Trust, Shared Practice and Respecting Others

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1 Trust, Shared Practice and Respecting Others Rabbi Ethan Tucker I. Can you trust those who disagree with you? ספר אור זרוע חלק א - הלכות יבום וקידושין סימן תרג פשיטא לי אדם שאסר עצמו בדבר המותר לו ואחרים יודעים שהחמיר על עצמו אף על פי שידע שהוא היתר אלא שהדיר עצמו. פשיטא לי שסומך על אחרים ואין לחוש שמא יאכילהו כמו שנזיר אוכל בבית ישראל ולא חיישי' שמא שם בו ישראל יין באותו מאכל דלא עבר משום לפני עור לא תתן מכשול וכן ישראל בבית כהן ל"ח שמא יאכילנו תרומה. אלא בהא נסתפקתי...ראובן שפירש עצמו ממאכלים מחמת שנראה לו שאלו המאכלים אסורים לו. ושמעון נוהג בהם היתר גמור ונראה לו שראובן טועה בדבר לגמרי אם יכול ראובן לאכול בבית שמעון מי אמרי' הואיל ששמעון תופס את ראובן טועה. גם ראובן עצמו אם הי' יודע שהוא מותר היה אוכל אלא שמחמת טעותו מניח. הרי יש לחוש לראובן שמא שמעון יאכילנו וה"ל לגבי' דידי' כמו אסור דתנן פ' עד כמה החשוד על הדבר לא דנו ולא מעידו או דילמא לא ספי אינש לחברי' מידי דלא (סבירא) [כשירה] ליה. ויש לדקדק מההיא דאפליגו רב ושמואל דרב אמר לא עשו ב"ש כדבריהם. ושמואל אמר עשו כדבריהם. ואסקינן דעשו ב"ש כדבריהם. והאי דלא נמנעו ב"ה מב"ש משום דמודעו להו ופרשי אלמא שסומך עליו ולא חיישינן דילמא ספי לי': Or Zarua I:603, R, Yitzhak b. Moshe, Vienna, 13th c. Consider the case of a person who voluntarily forbids himself from eating something permitted to him and others know that he is stringent about this food that is permitted to him. It is obvious to me that he can rely on others and need not worry that they might feed it to him, as is the case with a Nazirite who can eat in a Jewish home without worry that the Jew will put wine in the food, because the host will not violate the prohibition on placing a stumbling block before the blind. Similarly, a Yisrael can eat in the house of a Kohen and need not fear that he will be fed terumah [which is forbidden to non-priests]. But here is what I am unsure about Consider a case where Reuven refrains from eating certain foods because he believes they are forbidden to him, while Shimon eats those foods freely, and he thinks Reuven is totally mistaken to forbid them. Can Reuven eat in Shimon s house? Do we say that since 1) Shimon thinks Reuven is in error and 2) even Reuven would eat these foods were he to believe he was permitted to and only refrains on account of his 1

2 (mistaken) religious judgment, we should worry that Shimon will feed the forbidden foods to Reuven? Is Shimon s food considered forbidden from Reuven s frame of reference, in keeping with the Mishnah s principle that One who is suspect with respect to a matter may not judge or give testimony about that matter? Alternatively, perhaps we say that a person does not feed his friend something that is unfit for him. A close reading [of the Talmud] can give us an answer. Rav and Shmuel argued about whether Beit Shammai actually put their opinions into practice. Our conclusion is that Beit Shammai indeed put their opinions into practice and the reason Beit Hillel did not refrain from marrying women from Beit Shammai is because Beit Shammai told Beit Hillel which women were problematic [according to the latter s standards] so that they could separate from them. Therefore, we see that he can rely on his host and we do not worry that he may feed the guest the food he considers forbidden. שולחן ערוך יורה דעה קיט:ז מי שנוהג באיזה דבר איסור מכח שסובר שדינא הוא הכי, או מכח חומרא שהחמיר על עצמו, מותר לאכול עם אחרים שנוהגין בו היתר, דודאי לא יאכילוהו דבר שהוא נוהג בו איסור Shulhan Arukh Yoreh De ah 119:7 One who treats something as forbidden, whether because he thinks the law is such or on account of a stringency he takes upon himself, may eat with others who permit it, for they will certainly not feed him something that he treats as forbidden. תלמוד בבלי סוכה י: אתמר, נויי סוכה המופלגין ממנה ארבעה. רב נחמן אמר: כשרה, רב חסדא ורבה בר רב הונא אמרי: פסולה. רב חסדא ורבה בר רב הונא איקלעו לבי ריש גלותא, אגנינהו רב נחמן בסוכה שנוייה מופלגין ממנה ארבעה טפחים, אשתיקו ולא אמרו ליה ולא מידי. אמר להו: הדור בהו רבנן משמעתייהו? - אמרו ליה: אנן שלוחי מצוה אנן ופטורין מן הסוכה. Talmud Bavli Sukkah 10b If a sukkah has decorations that descend more than four tefahim from the s khakh: R. Nahman says: It is valid; R. Hisda and Rabbah b. R. Huna say: It is invalid. R. Hisda and Rabbah b. Rav Huna were visiting the home of the Exilarch and R. Nahman arranged for them to sleep in a sukkah whose decorations descended more than four tefahim from the s khakh. They were silent and said nothing to him. He said to them: Have the rabbis reversed their teaching? They said to him: We are on a mitzvah mission and are exempt from the sukkah. 2

3 חידושי הריטב"א מסכת סוכה דף י עמוד ב פי' ואף על גב דאכתי לא ידע ר"נ דהדרו משמעתייהו או דהוו שלוחי מצוה, אגנינהו לפום דעתיה ולא חש דהוי חתיכא דאיסורא לדידהו ויתבי בסוכה פסולה ומברכי התם שלא כראוי והוה כנותן מכשול לפני פקח, יש אומרים דמהא שמעינן שהמאכיל לחבירו מה שהוא מותר לו לפי דעתו אין בזה משום לפני עור לא תתן מכשול, ואף על פי שיודע בחברו שהוא אסור לו לפי דעתו וחבירו בעל הוראה, שהמאכיל היה גם כן ראוי להוראה וסומך על דעתו להאכיל לעצמו ולאחרים לפי דעתו, ונ"ל דהכא דוקא מפני שהאיסור ניכר לחברו ואי לא סבירא ליה לא ליכול הא בשאינו ניכר לחבירו לא... Ritva Sukkah 10b, R. Yom Tov b. Avraham, Seville, 13th-14th c. Even though R. Nahman did not yet know if they had reversed their teaching or if they were on a mitzvah mission, he arranged for them to sleep in conditions that accorded with his own position and was unconcerned that this would be forbidden for them and they would be inappropriately sitting in an invalid sukkah and making blessings. He was placing a stumbling block before one who sees! Some say that we learn from here that when one feeds something he considers appropriate to his friend, there is no violation of placing a stumbling block before the blind. This is true even if he knows that his friend considers it forbidden according to his own view and his friend is capable of issuing legal rulings, because the one feeding the food is also capable of issuing a legal ruling and relies on his own position to feed both himself and others. It seems to me that [it is permitted for the host to serve something his guest considers forbidden] specifically in this case becase the prohibition is apparent to his friend, such that if he does not agree [with the host s position], he need not eat it. But in a case where his friend cannot detect the prohibition, it is forbidden. שו"ת בנין ציון סימן סב... אמנם על הראי' שהביא הא"ז לענ"ד יש להשיב דדילמא ב"ה בקשו מב"ש שיודיעו להם ואז ודאי היו יכולים לסמוך עליהם בלא חשש דילמא ספי להו איסורא דשארית ישראל לא ידבר כזב וכש"כ הגדולים אבל אכתי לא מוכח שגם אם לא ביקש ממנו כן שאסור ליתן לו: 3

4 ... ולכן בנתארח האוסר אצל המתיר שהוא בעל הוראה אם יכול לסמוך עליו שלא יאכילנו מה דלא ס"ל אף דהא"ז מתיר מכ"מ לפי מה שכתבתי שאין ראי' מהא דלא נמנעו ב"ה מב"ש דדלמא בקשו מהם שיודעיו להם ולכן לענ"ד לא יסמוך עליו בסתם אלא ישאלנו בכל מקום שיש אצלו ספק ורק באי אפשר לשאלו יש לסמוך על פסק הא"ז כנלענ"ד הקטן יעקב. Responsa Binyan Tziyyon #62, R. Ya akov Ettlinger, Germany 19th c. In my humble opinion, one can deflect the proof cited by the Or Zarua. Perhaps Beit Hillel requested that Beit Shammai inform them [which of Beit Shammai s foods met Beit Hillel s standards of purity] and at that point they could rely on them witout any concern that they might feed them something prohibited, for Jews will not lie, especially their religious leaders. But it would still not be clear that it would have been forbidden for Beit Shammai to give them something Beit Hillel considered forbidden had the latter not asked them not to. Therefore, when one who forbids something is a guest of one who permits it, and the host is capable of issuing legal rulings, even though the Or Zarua permits the guest to rely on the host not to feed him something forbidden, nonetheless, according to what I have written one should not simply rely on the host, but should ask him about anything where the guest has a doubt. Only when one cannot ask him should one rely on the ruling of the Or Zarua II. When can t observant people be Samaritans /כותים? trusted משנה נדה ז:ה נאמנים [הכותים] לומר קברנו שם את הנפלים או לא קברנו נאמנים לומר על הבהמה אם בכרה אם לא בכרה נאמנים על ציון קברות ואין נאמנין לא על הסככות ולא על הפרעות ולא על הבית הפרס זה הכלל דבר שחשודין בו אין נאמנים עליו: Mishnah Niddah 7:5 Samaritans are reliable when they say, We buried our aborted fetuses there, or We did not. They are reliable when they report than an animal has already given birth and when it has not. Their reports on the marking of graves are reliable, but their reports regarding overhangings over graves or on plowed fields that once contained graves are not. This is the rule: They are not reliable about anything they are suspected of [violating]. 4

5 תלמוד בבלי נדה נז. נאמנים לומר קברנו והא לית להו ולפני עור לא תתן מכשול, א"ר אבהו: בכהן עומד שם. ודילמא כהן טמא הוא? דנקיט תרומה בידיה. ודילמא תרומה טמאה היא? דקאכיל מינה. אי הכי - מאי למימרא? מהו דתימא: לא בקיאי ביצירה, קמ"ל. נאמנין על הבהמה וכו'. והא לית להו ולפני עור לא תתן מכשול א"ר חייא בר אבא א"ר יוחנן: בגוזז ועובד. אי הכי - מאי למימרא? מהו דתימא: לא בקיאי בטינוף, קמ"ל. Talmud Bavli Niddah 57a Samaritans are reliable when they say, We buried our aborted fetuses there But they do not have the principle of not placing a stumbling block before the blind [i.e. its rabbinic interpretation that one is forbidden to lead others astray]! Said R. Abahu: [The Mishnah s trust applies] when a kohen is standing in that place. But maybe the kohen is impure! [The Mishnah s trust applies] when he is holding terumah. But maybe the terumah is impure! [The Mishnah s trust applies] when he is eating it. If [all those conditions are necessary], then what is the point of teaching this? You might have thought that they are not knowledgeable enough to determine when a fetus has reached 40 days such that it has impurity. The Mishnah comes to teach you otherwise. They are reliable when they report than an animal has already given birth and when it has not. But they do not have the principle of not placing a stumbling block before the blind! Said R. Hiyya b. Abba said R. Yohanan: When he is shearing and working the animal [he claims is not a firstborn]. If that condition is necessary, then what is the point of teaching this? You might have thought that they are not knowledgeable enough to determine when the animal s discharge of blood is actual evidence of a prior birth. The Mishnah comes to teach you otherwise. 5

6 III. When can non-observant people be trusted? A. Is lack of trust about observance comprehensive? משנה בכורות ד:י החשוד על השביעית אינו חשוד על המעשרות החשוד על המעשרות אינו חשוד על השביעית החשוד על זה ועל זה חשוד על הטהרות ויש שהוא חשוד על הטהרות ואינו חשוד לא על זה ולא על זה זה הכלל כל החשוד על הדבר לא דנו ולא מעידו: Mishnah Bekhorot 4:10 One who is suspect regarding Shemittah produce is not suspect regarding tithes. One who is suspect regarding tithes is not suspect regarding Shemittah produce. One who is suspect regarding either of these is also suspect regarding matters of purity. But there are some who are suspect regarding matters of purity who are not suspect regarding either Shemittah produce or tithes. This is the general rule: One who is suspect regarding a certain matter may neither judge nor testify about that matter. תלמוד בבלי בכורות ל.-ל: החשוד על השביעית. מאי טעמא? שביעית לא בעיא חומה, מעשר כיון דבעי חומה - חמיר ליה. החשוד על המעשר. מאי טעמא? מעשר אית ליה פדיון, שביעית כיון דקא מיתסרא ליה, ולית ליה פדיון - חמירא ליה. החשוד על זה ועל זה. כיון דחשיד אדאורייתא כ"ש אדרבנן. ויש חשוד על הטהרות. מאי טעמא? נהי אדרבנן חשיד - אדאורייתא לא חשיד... אמר רבה בר בר חנה אמר רבי יוחנן: זו דברי ר' עקיבא סתימתאה, אבל חכמים אומרים חשוד על השביעית - חשוד על המעשר. מאן חכמים? רבי יהודה, דבאתריה דר' יהודה שביעית חמירא להו, דההוא דהוה קרי ליה לחבריה: דיירא בר דיירתא, א"ל: תיתי לי, דלא אכלי פירות שביעית כוותך. Talmud Bavli Bekhorot 30a-30b One who is suspect regarding Shemittah produce is not suspect regarding tithes. Why? Shemittah produce need not be consumed within the walls of Jerusalem, whereas ma aser [sheni] must, therefore he considers tithes to be more stringent. One who is suspect regarding tithes is not suspect regarding Shemittah produce. Why? Ma aser [sheni] can be redeemend, whereas Shemittah produce cannot, therefore he considers Shemittah produce to be more stringent. One who is suspect regarding either of these is also suspect regarding matters of purity. Why? Since he is 6

7 suspect with regard to a biblical prohibition, he is certainly suspect with regard to a rabbinic one. But there are some who are suspect regarding matters of purity who are not suspect regarding either Shemittah produce or tithes. Why? Just because he is suspect with regard to a rabbinic prohibition does not mean he is suspect with regard to a biblical one Said Rabbah bar bar Hannah said R. Yohanan: [The Mishnah s rulings] are the anonymous citation of words of R. Akiva, but the Sages say that one who is suspect with regard to Shemittah produce is also suspect with regard to tithes. Who are the Sages? R. Yehudah, because where R. Yehudah lived, they treated Shemittah produce more seriously, as in the case of a man who was name-calling his friend Male convert son of a female convert! He responded: At least I get credit for not eating Shemittah produce like you do! רא"ש בכורות ה:ח וחמור וקל דקאמרינן לא שזה לאו וזה עשה. אלא האי הוא דחמיר לאינשי וזהירי ביה והאי לא זהירי ביה ובהאי גוונא הוא דמחזקינן ליה כחשוד מזו לזו ולא דחומרא וקולא דעבירה עצמה Rosh Bekhorot 5:8, R Asher b. Yehiel, Germany/Spain, 13th-14th c. When we speak of more severe and less severe, we do not mean that one is a violation of a negative commandment and that one is only an implicit failure to affirm a positive commandment. Rather, that one is socially treated more severely and people are careful about it, whereas the other prohibition they are not careful about. In that sort of case, we assume that a person that is suspect in the more severe category is suspect with respect to the less severe category. It is not abou the intrinsic greater or lesser severity of the violation. תלמוד בבלי חולין ד. אמר רבא: ישראל מומר אוכל נבילות לתיאבון, בודק סכין ונותן לו, ומותר לאכול משחיטתו. מאי טעמא? כיון דאיכא התירא ואיסורא, לא שביק התירא ואכיל איסורא. אי הכי, כי לא בדק נמי! מיטרח לא טרח... לימא מסייע ליה: הכל שוחטין, ואפילו כותי ואפילו ערל ואפילו ישראל מומר; האי ערל ה"ד? אילימא מתו אחיו מחמת מילה, האי ישראל מעליא הוא! אלא פשיטא מומר לערלות, וקא סבר: מומר לדבר אחד לא הוי מומר לכל התורה כולה; אימא סיפא: ואפילו ישראל מומר, האי מומר ה"ד? אי מומר לדבר אחר, היינו מומר לערלות! אלא לאו מומר לאותו דבר, וכדרבא... 7

8 Talmud Bavli Hullin 4a Said Rava: One may eat meat slaughtered by a Jew of deviant practice, who eats improperly slaughtered meat because he desires it, provided one checks the slaughtering knife and then gives it to him. Why? When both permitted and forbidden things are available, he will not choose the forbidden over the permitted. If so, shouldn t it be permitted to eat his slaughter even without checking the knife? He will not make the effort to check it The following text seems to support this position: All can slaughter, even a Samaritan, even an uncircumcised Jew, and even a Jew of deviant practice. What sort of uncircumcised view is spoken of here? If it is a man whose brothers died from being circumcised, then he is a perfectly valid Jew! Rather, it clearly must refer to someone who is deviant in not circumcising himself, and this text holds that one who is deviant in one area is not presumed to be deviant in all areas. But then, consider the end of this text, which validates even a Jew of deviant practice. What sort of person does this refer to? If we are dealing with someone deviant in one specific area, that would then be the same as a the case of someone deviant with respect to circumcision [which was already covered earlier]! Rather, it must be deviance with respect to slaughter, in keeping with Rava s ruling, that such a person s meat may be eaten שו"ת הרשב"א חלק א סימן סד...גם מה שאמרת החשוד על דבר קל אם חשוד על החמור. אפילו על הקל ממנו אינו חשוד. דמומר לערלות החמור אינו מומר אצל שחיטה. ולא אמרו מומר לדבר אחר מומר לכל התורה כולה אלא במומר לנסך את היין וחלל שבתות בפרהסיא וכדאיתא בפרק קמא דחולין (דף ה). ומכל מקום במה שנחשד הרי אנו רואין אותו כמומר גמור לאותו דבר... Responsa Rashba I:64, R. Shlomo b. Avraham Adret, Spain, 13th-14th c. With respect to what you said that someone suspect with regard to a light prohibition is suspect with regard to a more severe one. He is not even suspect with regard to a less severe prohibition: one who is deviant with respect to circumcision is not presumed to be deviant with respect to slaughter!... Nonetheless, with respect to the area in which he is suspect, he is considered completely deviant בית יוסף יורה דעה סימן קיט ועל מה שכתב אפילו על הקל ממנו אינו חשוד קשה לי מדתנן בפרק עד כמה (ל.) החשוד על השביעית נאמן על המעשרות וכו' החשוד על זה ועל זה חשוד על הטהרות ומפרש טעמא בגמרא משום דכיון דחשיד אדאורייתא חשיד אדרבנן ושמא 8

9 י"ל... דעד כאן לא אמר הרב דחשוד לדבר אחד אינו חשוד לדבר אחר אפילו קל ממנו אלא דוקא בשני מיני איסורים... כדמייתי ממשומד לערלות דאינו חשוד על השחיטה דקיל מינה כיון שהם שני מיני איסורים אבל שביעית ומעשרות וטהרות אף על פי שהם איסורים מוחלקים מכל מקום כיון שכולם הם בדבר מאכל חשיבי כאיסור אחד לענין שאם נחשד על החמור נחשד על הקל וזה נראה לי עיקר: Beit Yosef Yoreh Deah #119, R. Yosef Karo, Turkey/Israel, 16th c. That which [Rashba] wrote that [a person suspected of deviancy in one area] is not even suspected of areas of lesser severity is difficult to me. The Mishnah teaches that one is is suspect either with regard to Shemittah produce or with respect to tithes is suspect with regard to purities, and the Talmud explains that this is because once he is suspect with regard to biblical prohibitions, he is suspect with regard to rabbinic ones!... Perhaps one can say that [the Rashba s position only applies] in a case of two different types of prohibitions as is the case with regard to the proof he brought from the fact that deviance with respect to circumcision does not imply deviance with respect to slaughter, which is less severe, because they are two different types of prohibitions. But Shemittah produce and tithes and purities, even though they are separate prohibitions, they are nonetheless all centered around food and therefore are considered one prohibition for these purposes. Therefore, one who is suspect with respect to a severe prohibition [around food] is suspect with respect to a less severe one [around food]. This seems right to me. B. Clients, Friends, Integrity and Self משנה עבודה זרה ב:ג,ד,ו אלו דברים של עכו"ם אסורין:... היין... המורייס וגבינות... חלב שחלבו עכו"ם ואין ישראל רואהו... וקורט של חלתית... ומלח סלקונטית... Mishnah Avodah Zarah 2:3,6,7 (highly selected) The following Gentile foods are forbidden: wine fish brine and cheese milk milked by a Gentile without Jewish supervision cut asafetida and pastry salt תלמוד בבלי עבודה זרה לט: ת"ר: אין לוקחין ימ"ח מח"ג בסוריא, לא יין ולא מורייס ולא חלב, ולא מלח סלקונדרית ולא חילתית ולא גבינה אלא מן המומחה, וכולן אם נתארח אצל בעל הבית - מותר. מסייע ליה לרבי יהושע בן לוי, דא"ר יהושע בן לוי: שגר לו בעל הבית לביתו - מותר; מ"ט? בעל הבית לא שביק היתירא ואכל איסורא, וכי משגר ליה, ממאי דאכיל משדר ליה. 9

10 Talmud Bavli Avodah Zarah 39b Our Sages taught: One does not buy the following products [from Jewish shopkeepers] in Suria: Wine, fishsauce, milk, pastry salt, asafoetida or cheese unless one purchases them from a certified person. But if one is hosted in a person s home, then it is permitted to eat these items. This supports R. Yehoshua b. Levi, who said: If the owner sends these products to his home, he may eat them. Why? The owner will not abandon something permitted in order to eat something forbidden. And when he sends him something, he sends him what he himself eats from. רש"י עבודה זרה לט: אין לוקחין ימ"ח מח"ג כו' - שחנוונים שבסוריא חשידי דלא קפדי אלפני עור לא תתן מכשול ומזבני לישראל דברים שלקחו מן העובד כוכבים מיהו אינהו גופייהו לא אכלי איסורא הלכך אם נתארח אצלו מותר לאכול עמו. Rashi Avodah Zarah 39b One does not buy the following products The shopkeepers in Suria are suspect because they are not careful about not placing a stumbling block before the blind and they sell Jews things that they have purchased from Gentiles, but they do not eat these forbidden items themselves. Therefore, if one is hosted in their home, it is permitted to eat with them. תורת הבית הארוך בית ד שער ב דף כט עמוד א...וממנו אתה למד לחשוד על גבינות הנכרים שמותר ליתן לו גבינה לבשל לו אבל בזמן שאמר לו בשל לי גבינה חושש משום גבינה של נכרים ואם נתארח אצלו אסור לאכול מגבינתו אבל אם הוא אינו חשוד אלא למכור ממנה לרבים אסור ליקח ממנו ואם נתארח אצלו או ששגר לו לתוך ביתו מותר דאינו מניח אצלו ולא משגר לו אלא ממה שהוא אוכל... Torat HaBayit Ha Arokh 4:2, 29a, R. Shlomo b. Avraham Adret, Spain, 13th-14th c. One can learn [from the Talmudic passage we have been discussing] a law about one who is suspect to eat Gentile cheese. It is permitted to give such a person cheese to cook with [because we do not suspect the person of switching what was provided], but if you say, make me a dish with cheese, one must worry that it has been made with Gentile cheese. But if the person is only suspect to sell Gentile cheese to the public, then one may not buy from him but if one is hosted by him or received a gift from him at one s home, then it is permitted to eat, for the person will only serve or send as a gift the food that he eats himself 10

11 בדק הבית על תורת הבית בית ד שער ב דף כט עמוד א ואין דברים נכונים, דהא בסוריא כל שאינו בחזקת מומחה חשוד הוא. ואם תאמר חשוד להאכיל ולא לאכול, כיוצא בזה לא מצינו מסתמא חשוד להחטיא אחרים ולהכשילם ונשמר בעצמו לבד מכותי דלית להו לפני עור לא תתן מכשול אדרבה טפי זהיר איניש במאי דיהיב לאחרינא. אלא הכא בחשוד גמור איירינן ואפילו הכי שיגר לו מותר ומאי דאמרינן לא שביק היתירא ואכיל איסורא וכי משדר ליה ממאי דאכיל משדר ליה לאו ממאי דאכיל משדר ליה לאו ממאי דאכיל לנפשיה קאמרינן אלא דומיא בעלמא נקיט ודומיא בעלמא קאמרינן דכי היכי דאמרי בעלמא דמסתמא לא שביק איניש היתירא ואכיל איסורא הכי נמי מאן דמשדר לחבריה כיון דבעי ליקרוי ואי בעא לא משדר ליה מידי דומיא דמאן דאית לה היתירא לא אכיל איסורא הכא נמי אית ליה היתירא הוא דאי בעי לא משדר ליה מידי וכיון דכן כי משדר ליה מזדהר דלא ליטרח במאי דדילמא לא מפייס חבריה וממאי דקים ליה דאכיל מיניה חבריה בודאי משדר ליה דאי לא טפי מעלי ליה דלא לישדר ליה כלל מכי משדר ליה מאי דדילמא מזדהר מיניה ולא אכיל ליה ואפסדיה לדורון דיליה כי היכי דמזדהר כל איניש מסתמא כי איכא היתירא קמיה ואיסורא דלא לישבוק היתירא וליכול איסורא. ותדע לך דהכי פירושא דאי לא מאי קאמר דבעה"ב לא שביק היתירא ואכיל איסורא ומנא לן דהאי בעל הבית אית ליה היתירא. ותו מדקאמר הכי מכלל דכי לית ליה היתירא אכיל איסורא דילמא לית ליה השתא אלא איסורא ומשדר ליה ממאי דאית ליה ואכיל ליה בהא שעתא. אי נמי אפשר דהכי קאמר אם שיגר לו בעל הבית מותר מאי טעמא בעל הבית לא שביק היתירא ואכיל איסורא כלומר האי בעל הבית אף על גב דחשוד בהני מילי לאו דחשיבי ליה היתר גמור אלא דלא חשיבי ליה איסור גמור וחשיב למלתא חומרא ואכיל ליה מתוך הדחק דמורי לנפשיה ואמר דהיתירא הוא ומכל מקום הוא גופיה חשיב היתירא בעיניה טפי עד דהיכא דאית ליה מהני מילי דהיתירא ואיסורא שביק איסורא ואכיל היתירא. וכיון דכן מסתמא כי משדר איניש לחבריה ממאי דאכיל הוא להנאתו משדר ליה דחשיב ליה דמסתמא מאי דחשיב ליה לאיניש משדר ליה לחבריה ומאי דאמרינן לא שביק היתירא ואכיל איסורא למימרא דהאי גופיה דחשיד לא חשיב להו להני מילי בהיתר גמור למימרא דאלו הוה הכין דהאי גברא חשיב להו להני מילי בהיתר גמור ודאי לא סמכינן עליה כיון דחשיבי ליה היתר גמור דאמרינן דמינייהו משדר אבל השתא סמכינן עליה. ומכל מקום למדנו דאפילו בחשוד סומכין עליו שאם שיגר לו מותר כדפרישנא. Bedek HaBayit 4:2, 29a, R. Aharon Halevi, Barcelona, 13th c. What [Rashba] said is wrong, because in Suria, anyone who is not certified is suspect [to eat those forbidden foods as well]. If you say that they are only suspect to feed people these forbidden foods, but not to eat them themselves, there is no example of such a person who is presumed to be suspect to cause others to sin and to lead them astray while looking out for himself, other than Samaritans, who don t hold by [the rabbinic interpretation of] not placing a stumbling block before the blind! In fact, it is just the opposite: A person is more careful about what he gives to other people! Rather, the people in Suria were suspect on all counts, and nonetheless, it is permitted to eat food that they send as a gift. The Talmud says: The host will not abandon 11

12 something permitted in order to eat something forbidden. And when he sends him something, he sends him what he himself eats from. This does not refer to what the shopkeeper himself eats; it is merely a parable: Just as we say generally that a person does not abandon permitted food in order to eat forbidden food, so too we say that one who sends a gift to his friend surely does so to honor him, otherwise it would be better to send nothing at all! Once he is sending him something, he is surely careful not to invest energy to send something that may not please his friend. Therefore, he sends something he knows his friend will eat. It is better to send nothing rather than to send him something that he won t eat and thereby lose the value of his gift. This is similar to how a person avoids forbidden food when permitted food is available. This must be the right reading. If not, why does it say, the host will not abandon something permitted in order to eat something forbidden? How do you know he has permitted food? Moreover, that formulation suggests that when he does not have permitted food available, he indeed eats forbidden food! Maybe at that moment he only has forbidden food and is sending what he is eating! Alternatively, perhaps the meaning is that this shopkeeper, even though he is suspect about these foods, it is not because he thinks they are completely permitted, it is just that he does not think they are completely forbidden. He thinks of their prohibition as a stringency and eats them in pressing circumstances, giving himself license nonetheless he still considers the permitted foods to be more permitted such that he prefers them when they are available. Therefore, one can presume that when one sends a gift, he sends what he considers the most significant item where it the case that he felt the permitted item was totally permitted, then we would not rely on him but in this case, we can. In any event, we have learned that one can rely even on one suspect to eat forbidden foods when he sends food as a gift. משמרת הבית על תורת הבית בית ד שער ב דף כט עמוד א אמר הכותב: כמה שגגות שגג בזה בין בעיקרן של דברים בין בלשון הגמרא וכי בעל הגמרא ממשל משלים הוא לומר דברים נראים כמפורשים ואינן אלא משל וחידה זה לא נמצא מעולם בכל הגמרא. ושגה גם בעיקר הדין דאם איתא עשינו אנשי סוריא אוכלין איסורין אלו לתיאבון וכיון שאינו להכעיס יכול אדם להתארח עמהן ולאכול ממה דמשגר ליה ואם כן מכאן יצא לנו למומר אוכל נבלות לתיאבון דמותר להתארח בביתו ולאכול משחיטתו וכן אם שגר לו מותר לאכול משחיטתו ולא תהא כזאת בישראל, ואין אוכלין משחיטתו אמרו לא שנא קונה ממנו לא שנא לוקח ממנו במתנה ולא מצאו לו היתר אלא בבודק סכין ונותן לו. ועוד תדע לך דאפילו בדמאי הקלו דרוב עמי הארץ מעשרין אפילו הכי אין מתארחין עמו ואם נתארח אצלו אינו מאמינו.. גם מה שאמר דיותר אדם נזהר מלהאכיל איסור לאחרים מלאכול הוא עצמו, זה דבר תימא שיאהוב יותר נפש חבירו מנפשו, ואדרבה אמרו בפרק שני של דמאי: רבי יהודה אומר, המתארח אצל עם הארץ, 12

13 נאמן. אמרו לו, על עצמו אינו נאמן, כיצד יהא נאמן על של אחרים. אלא על כרחנו אנשי סוריא לא היו חשודין לאכול אבל חשודין למכור ואינן נזהרין מלפני עור לא תתן מכשול...והא דקאמר בעל הבית לא שביק היתירא ואכיל איסורא לאו למימרא דאי לא משכח היתירא אכיל איסורא כענין שאמרו בחשוד לאכול לתיאבון אלא לפי שהתירו לאכול עמו ולקבל ממנו דורון ולאכול קאמר והכי קאמר מותר להתארח ולקבל ממנו לפי שהחנונים אעפ"י שחשודים למכור הם בעצמם אין חשודין לאכול איסורין אלו אלא מן המותר שלוקחים מישראל ובאלו אמרו אינן חשודים לאכול איסור אלא היתר: Mishmeret HaByit 4:2, 29a, R. Shlomo b. Adret, Spain, 13th-14th c. How many mistakes did [Ra ah] make here, both with regard to the essence of the matter and the language of the gemara! Is the author of the gemara a weaver of parables that he should say things that seem explicit but that are in fact esoteric riddles? This doesn t happen anywhere in the gemara. And he erred with respect to the essence of the matter as well. If he were right, then the people of Suria eat forbidden foods only for their own pleasure [rather than to make a religious point] and we [the gemara would then be ruling] that a person can be hosted by them and eat the food they send. But then why shouldn t one be able to be hosted by and receive gifts from one who eats non-kosher meat only for pleasure, and even to eat from his slaughter? That would be unthinkable! [The Talmud is clear] that one can only eat meat from such a person by checking the knife and giving it to him. Furthermore, even in the much more lenient case of demai [produce from which tithes may not have been taken], we do not allow a person to be hosted by one of the unlettered masses who cannot be trusted Furthermore, that which he said that a person is more careful not to feed forbidden food to others than to eat it himself, that is shocking! Why would he love his friend more than himself? In fact, it is just the opposite! The Mishnah says: R. Yehudah says: You can trust the tithing practices of someone who eats in the home of the unlettered masses. They said to him: He is not trusted with respect to his own behavior! How can he be trusted with respect to other people? Rather, it must be that the people of Suria were not suspect of eating these forbidden foods, only of selling them and they were not careful about not placing a stumbling block before the blind. שו"ת תשב"ץ חלק ג סימן פג...וסברת הרא"ה ז"ל אינה מתקבלת כלל דודאי אשכחן חשוד להאכיל ולא לאכול ככותאי. משום דלית להו ולפני עור לא תתן מכשול. אבל בהפך שיהא דמא דחבריי' סומק טפי מדמא דידיה לא מצינו. ועל סמך שהוא אומר מה יועיל לו אם אשלח לו דברים אסורים לא נתיר לזה שיאכל מה שהוא נחשב כהיתר למשלחו שגם עתה יאמר החשוד המשלח גם אם אשלח איסור יסמוך עליו מפני סמך זה. שכיון שהדבר אינו חמור עליו לאכלו כל טצדקי דיכיל עביד להאכיל לאחרים ואין סברתו אלא סברא הפוכה 13

14 Responsa Rashbatz III:83, R. Shimon b. Tzemah Duran, North Africa, 14th-15th c. The Ra ah s logic doesn t make any sense. We certainly know people who are suspect to feed forbidden food to others even as they don t eat themselves, as the Samaritans do, because they do not have the principle of not putting a stumbling block before the blind. But we do not find the opposite, that one would treat one s friend s blood as redder than one s own. We cannot permit a person to eat [possibly forbidden] food considered permitted by the one sending it based on the theory of what good will it do him to send his friend forbidden food? For then, the suspected offender sending the gift will reason that even if he sends him forbidden food, the recipient will rely on him based on that theory! If he is not strict with regard to eating the item himself, he will look for any way to feed it to others. The Ra ah s logic is precisely backwards. 14

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