ABSTRACTS. An Archaeological Survey of the Leopards Cave: A Refuge Cave from the Second Temple Period and the Bar Kokhba Revolt in South-East Samaria

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1 ABSTRACTS OF HEBREW ARTICLES IN ENGLISH *171 ABSTRACTS An Archaeological Survey of the Leopards Cave: A Refuge Cave from the Second Temple Period and the Bar Kokhba Revolt in South-East Samaria Dvir Raviv, Aharon Tavger, Binyamin Har-Even, Evgeny Aharonvich, Boaz Langford and Amos Frumkin The Leopards Cave is a large karst cave located on the north bank of Wadi Samiya southeast of Samaria. The cave was surveyed and documented in the summer of 2015 by a team of the South Samaria Survey on behalf of the Institute of Archaeology of Bar Ilan University and the Archaeological Staff Officer of Judea and Samaria and in cooperation with the Cave Research Unit (C.R.U) of the Hebrew University. During the survey, artifacts were discovered in the cave from various periods, including the Middle Bronze Age, Iron Age, Persian, Hellenistic, Roman and Mamluk periods. In this paper we present finds from the end of the Persian period, the Hellenistic period and from the time of the Jewish revolts against the Romans. It seems that the cave s natural conditions (easy access, the branched structure with both open and hidden narrow passages leading to inner wings) and its proximity to the Samiya spring and to the the fertile Samiya valley, which was inhabited during most of the periods, attracted refugees and rebels during many periods. The main assemblage discovered in the cave dates to the end of the Persian period, the Hellenistic period and the time of the Jewish Revolt. These findings join the historical evidence and the finds from these periods already published from karst caves in both the southern and northern Samaria Desert and the Judean Desert. The finds suggest that Samaritans took refuge in the caves of the region at the end of the Persian period and that Jews fled to the region during the Hasmonean period and found refuge in the region following the Jewish revolts against the Romans, especially during the Bar Kokhba Revolt. Keywords: Refuge Caves; Ein Samiya; Bar Kokhba Revolt; Southern Samaria Survey

2 *172 ABSTRACTS OF HEBREW ARTICLES IN ENGLISH A Road Station at ʾEin Feshka: A Sussestion for a New Identification of the Site Yevgeny Aharonovich and Hananya Hizmi During July and August of 2009, a salvage excavation was conducted by the Archaeological Staff Officer of Judea and Samaria, in the site of ʾEin Feshkha, located on the north-western shores of the Dead Sea. The excavation focused on the western part of the site. Remains of a square structure that revealed for the time by Roland de Vaux were re-excavated. In this article we discuss our suggestion to identify this square structure as a road station during the early Roman period. This proposal is based on the analysis of a transport grid of contemporary terrestrial and marine routes during this period. At the end of the Second Temple Period, on both sides of the Dead Sea varied communities with extensive relationships in the administrative, military, religion and commerce spheres were developed. The road station at ʾEin Feshkha was established in order serve the residents of the both sides of the Dead Sea on their way from their settlements to the important regional centres of Jerusalem and Jericho. Keywords: ʾEin Feshkha; Dead Sea; Roman period; roads; road station A Unique and Enigmatic Type of Chalkstone Vessel from the Early Roman Period Yonatan Adler and Yoav Farhi The present article describes a rare type of vessel made of soft chalkstone which was in use in Ereṣ-Israel during the late Second Temple period and during the interwar period leading up to the Bar Kokhba revolt. Only five examples of this type are known today. The vessel consists of a central receptacle surrounded by a round, flat surface which drains into the receptacle via small holes in its wall. This type belongs to larger family of chalkstone vessels which were common amongst Jews throughout Ereṣ-Israel during the Early Roman period, a phenomenon apparently tied to widespread observance of Jewish ritual purity laws in everyday life. Although the functional purpose of this unique type is still uncertain, a number of proposals may be suggested to explain how these vessels may have been used. Keywords: archaeology; Roman period; chalkstone vessels; stone vessels; Jewish ritual purity

3 ABSTRACTS OF HEBREW ARTICLES IN ENGLISH *173 Ben-Gurion and Jerusalem Yossi Goldstein This article explores Jerusalem s role in the worldview, and in the practical and the domestic and international political experience of David Ben-Gurion, from his immigration to Palestine in1906 until his death in On the surface, the issue appears to be a simple one. Ben-Gurion undoubtedly possessed a deep sense of connection to the city and regarded it as the beating heart of the Jewish People. Jewish Jerusalem is an organic and inseparable part of Israeli history, Jewish faith, and the soul of our People, he explained. Jerusalem is the very core of the state of Israel. At the same time, however, his overall approach was pragmatic and sometimes ran counter to this intense belief. Indeed, during a conversation with Menachem Ussishkin following the 1929 Palestine Riots, he maintained that in a certain sense, Jerusalem is weighed against the Land of Israel in its entirety, and eight years later, he was willing to divide Jerusalem into two separatecities: one Jewish and the other Arab.Soon after, he consented to relinquishing the city altogether, within the framework of a Jewish state to be established in accordance with the borders demarcated by the members of the Peel Commission. Ten years later, he also welcomed the decisions of UNSCOP, which called for the city s internationalization. This article demonstrates that Ben-Gurion s views on Jerusalem stemmed partly, and perhaps primarily, from developments in the local and international political arena, and, during Israel s War of Independence, from military developments on the ground. Once he understood that King Abdullah was willing to accept the city s division between Israel and the Kingdom of Transjordan in exchange for a cessation of the hostilities and a lowering of the intensity of the war, Ben-Gurion agreed not only to the division of Jerusalem but also to leaving the Old City under Jordanian rule. Although the holy places in the Old City were important to him, he refrained from conquering the eastern part of the city when it became clear that doing so would fan the flames of the conflict. During the Six-Day War, on the other hand, after Israel occupied the Old City and other parts of East Jerusalem, and after Ben-Gurion realized that Jordan had lost the war and that the nations of the world may not demand an Israeli withdrawal, certainly not in the immediate term, he reverted to hisbasic ideological position on the city. Keywords: Ben-Gurion; War of Independence; Israel's Capital; Six-Day War

4 *174 ABSTRACTS OF HEBREW ARTICLES IN ENGLISH Opportunity for establishing daily peace : Shared working places of Jews and Palestinians in Industrial Areas of Barkan Miriam Billig, Hana Gendel-Guterman and Idit Miller The existing of industrials parks in Judea and Samaria create a meeting Places at work of the two populations, Jews and Palestinians, that are in involved in an ongoing situation of conflict. Contact Theory suggests that daily contacts between alienated groups have the ability to generate significant change in attitudes and behaviors towards individual of the other group. The aim of the research to examine whether this theory is valid in the situation of shared working places in Samaria, in other words, has it leaded to a change in attitudes and perceptions of the Palestinian employees in relation to their Jewish co-workers, on the personal level. This question arises due to the in-optimal conditions of the contact; inequality of power and resources between the groups and the existing hostility created by the national conflict. The other aim is to explore if there is a transfer from a changes on the personal level to the collective level, the Jews in general. Methodology: Conducting a survey among 150 Palestinian employees in 11 industrial factories in the park of Barkan. Data analyzing by multi- paths model using AMOS. Findings: The major outcome is that in spite the in-optimal conditions, the daily contacts initiated a change in attitudes toward the Jews on the personal as well as the collective levels. The model shows that the source to the change is the perceived respect feeling that the Palestinians get from the Jewish employees. This respect has built feelings of friendship and equalities between the groups. Another finding is that the observed change is a direct outcome of the improvement in the economic situation of the Palestinian employees, working in the industrial area. The research points out the foremost function of the working place, generating both tangible effect of economic safety, while promoting affective process of respect and friendship towards the other. Keywords: Contact Theory Hypothesis; Jews and Palestinians; inter-group conflict; equality; friendship; economic benrfits.

5 ABSTRACTS OF HEBREW ARTICLES IN ENGLISH *175 Coping with Exposure to Continuous Security Tensions by Parents and Children in Judea and Samaria Mally Shechory Bitton The purpose of the current study was to investigate the differences between the coping of parents with daily exposure to security threats and that of their children. Sixty-eight parent-child dyads participated in the study. The parents and the children completed questionnaires examining their level of exposure to events and their associated level of fear. In addition, parents completed a questionnaire that examined coping styles employed when living in the shadow of security threats. The hypothesis was that a positive correlation would be found between the objective level of exposure to tensions and the levels of fear experienced, and that the children s level of fear would be correlated with their parents level of fear and coping style. Another hypothesis was that fathers would be more inclined to display a problem-focused coping style than an emotion-focused coping style, in comparison with mothers (beyond the effects of exposure to security tensions). As hypothesized, a positive correlation was found between objective levels of exposure and experienced levels of fear. However, mothers reported higher levels of fear than fathers and children. Moreover, in contrast to the hypothesis, both parents were more inclined to use a problem-focused coping style than an emotion-focused coping style. Furthermore, while mothers tend to make more use of both coping styles, unrelated to the level of fear they experience, among fathers a high level of fear was positively correlated with a problem-focused coping style. Finally, regression analyses showed that significant predictors of children s fear levels are their parents fear levels and the children objective level of exposure to security events. Keywords: parents; children; objective exposure; fear; coping style; security tension