A Comparative Study, Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology (New York: Plenum Press, 1994), ) Faust and Bunimovitz, The Four Room House, ) Ibid. 45) Ibid. 46) Ibid.

16 132 대학과선교 제 29 집 (2015) ration of the egalitarian ethos of Israel following the fall of the kingdom of Judah can be poorly supported. If such egalitarian ethos existed at all, we should first track down when it would have culminated in the history of Israel. Obviously, Faust and Bunimovitz assume that the democratic ethos climaxed during the monarchic period. But this appears to merely assume Wellhausen s evolutionary view of the religion of Ancient Israel. Does it necessarily true? In fact, the exilic and post exilic period are more frequently considered as a nascent period of the Israelite religion, social structure and even ethnic identity. Most of the Hebrew Bible was known to be written or collected in this period and the seeds of the Judaism also was formed in this period. The fall of the kingdom of Israel and Judah, being huge impact on the people of Israel, seems to have awaken once forgotten or lost spirit of being the true Israel, the people of YHWH. If so, it is unlikely that the Jews of diaspora simply lost the egalitarian ethos because of the fall of the kingdom. Rather, after the fall of the kingdom, would the democratic ethos not be more thriving because of the vanishing of the kingship, the highest position of the political hierarchy of the monarchic period? Second and more related to our discussion, Faust and Bunimovitz s access analysis, the core of their argument is sorely based on the four-room plan of the ground level, assuming that its ground floor was occupied and dwelled by the family members. In doing so, they neglects the functional aspect of the pillared house, in which the household members are envisioned to dwell mainly in the

17 Four-Room House, Pillared House, and the Search for the Iron Age Israelite House 홍국평 133 second floor, leaving their sociological theory entirely at odds with the notion of the pillared house. IV. Conclusion We have examined the implications behind the two titles of the Ancient Israelite houses and the problem brought forth by the lack of proper understanding of those implications. I attempted to clarify that these two titles signify more than a mere name change but they betray differences in understanding the structure and function of the ancient Israelite house. Many times such differences have not been properly noted. Focusing on only one of the titles will result in confusion in understanding the nature of ancient Israelite house. When we choose to use either of the two titles, we should make it clear why we choose it and be keenly aware of the assumptions that are carried along by it. While the search for Iron Age Israelite house will continue, it has to consider both aspects that are included in the notions four-room house and pillared house. Proper use of the titles and correct understanding of different positions will bring us closer to get to the closer understanding of the Israelite house. Hopefully, we will reach at a clearer understanding on the nature of the Ancient Israelite house. Until then, our task is to constantly be ware of the difference between various terms used in the field and to strive for maintaining a clearer understanding of divergent notions.

18 134 대학과선교 제 29 집 (2015) 참고문헌 임미영. 고대이스라엘가옥구조중 는הילע무엇인가. 성경원문연문연구 25 (2009), Andrae, Walter. Das Gotteshaus und die Urformen des Bauens im alten Orient. Berlin: HSchoetz, Bietak, Manfred. Israelites Found in Egypt: Four-Room House Identified in Medinet Habu. Biblical Archaeology Review 29 (2003), 40-49, Blanton, Richard E. Houses and Households: A Comparative Study. Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology. New York: Plenum Press, Braemer, François. L architecture domestique du Levant à l age du fer. Protohistoire du Levant. Paris: Editions Recherche sur les civilisations, Clark, Douglas R. Bricks, Sweat and Tears: The Human Investment in Constructing a Four-Room House. Near Eastern Archaeology 66 (2003), Early Iron I Pillared Building at Tall Al-ʻUmayri. Biblical Archaeologist 59 (1996), 241. Faust, Avraham and Shelomoh Bunimovitz. The Four Room House: Embodying Iron Age Israelite Society. Near Eastern Archaeology 66 (2003), Finkelstein, Israel. Ethnicity and Origin of the Iron I Settlers in the Highlands of Canaan: Can the Real Israel Stand Up? Biblical Archaeologist 59 (1996), Fritz, Volkmar. Tempel und Zelt : Studien zum Tempelbau in Israel u. zu d. Zeltheiligtum d. Priesterschrift. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, Herr, Larry G., Douglas R. Clark and Warren C. Trenchard. Madaba Plains Project: Tall Al- Umayri, Andrews University Seminary Studies 40 (2002), Herzog, Zeev. Beer-Sheba II: The Early Iron Age Settlements. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, Hillier, Bill. The Social Logic of Space. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Holladay, J. S., Jr. House, Israelite. The Anchor Bible Dictionary. New York: Doubleday, 1992.

19 Four-Room House, Pillared House, and the Search for the Iron Age Israelite House 홍국평 135 King, Philip J., and Lawrence E. Stager. Life in Biblical Israel. Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox Press, Shiloh, Yigal. The Casemate Wall, the Four Room House, and Early Planning in the Israelite City. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 268 (1987), The Four-Room House: Its Situation and Function in the Israelite City. Israel Exploration Journal 20 (1970), Stager, Lawrence E. The Archaeology of the Family in Ancient Israel. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 260 (1985), Thiersch, H. Ein Altmediterraner Tempeltyp. Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 50 (1932), Wright, George Ernest. A Characteristic North Israelite House. Archaeology in the Levant: Essays for Kathleen Kenyon. Warminster, Eng.: Aris & Phillips, 1978, Wright, G. R. H. Temples at Shechem. Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 80 (1968), 1 35.

20 136 대학과선교 제 29 집 (2015) ABSTRACT Four-Room House, Pillared House, and the Search for the Iron Age Israelite House HONG, Koog-Pyoung (Assistant Professor, Yonsei University) The Iron Age Israelite House has been called by two titles, the four-room house and the pillared house. These two notions have been used alternatively by archaeologists and biblical scholars. However, there are serious differences between the two. The four-room house is a concept rooted almost exclusively in the ground plan of the house, whereas the pillared house highlights the functionality of the two story house built upon the plan. This study highlights the implications behind the differences between the two notions and thus attempts to minimize unnecessary confusion in the continued search for the Iron Age Israelite house. Key Words: Iron age, Israelite house, four-room house, pillared house 논문접수일 : 논문심사일 : 게재확정일 :