APPENDIX. TheDivineNameintheHebrewScriptures and in the Christian Greek Scriptures Jehovah. Hebrew, (YHWH or JHVH)

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1 APPENDIX 1 TheDivineNameintheHebrewScriptures and in the Christian Greek Scriptures Jehovah. Hebrew, (YHWH or JHVH) Jehovah (Heb.,, YHWH), God s personal name, first occurs in Ge 2:4. The divine name is a verb, the causative form, the imperfect state, of the Hebrew verb (ha wah, to become ). Therefore, the divine name means He Causes to Become. This reveals Jehovah as the One who, with progressive action, causes himself to become the Fulfiller of promises, the One who always brings his purposes to realization. The greatest indignity that modern translators render to the Divine Author of the Holy Scripturesistheremovalortheconcealing of his peculiar personal name. Actually his name occurs in the Hebrew text 6,828 times as (YHWH or JHVH), generally referred to as the Tetragrammaton (literally meaning having four letters ). By using the name Jehovah, we have held closely to the original-language texts and have not followed the practice of substituting titles such as Lord, the Lord, Adonai or God for the divine name, the Tetragrammaton. The name Jehovah occurs 6,973 times in the text of the Hebrew Scriptures of the New World Translation. Actually the Tetragrammaton occurs 6,828 times in the Hebrew text, including three 1642 combination names (Ge 22:14; Ex 17:15; Jg 6:24) and six occurrances in the superscriptions of the Psalms (7; 18 [3 times]; 36; 102). We rendered the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah in all 6,828 occurrences except Jg 19:18, where the first-person singular pronoun my was read instead of the divine name. Further, based on the readings in the Septuagint, we have restored the TetragrammatoninDe30:16;2Sa15:20and 2Ch 3:1. We also restored the divine name in Isa 34:16 and Zec 6:8 where Jehovah should be read instead of the first-person singular pronoun my. An additional 141 restorations were made where the Sopherim altered the divine name to read Adho nai or Elohim. To avoid overstepping the bounds of a translator into the field of exegesis, we have been most cautious about rendering thedivinenameinthechristian Greek Scriptures, always carefully considering the Hebrew Scriptures as a background. We have looked for agreement from available Hebrew versions of the Christian Greek Scriptures to confirm our rendering. The Tetragrammaton in Hebrew characters ( ) was used in both the Hebrew text and

2 the Greek Septuagint. Therefore, whether Jesus and his disciples read the Scriptures in either Hebrew or Greek, they would come across the divine name. In the synagogue at Nazareth, when Jesus rose and accepted the book of Isaiah and read 61:1, 2 where the Tetragrammaton is used, he pronounced the divine name. This was in accordance with his determination to make Jehovah s name known as can be seen from his APPENDIX 1643 prayer to his Father: I have made your name manifest to the men yougavemeoutoftheworld... I have made your name known to them and will make it known. Joh 17:6, 26. We have rendered the divine name 237 times in the body of our translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures. Agreements from the several Hebrew versions have been found for each of these 237 restorations in the main text. 2 Gehenna Symbol of Complete Destruction Hebrew, (geh hin nom, valley of Hinnom ); Greek, \ %% (geen na); Latin, ge henna Gehenna means valley of Hinnom, for it is the Greek form of the Hebrew geh hin nom. In Jos 18:16, where valley of Hinnom occurs, the Greek Septuagint reads Gehenna. It occurs 12 times in the Christian Greek Scriptures, first appearing in Mt 5:22. The New World Translation renders it Gehenna in all its occurrences, namely, in Mt 5:22, 29, 30; 10:28; 18:9; 23:15, 33; Mr 9:43, 45, 47; Lu 12:5; Jas 3:6. The valley of Hinnom became the dumping place and incinerator for the filth of Jerusalem. Bodies of dead animals were thrown in to be consumed in the fires to which sulphur, or brimstone, was added to assist the burning. Also bodies of executed criminals, who were considered undeserving of a decent burial in a memorial tomb, were thrown in. If such dead bodies landed in the fire they were consumed, but if their carcasses landed upon a ledge of the deep ravine their putrefying flesh became infested with worms, or maggots, which did not die untiltheyhadconsumedthefleshy parts, leaving only the skeletons. No living animals or human creatures were pitched into Gehenna to be burned alive or tormented. Hence, the place could never symbolize an invisible region where human souls are tormented eternally in literal fire or attacked forever by undying worms. Because the dead criminals cast there were denied a decent burial in a memorial tomb, the symbol of the hope of a resurrection, Gehenna was used by Jesus and his disciples to symbolize everlasting destruction, annihilation from God s universe, or second death, an eternal punishment.

3 3 Soul A Living Creature, Human or Animal; Life as an Intelligent Person; Other Uses Hebrew, (nephesh); Greek, /,. \ (psy khe) In the Hebrew Scriptures the Hebrew word nephesh occurs 754 times, first in Ge 1:20. In the Christian Greek Scriptures the Greek word psy khe occurs by itself 102 times, first in Mt 2:20. This includes Eph 6:6 and Col 3:23, where it is in the expression whole-souled. Animals are souls Ge 1:20, 21, 24, 30; 2:19; 9:10, 12, 15, 16; Le 11:10, 46, 46; 24:18; Nu 31:28; Job 41:21; Eze 47:9. Alivingpersonor individual is a soul Ge 2:7; 12:5; 14:21; 36:6; 46:15, 18, 22, 25, 26, 26, 27, 27; Ex 1:5, 5; 12:4, 16; 16:16; Le 2:1; 4:2, 27; 5:1, 2, 4, 15, 17; 6:2; 7:18, 20, 21, 25, 27; 17:10, 12, 15; 18:29; 20:6, 6; 22:6, 11; 23:29, 30; 27:2; Nu 5:6; 15:27, 28, 30; 19:18, 22; 31:35, 35, 40, 40, 46; 35:30; De 10:22; 24:6, 7; 1Sa 22: 22; 2Sa 14:14; 2Ki 12:4; 1Ch 5:21; Ps 19:7; Pr 11:25, 30; 16:24; 19:2, 15; 25:25; 27:7, 7, 9; Jer 43:6; 52: 29; La 3:25; Eze 27:13; Ac 2:41, 43; 7:14; 27:37; Ro 13:1; 1Co 15:45; 1Pe 3:20; 2Pe 2:14. The creature soul is mortal, destructible Ge 12:13; 17:14; 19:19, 20; 37:21; Ex 12:15, 19; 31:14; Le 7:20, 21, 27; 19:8; 22:3; 23:30; 24:17; Nu 9:13; 15:30, 31; 19:13, 20; 23:10; 31:19; 35: 11, 15, 30; De 19:6, 11; 22:26; 27: 25; Jos 2:13, 14; 10:28, 30, 32, 35, 37, 37, 39; 11:11; 20:3, 9; Jg 5:18; :16, 30; 1Ki 19:4; 20:31; Job 7:15; 11:20; 18:4; 33:22; 36:14; Ps 7:2; 22: 29; 66:9; 69:1; 78:50; 94:17; 106:15; 124:4; Pr 28:17; Isa 55:3; Jer 2:34; 4:10; 18:20; 38:17; 40:14; Eze 13: 19; 17:17; 18:4; 22:25, 27; 33:6; Mt 2:20; 10:28, 28; 26:38; Mr 3:4; 14: 34; Lu 6:9; 17:33; Joh 12:25; Ac 3:23; Ro 11:3; Heb 10:39; Jas 5:20; Re 8:9; 12:11; 16:3. Life as an intelligent person Ge 35:18; Ex 4:19; 21:23; 30:12; Jos 9:24; Jg 9:17; 12:3; 18:25; 2Ki 7:7; 2Ch 1:11; Job 2:4; 6:11; Pr 1:18; 7:23; 22:23; 25:13; Mt 6:25; 10:39; 16:25; Lu 12:20; Joh 10:15; 13:38; 15:13; Ac 20:10; Ro 16:4; Php 2:30; 1Th 2:8; Jas 1:21; 1Pe 1:22; 2:11, 25; 1Jo 3:16. Soul delivered from Sheol or Hades ( hell ) Ps 16:10; 30:3; 49:15; 86:13; 89: 48; Pr 23:14; Ac 2:27. Dead soul, or corpse Le 19:28; 21:1, 11; 22:4; Nu 5:2; 6:6, 11; 9:6, 7, 10; 19:11, 13; Hag 2:13. Soul distinguished from spirit Php 1:27; 1Th 5:23; Heb 4:12. God has soul 1Sa 2:35; Ps 11:5; 24:4; Pr 6:16; Isa 1:14; 42:1; Jer 5:9; 6:8; 12:7; 14:19; 15:1; 32:41; 51:14; La 3:20; Eze 23:18; Am 6:8; Mt 12:18; Heb 10:38.

4 4 Sheol, Hades The Common Grave of Mankind; Gravedom Hebrew, (sheohl); Greek, [ k 1 (haides); Latin, in fernus; Syriac, shiul The Sixty-Six Occurrences of Sheol Sheol occurs 66 times in the New World Translation of the Hebrew Scriptures, namely, in Ge 37: 35; 42:38; 44:29, 31; Nu 16:30, 33; De 32:22; 1Sa 2:6; 2Sa 22:6; 1Ki 2:6, 9; Job 7:9; 11:8; 14:13; 17:13, 16; 21:13; 24:19; 26:6; Ps 6:5; 9:17; 16:10; 18:5; 30:3; 31:17; 49:14, 14, 15; 55:15; 86: 13; 88:3; 89:48; 116:3; 139:8; 141:7; Pr 1:12; 5:5; 7:27; 9:18; 15:11, 24; 23:14; 27:20; 30:16; Ec 9:10; Ca 8:6; Isa 5:14; [7:11]; 14:9, 11, 15; 28:15, 18; 38:10, 18; 57:9; Eze 31:15, 16, 17; 32:21, 27; Ho 13:14, 14; Am 9:2; Jon 2:2; Hab 2:5. The occurrences of Sheol in the Hebrew Scriptures cover the 65 times it occurs in the Hebrew Masoretic text, as well as one instance in Isa 7:11, where the text has shealah, do ask, but by a slight change in vowel pointing and in agreement with various ancient translations it reads sheolah, Sheolward, or, to Sheol. In all cases the New World Translation uses Sheol for the Hebrew word sheohl. The Greek Septuagint generally renders sheohl as haides. While several derivations for the Hebrew word sheohl have been offered, apparently it is derived from the Hebrew verb (sha al), meaning to ask or to request. This would indicate Sheol to be the place (not a condition) that asks for or demands all without distinction, as it receives the 1645 dead of mankind within it. (See Rbi8, Ge 37:35 and Isa 7:11 ftns.) It is in the earth and is always associated with the dead, and plainly means the common grave of mankind, gravedom, or the earthly (not sea) region of the dead. In contrast, the Hebrew word qever means an individual grave or burial place. Ge 23:4, 6, 9, 20. The Ten Occurrences of Hades Hades, perhaps meaning the unseen place, occurs ten times in the New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures, namely, in Mt 11:23; 16:18; Lu 10:15; 16:23; Ac 2:27, 31; Re 1:18; 6:8; 20: 13, 14. In Ac 2:27, Peter s quotation of Ps 16:10 shows Hades is the equivalent of Sheol and is applied to the common grave of mankind (in contrast with the Greek word taphos, an individual grave). The Latin word corresponding to Hades is in fernus (sometimes inferus). It means that which lies beneath; the lower region, and well applies to gravedom. It is thus a fitting approximation of the Greek and Hebrew terms. In the inspired Scriptures the words Sheol and Hades are associated with death and the dead, not with life and the living. (Re 20: 13) In themselves these words contain no thought or hint of pleasure or pain.

5 5 Money, Weights, Measures The following values are averages based on Biblical evidence and archaeological finds. All modern equivalentsusedinthisworkaretobeconsidered approximate. The liquid and dry measures are U.S. equivalents. To calculate present-day value of gold or silver, determine the latest value per gram or per ounce troy and multiply by the number of grams or ounces troy. Mile. Gr., mili on. (Mt 5:41) Probably the Roman mile (5,000 Roman ft; 1,479.5 m; 4,854 English ft). In the Greek text in Lu 24:13; Joh 6:19; 11:18 the distance figures are given in terms of stadia. (One Roman stadium 1 8 Roman mi or 625 Roman ft; 185 m; English ft.) In the New World Translation the stadia figures in Lu 24:13; Joh 6:19; 11:18 have been converted to statute miles of 5,280 ft each. For example, in Lu 24: 13 sixty stadia is given as about seven miles (c. 11 km or 7.5 Roman mi). TABLE OF MONEY BY WEIGHT IN HEBREW SCRIPTURES Modern Equivalent 1gerah 1 20 shekel 0.57 g oz t 1 bekah (half shekel) 10 gerahs 5.7 g oz t 1shekel 2bekahs 11.4 g oz t 1mina(maneh) 50 shekels 570 g oz t 1talent 60 minas 34.2 kg 1101 oz t 1 daric (Persian, gold) 8.4 g 0.27 oz t 1 daric (Persian, silver) (also called shekel) 5.60 g 0.18 oz t TABLE OF GREEK AND ROMAN MONEY BY WEIGHT IN GREEK SCRIPTURES Modern Equivalent 1 lepton (Jewish, copper or bronze) 1 2 quadrans 1 quadrans (Roman, copper or bronze) 2lepta 1 as or assarion (Roman and provincial,copperorbronze) 4quadrantes 1 denarius (Roman, silver) 16 asses 3.85 g oz t 1 drachma (Greek, silver) 3.40 g oz t 1 didrachma (Greek, silver) 2drachmas 6.80 g oz t 1tetradrachma(asilverstater) 4drachmas 13.6 g oz t 1mina 100 drachmas 340 g 10.9 oz t 1 talent (gold or silver) 60 minas 20.4 kg 654 oz t LIQUID MEASURES 1log 1 4 cab 0.31 L 0.66 pt (U.S.) 1cab 4logs 1.22 L 2.58 pt (U.S.) 1hin 3cabs 3.67 L 7.75 pt (U.S.) 1bath 6hins 22 L 5.81 gal (U.S.) 1cor 10 baths 220 L 58.1 gal (U.S.) Also a dry measure that corresponded to the homer. DRY MEASURES 1cab 4logs 1.22 L 2.2 dry pt (U.S.) 1omer cabs 2.2 L 2 dry qt (U.S.) 1seah omers 7.33 L 6.66 dry qt (U.S.) 1ephah 3seahs 22 L 20 dry qt (U.S.) 1 homer (cor) 10 ephahs 220 L 200 dry qt (U.S.) LINEAR MEASURES 1 fingerbreadth 1 4 handbreadth 1.85 cm 0.72 in. 1 handbreadth 4 fingerbreadths 7.4 cm 2.9 in. 1span 3 handbreadths 22.2 cm 8.75 in. 1cubit 2spans 44.5 cm 17.5 in. 1longcubit 7 handbreadths 51.8 cm 20.4 in. 1 reed 6cubits 2.67 m 8.75 ft 1 long reed 6longcubits 3.11 m 10.2 ft 1fathom 1.8 m 6ft Possibly the same as the former cubit in 2Ch 3:

6 6 The Calendar Months of the Bible The Jewish months ran from new moon to new moon. (Isa 66:23) One Hebrew word, chodhesh, month (Ge 7:11), comes from a root meaning new, while another word for month, yerach, means lunation. MONTHS WEATHER CROPS Sacred Secular 1st 7th Jordan swells from rains, melting snow Flax harvest. Barley harvest begins 2nd 8th Dry season begins. Mostly clear skies Barley harvest. Wheat harvest in low areas 3rd 9th Summer heat. Clear air Wheat harvest. Early figs. Some apples 4th 10th Heat increases. Heavy dews in areas First grapes. Vegetation and springs dry up 5th 11th Heat reaches maximum Grape harvest begins 6th 12th Heat continues Harvest of dates and summer figs 7th 1st Summer ending. Early rains begin Harvest concluding. Plowing begins 8th 2nd Light rains Wheat and barley sown. Olive harvest 9th 3rd Rain increases. Frost. Mountain snows Grass developing 10th 4th Maximum cold. Rainy. Mountain snows Green lowlands. Grain, flowers developing 11th 5th Cold weather lessens. Rain continues Almond trees blossom. Fig trees bud 12th 6th Frequent thunder and hail Carob trees blossom. Citrus fruit harvest 13th An intercalary month was added seven times in 19 years generally as a second Adar (Veadar) TEBETH CHISLEV DECEMBER 25 Festival of Dedication SHEBAT JANUARY Vegetation Developing Flocks Wintered NOVEMBER HESHVAN (BUL) 14, 15 Purim ADAR FEBRUARY Almond Blossoms 10 th 9 th 11 th 8 th Olives OCTOBER Citrus Plowing TISHRI (ETHANIM) VEADAR 7 th MARCH 12 th 13 th Barley 1 st SEPTEMBER NISAN (ABIB) 6 th Dates, Grapes, Figs ELUL 14 Passover Unfermented Cakes 16 Offering of firstfruits APRIL 2 nd 14 Late Passover (Nu 9:10-13) Wheat 3 rd 4 th 5 th Summer Fruits AUGUST IYYAR (ZIV) MAY Early Figs First Grapes AB 6Festival of Weeks (Pentecost ) JULY SIVAN JUNE TAMMUZ 1Trumpetblast 10 Day of Atonement Festival of Booths or Ingathering 22 Solemn assembly 1647

7 M 7 MAP FOR GENESIS Area of Canaan Cities Locations KILOMETERS Sidon Damascus MILES Dan S H Torrent Valley G R E A A M A L E K of Egypt U R Rehoboth T H E I T S E A Gaza Gerar T.V. of Gerar T N E Bered Beer-lahai-roi C A H I T T I T E S E S G E B A N N A E S I T H I V I T E S J E B U S I T E S K E N I T E S Dothan Shechem Big Trees of Moreh G I R G A S HI T E S P E R I Z Z I T ES AMORITES K E N I Z Z I T E S E T H R A A B A H Jordan River Succoth H ORI T E S S E T E M A N I T ES I R R E P H A I M Z U Z I T.V. of Jabbok E M E D O M Ashteroth-karnaim Ham I M M O A B M The Watchtower, Galeed Mahanaim Penuel Shiloh DISTRICT OF THE JORDAN Bethel, Luz Ai Atad, Abel-mizraim Low Plain of Moriah Shaveh Jehovah-jireh Salem Timnah Bethlehem, Enaim Achzib Ephrath Adullam Tower of Eder Zereth-shahar Mamre Cave of Shaveh-kiriathaim Hebron, Machpelah Kiriath-arba Salt Beer-sheba Shibah Hazazon-tamar? Kadesh, En-mishpat Gomorrah? Low Plain Zeboiim? of Siddim Admah? Sodom? Zoar, Bela? G I L E A D N M O A 1648

8 Torrent Valley of Egypt 8 Territory of the TRIBES OF ISRAEL Cities G R E A Locations KILOMETERS MILES T S E A D A N (SIMEON) JUDAH H E R A S MT. CARMEL Megiddo Z E B U L U N ISSACHAR M A N A S S E H E P H R A Tyre I M BENJAMIN Sidon N A P H T A L I MT. Zarephath L E B A N O N (D A N) i v e r J o r d a n R T.V. of A G Dan Kedesh of Chinnereth MT. TABOR En-dor Shunem Jezreel MT. GILBOA Dothan Samaria Tirzah MT. EBAL Shechem MT. GERIZIM D M A N A S S E H Jabbok R E U B E N T.V. of Arnon M O A B Damascus MT. HERMON Shiloh Ramah Joppa Rabbah Bethel Ai Gilgal Jericho Ekron Gibeon Gibeah MT. NEBO Ashdod Gath Kiriathjearim Bezer Jerusalem Ashkelon Adullam Bethlehem Gaza Hebron En-gedi Ziklag Beer-sheba Salt Golan Ramoth A M M O N E D O M 1649

9 9 UNITED KINGDOM of Saul, David, Solomon Cities Locations KILOMETERS MILES Sidon Tyre Abel M T. L E B A N O N Damascus MT. HERMON Dan Hazor Torrent Valley of Egypt G R E A T. V. of T S E A MT. CARMEL Cabul of Chinnereth En-dor Shunem Megiddo Aphek Rogelim Jezreel MT. GILBOA Succoth Ramothgilead Bezek Jabesh-gilead Thebez Abelmeholah Mahanaim Zeredah Shiloh Ramah Baal-hazor Upper Ephrain Rabbah Lower Bethhoron Bethel Beth-aven Bethhoron Michmash Gilgal Gezer Ramah Geba Jericho Aijalon Gibeon Gibeah Kiriath-jearim Jerusalem Nob Medeba Azekah Socoh Gath Bethlehem Ashkelon Cave of Adullam Salt Keilah Sirah En-gedi Gaza Hebron Ziph Carmel Horesh Ziklag Jattir Maon Eshtemoa Borashan Kabzeel Beer-sheba Aroer B e s o r Plain of Elah Jorda n River Jeshimon T.V. Wilderness Valley of Salt (? ) E D O M M T.V. O of A of Jabbok Aroer Arnon B Bethshean O N A M M 1650

10 10 Palestine During the MINISTRY OF JESUS Cities Locations Sidon ABILENE KILOMETERS MILES Tyre PHOENICIA MT. HERMON Caesarea Philippi Damascus ITURAEA Torrent Valley of Egypt G R E A T S E A Gaza Joppa Ptolemais Chorazin Capernaum Bethsaida Cana of Tiberias Galilee Nazareth MT. TABOR Gadara Nain Caesarea Salim (?) Aenon (?) Bethany across the Jordan (?) Pella Samaria Sychar (?) Gerasa MT. GERIZIM Arimathea Ephraim Emmaus (?) Jericho Ashdod Jerusalem Bethany Beer-sheba MT. CARMEL Bethlehem Hebron GALILEE SAMARIA JUDEA IDUMEA JUDEA WILDERNESS OF River Jordan Salt PEREA TRACHONITIS ARABIA DECAPOLIS 1651