CGenesis. II Excdus Deuleronomy Numbers

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1 The liebrew Tetament E'lfliia;[jt'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII BABYLONIA'" PERSIA MACEDONIA :t tl t.l u ISRAEL I " I JUDAH I PERIOD Patriarch. Sojourn In Egypt Judg King. Judaism 1<l;\ijM.: - 'I Joshua Atraham Jcsepl1 Aexander PEOPLE Meses Deb,c'ah SaIT'SOO Saul Cy cs Ar.'iocl"us IV Caesar Isaac Gioecr Dav,d Epiphaes Herod Jacob Samuel Sclorron Elijah Amos Jererriah Ezekiel Zachariah Daniel BOOKS: Hosea E,isra Scpnola :saiah Malachi Prophets Isaiah M'cah Habakkuk Edras I Samuel, Kings Tobl1 BOOKS: Ezra IPen'.atl!lJchj Maccabbees 'I Samuel 1I;s Neremiah Judith History 1Chronic!es " Ch'Cnicies Eslher BOOKS: CGenesis. II Excdus Deuleronomy Numbers Sirach LevitiCu0 Judges Psalms Ecc!esiates Job Psalrrs Scng 01 Scr.gs WI-Idom Ruth Wisdom '.

2 MAJOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL TIME PERIODS IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST 100,000 to 12,000 12,000 to 7,500 7,500 to 4,000 4,000 to 3,150 3,150 to 2,200 2,200 to 1,550 1,550 to 1,200 1,200 to to to to 324 A.D. Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) Neolithic (New Stone Age) Chalcolithic (Copper-Stone period) Early Bronze Age Middle Bronze Age Late Bronze Age Iron Age Persian Period Hellenistic Period Roman Period

3 -_\ OUTLINE OF OLD TSTAMENT XiXSTORY The following is a brief outline of Old Testament history and is designed to acquaint the student with the relation and time order of its various important events and people. These eight were Noah's three sons, Shem, Ham and Japheth, their wives and Noah and his wife. The Jewish people were descendants of Shem. After being cast out of the Garden of Eden because of their sin, Adam and Eve had two sons-cain and Abel. Abel was the more righteous, and Cain, being jealous, illed his brother, thus becoming the first murderer (Genesis 4). When several centuries had passed the world became 50 wicked that God decided it must be destroyed. Only Noah and his family had remained faithful enough to God to be spared. While the ar was being prepared Noah preached, but the world, being so sinful refused to hear. Only eight souls were saved (I Genesis 7; I Peter 3:20), The next great Bible character was Abraham, who lived in about 2,000 Two of his sons were Ishmael (who was the forefather of the mixed Arabs), and Isaac. We will be most concerned with Isaac since the nation of Israel came through him (Genesis 17:21). After Sarah, Abraham's wife, died he married Keturah and had other children (Genesis 25:1-2). Isaac also had two sons-esau and Jacob. Esau's descendants were the Edomites. Jacob had twelve sons who went with their father into Egypt, Their descendants formed the Nation of Israel sometimes called "children of Israel" or "Israelites" after their father Jacob whose name was changed to "Israel" by God (Genesis 32:28). A very interesting story of one of these sons, Joseph, is found in Genesis When Joshua died, God gave the people judges to lead them. During this period such famous leaders as Samson, Gideon and Samuel lived (Judges 3-21). After a few hundred years the Israelites began to want to be lie the nations around them. They rejected their last judge, Samuel and demanded a ing to rule over them. God was highly displeased with this, but allowed them to have their ing as they wished. The first three ings of Israel were: Saul, David, and Solomon, David's son. Each reigned for 40 years during a period surrounding 1,000 Lot was the nephew of Abraham. Through him sprang the Moabites and the Ammonites (Genesis 19). These later became bitter enemies of Abraham's descendants. After being in Egypt for several years the Israelites were enslaved by the Egyptians and, after many yems of hard bondage, were led out of the land of Egypt by Moses, in about 1450 B,C. (some scholars say 1280 ) Because of King Pharaoh's stubbornness God brought ten terrible plagues upon the Egyptians before the people were actually allowed to leave (Exodus 7-12). By a miracle of God they crossed the Red Sea on dry ground and thus escaped the Egyptian soldiers who were drowned when they tried to follow (Exodus 14). It is estimated that by this time the Israelites numbered more than two million people. ISAAC Arabs Moabites!-Ammonites JACOB After the death of Moses, Joshua led the people across the Jordan River and into the promised land of Canaan, which they finally conquered and divided among the tribes (Joshua 1-22). Edomites Twelve Sons EGYPTIAN BONDAGE w...i Z >. -4 B z o Shortly after crossing the Red Sea the Israelites came to Mt. Sinai where Moses received the Ten Commandments from God (Exodus 20). During the period that followed they were allowed to wander in the wilderness for forty-years because of their lac of trust in God. (See Numbers 14), Because of his wicedneu, Cain was driven out and Adam and Eve were given a third son, Seth, who was to be the forefather of such great character as Noah, Abraham, David and Christ (Genesis 5). Z BIRTH OF MOSES CROSSING RED SEA BEGINNING OF LAW ON SINAI 40 YEARS IN WILDERNESS Entering of the Promised Land JUDGES KINGS 0." Vi ;:0 > m r- The Northern Kingdom lasted a little over 200 years after which it was ta9n captive by Assyria ( ) and never heard of as a nation again. Division of the Kingdom of Israel 'TEN TRIBES7TWO (Northern Kingdom) TRIBES (Southern Kingdom) \ BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY RETURN TO JERUSALEM / ASSYRIAN CAPTIVITY BIRTH or: CHRIST7 After the death of Solomon the ingdom was divided. Ten tribes under Jeroboam rebelled and formed the Northern Kingdom (still nown as "Israel") while two tribes (Judah and Benjamin) under Solomon's son, Rehoboam, formed the Southern Kingdom, knewn simply as "Judah" (I Kings 12). During the period following the division of the ingdom, sixteen prophets from Isaiah through Malachi lived and prophesied. About 120 years later ( ) the two Southern tribes were taen captive by Nebuchadnenar, ing of the powerful Babylonian Empire. During this period Daniel, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego lived. After 70 years the Babylonians were conquered in 536 B,C. by the Medes and Persians and the Jews were allowed to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the walls and the temple under the direction of Zerubbabel, Ezra and Nehemiah. The remaining Old Testament history has to do mainly with the general activities of the returning Jews and leads towmd, but does not include, the Birth of Chrht.

4 OLD TESTAMENT TIMELINE PRE ABRAHAM Growth in the Semitic civilization in Mesopotamia among which were Babylon and Assyria When Ur was destroyed by the Barbarians who invaded from what we know call the Russian Steepes, people moved west and settled in Haran. PATRIARCHS (exodus) Abraham - Lived in Ur and moved to settle in Haran (Iran today). As the story goes, they felt called to Canaan where he settled with his family and felt an obligation to please God. (Genesis Chp ) Sarah gave birth to Isaac and as we learn in scripture, God tests Abraham by asking him to sacrifice his only son. A messenger from God keeps that from happening and Abraham sacrifices a ram, instead (Chap. 22) Isaac, the son of Abraham (Chp.29) lives to and old age and is tricked into giving into giving his "Blessing" to Jacob. Jacob had many sons; his wife died and he remarried. From that marriage came Joseph, probably idolized by his parents as evident by the gift from Jacob of the "Many colored" coat. His older brothers were jealous and sold him into slavery. (tell story of Joseph) Then came a pharaoh who knew not Joseph (semites-hyksos out and Egyptians in) Here comes slavery SOUJOURN INTO EGYPT (exodus) Moses - tell story of Moses Burning bush-a point of conversion - JUDGES The Israelites, led by Joshua and others, invade the lands of Canaan and for almost 2 hundred years, there is internal upheaval, fighting and truces, alliances until the people finally form Israel into a single nation. KINGS The united monarch under David and Solomon was the high point of Israel's power and prestige as a nation. The community moved from tribal community to an empire with a highly developed culture. Under David and Solomon, the Jews also experience tensions between those who preferred the tribes and those who wanted to be united under one king. Eventually the kingdom is divided into two distinct territories: Israel (North) and Judah (South) Then they begin to battle with each other over their differences. At about this time, the prophets Appear. Prophets Prophets do not foretell the future. Rather, they knew what ought to be, saw what it was and called for change and believed that God would take care of the people. As we read the prophets, we hear them telling the people, if you do that, you will not be keeping the covenant with God and "bad things will happen." They are kind of the "parents" of the society; If you don't , you will get sick etc Since we know the end of the story, we know that most of the folks did not listen.

5 History rule with him. The Assyrian empire begins its rise in the East and eventually conquers Israel, leaving only Judah in the South. Eventually, the Babylonians conquer the Assyrians and take over the land of Judah. All the leaders of Judah were exiled to Babylonia. After the exile, Judah is composed of a small area of land immediately around Jerusalem and is ruled first by the Persian King, Cyrus It is during this time that leads to the canonization of the scriptures and the religious practices which we see in modern Judaism. In 332 Alexander the Great conquered the East and brought the helenistic (Greek) culture and In 175 the Maccabees fight and win limited freedom for Judah for about 100 years but there is still much infighting between the different factions within the Hebrew community. Pompey, a Roman establishes Roman Rule in about 63 Eventually, with the Romans ruling the area, Herod the Great is given power to rule the area.

6 CHRONOLOGY OF THE BIBLE DATE Tune scales represented vaned number of years. B.Co = Before Christ c. = circa (around)" me BEGINNINGS: EVENTS IN PREHISTORY Creation Adam and Eve in the Garden Cain and Abel Noah and the Flood The Tower of Babel me ANCESTORS OF TI-lE ISRAEUTES Abraham comes to Palestine. c Isaac is born to Abraham Jacob is born to Isaac. Jacob has twelve sons, who become the ancestors of the twelve tribes of Israel. The most prominent of these sons is Joseph, who becomes adviser to the King of Egypt...\ nie ISRAEllTES IN EGYPT The descendants of Jacob are enslaved in Egypt. c. 17OO-c Moses leads the Israelites out of Egypt. c The Israelites wander in the wilderness. During this time Moses receives the Law on Mount Sinai. c. l2so-c me CONQUEST AND SETnEMENT OF CANAAN Joshua leads the first stage of the invasion of Canaan. c Israel remains a loose confederation of tribes, and leadership is exercised by heroic figures known as the Judges. nie 1000 Reign of Saul c c Reign of David c. 101O-c. 970 Reign of Solomon c UNITED ISRAEI.JTE KINGDOM A circa date is only an approximation. Generally speaking, the earlier the time, the less precise is the dating. From the time of the death of Solomon in 931 to the Edict of Cyrus in 538, the dates given are fairly accurate, but even in this epoch a possible error of a year or two must be allowed for.

7 ) THE CANON OF THE OLD TESTAMENT (39 book» ;11 Hebreur/Protestaut Bibles: -16 ;11 Catholic Bibles) PENTATEUCH: CTOR:\W) GENESIS EXODUS LEVITICUS 'JUMBERS DEUTERO:'llOMY HISTORICAL "Deutcronorruc History" BOOKS: {joshua JUDGES I IX 2 SAMUEL 1 IX 2 KINGS In Greek Bible = I IX 2 Kings In Greek Bible = 3 IX.j Kings "Chronicler's Hisrorv" { I IX 2 CHRONICLES EZRA 'JEHEMIAH In Greek Bible = "Paralipomenon" RUTH ESTHER LAMENT ATIONS :\ pocrvphu I llill.!i!! TOBIT Dcuterocanorr" { BARUCH 1 IX 2 MACCABEES Only included in the Greek Septuagint and purr of the Catholic Bible WISDO:'>I WRITINGS:,\pocryphul Iku!crocanon' JOB PSALMS PROVERBS ECCLESIASTES SO:'llG OF SONGS ECCl.ESIASTICUS WISDOM OF SOLOMO;'>; """Qoheieth" """Canticle of Canticles" ",,"Sirach" or "Jesus ben Sira' PII()PIIETS: Major Prophets: \Iillor Prophets:,"The Twelve") ISAIAH JEREMIAH EZEKIEL (DANIEL) HOSEA JOEL AMOS OBADIAH JO'JAH MICAH In Hebrew. Daniel is not a prophet NAHUM HABAKKUK ZEPHANIAH HAGGAI ZECHARIAH MALACHI 'Rooks that are underlined are found only in Catholic Bibles

8 HEBREW BIBLE The Law (Torah) means instruction or teachings (which includes law) 1 st 5 books of the Bible The Pentateuch Highest authority of all Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy The Prophets (Nebiim) -- (8 books) Former Prophets: Joshua, Judges, Samuel, & Kings (1 & 2) Latter Prophets: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel called major prophets due to length Book of the 12 Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi The Writings (Kethubim) (11 books) catch all A) 3 great books of poetry Psalms, Proverbs, Job B) Scroll of 5 used for Jewish festive occasions Song of Songs Passover Ruth Feast of the Weeks (Harvest) Lamentations Jerusalem s fall to Babylonia (Aug) Ecclesiastes Feast of Tabernacles Esther Feast of Purim (Winter) C) Daniel, Ezra-Nehemiah, Chronicles (1 & 2) The 24 books are equal to the 39 of the Protestant Bible The Apocrypha -- The 7 books the Catholics accept in addition to Protestants & Jews Judith, Tobit, 1 & 2 Maccabees, Wisdom, Sirach, and Baruch According to traditional usage "Apocrypha" refers to 14 books (or parts of) 1 & 2 Esdras, Additions to Esther, The Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the 3 Young Men, Susanna, Bel and the Dragon, The Prayer of Manasseh In addition, Eastern Orthodox Churches include 3 & 4 Maccabees and Psalm 151