Highlights from The Song of Solomon

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2 Table of Contents Source Material... 3 An Introduction to The Song of Solomon (Also Known as Canticles)... 4 Summary of the Highlights of Song of Solomon... 6 Song of Solomon - Outline of Contents... 8 Why Beneficial... 9 Chapters 1-8 The Shulammite Girl An Example Worthy of Imitation Chapters

3 The Song of Solomon Outline of Contents Source Material This material has been sourced from the 2015 Watchtower Library compact disk. Scriptures Included. Only verses that are explained in some way are included in the Scripture Index. Hence, if the material explains the meaning of the text, gives its background, tells why the text was written, or clarifies an original-language word and its implications, the text would be indexed, since the verse or part of it is explained. Scriptures that are used as proof texts but that are not explained are omitted. For example, Ezekiel 18:4 may be used merely to show that the soul dies. In this instance the scripture would not be indexed, since no explanation of the text is given. Additional personal research is encouraged. Page 3 Index The Song of Solomon

4 The Song of Solomon Outline of Contents An Introduction to The Song of Solomon (Also Known as Canticles) King Solomon wrote this poetic book in Jerusalem. It was composed sometime after the temple was built. Of the many songs composed by Solomon, this is considered his greatest. The main character is the Shulammite girl. Other characters included in this drama are the Shulammite s brothers; the shepherd; Solomon; the daughters of Jerusalem, or ladies of Solomon's court; and, the daughters of Zion, or women of Jerusalem. The song is presented through a series of conversations in which the speakers are constantly changing. Although the characters speaking are not named, they can be identified by what they say, or what is said to them. The Song of Solomon consists of eight chapters. Chapters one and two contain events that take place near the town of Shunem, which was also called Shulem. The Shulammite girl is brought into Solomon's camp, but she resists his advances and declares that she can love only her dear shepherd. Did you know? Shunem was the birthplace of David's nurse Abishag and the place where the prophet Elijah often stayed with a family. Chapters 3 to 8 describe events that take place in Jerusalem. Solomon returns to his court, taking the Shulammite with him in an effort to impress her. The Shulammite tells the daughters of Jerusalem, or ladies of Solomon's court, not to arouse love in her for Solomon. The shepherd follows the Shulammite to Jerusalem and strengthens her with warm expressions of endearment. We should keep in mind the ancient Eastern setting of this song in order to appreciate the poetic expressions of endearment that may seem unusual today. The shepherd compares the Shulammite s eyes to those of a dove; her hair to a flock of goats; and, her cheeks to a segment of pomegranate. Solomon approaches her again with flattering words, but she continues to reject his advances. Page 4 Index The Song of Solomon

5 The Song of Solomon Outline of Contents In chapter 8 the Shulammite girl returns to her home. Having proved her exclusive devotion, she is reunited with her dear shepherd. Their unfailing love is described as the flame of Jah because Jehovah is the originator of true love. As you read this book note the chasteness of the Shulammite girl; her loyalty to the shepherd; and, how true love originates with Jehovah, whose sovereignty is based on love. Page 5 Index The Song of Solomon

6 The Song of Solomon Outline of Contents Summary of the Highlights of Song of Solomon The unswerving love of a Shulammite maiden for a shepherd boy in spite of King Solomon s attempts to win her for himself Written by Solomon, evidently quite early in his reign The Shulammite maiden in Solomon s camp (1:1 3:5) She longs for the love of her dear one, a shepherd, and wants him to take her away from the royal surroundings To the women of the court, she explains that the reason for her dark complexion is exposure to the sun while working in her brothers vineyards Solomon promises her gold and silver ornaments, but she insists that she will keep loving her dear one Her shepherd appears and praises the Shulammite girl s beauty, likening her to a lily among weeds The Shulammite tells the women of the court that her shepherd is like an apple tree whose shade she passionately desires; she puts them under oath not to arouse in her a love for Solomon; she remembers when her lover invited her to accompany him; however, her brothers told her that the vineyards must be protected from the little foxes At night, she dreams about looking for her lover and finding him Tested in the city of Jerusalem (3:6 8:4) Solomon s magnificent entourage begins its return to Jerusalem The shepherd again gets in touch with the Shulammite (now veiled) and speaks of her beauty, likening her to a barred garden filled with aromatic plants She invites him to enter this garden and enjoy its fruits To the women of the court, the Shulammite relates her bad dream: Her lover arrived while she was in bed; he departed before she could open the door; she searched for him fruitlessly in the city and was mistreated by the city watchmen The daughters of Jerusalem ask about her dear one, and she replies by giving a glowing description of him Solomon now expresses his love for the Shulammite, saying she is more beautiful than his 60 queens and 80 concubines The Shulammite is unmoved, pointing out that she is only here because an errand of service brought her near his camp Page 6 Index The Song of Solomon

7 The Song of Solomon Outline of Contents Solomon vividly describes her beauty, but the Shulammite resists his skillful speech, insisting that she belongs to her dear one The Shulammite returns, her loyalty proved (8:5 14) The Shulammite returns home, leaning upon her dear one Earlier, her brothers wondered whether she would be constant like a wall, or fickle like a swinging door that admits anyone The Shulammite has turned down all that Solomon could offer, proving her exclusive devotion to her dear one; her love is as strong as death, and its blazings as the flame of Jah Page 7 Index The Song of Solomon

8 The Song of Solomon Outline of Contents Song of Solomon - Outline of Contents A poetic book of the Hebrew Scriptures that tells of the unswerving love of a Shulammite girl (a country girl from Shunem, or Shulem) for a shepherd boy and King Solomon s unsuccessful attempt to capture her love. The opening words of the Hebrew text designate this poem as the song of songs, that is, a superlative song, the most beautiful, the most excellent song. (See NW ftn on title.) It is but one song and not a collection of songs. At the outset Solomon is identified as the writer. (Ca 1:1) Internal evidence agrees with this, for it reveals the writer to have been one who was well acquainted with God s creation, as was Solomon. (1Ki 4:29-33) Repeatedly plants, animals, precious stones, and metals figure in the vivid imagery of the book. (Ca 1:12-14, 17; 2:1, 3, 7, 9, 12-15; 4:8, 13, 14; 5:11-15; 7:2, 3, 7, 8, 11-13) The writer, as would be expected from a king like Solomon, was very familiar with the land inhabited by the Israelites the coastal plain; the low plains (2:1); the mountain ranges of Lebanon, Hermon, Anti- Lebanon, and Carmel (4:8; 7:5); the vineyards of En-gedi (1:14); and the pools in Heshbon, by the gate of Bath-rabbim (7:4). The poem was composed when Solomon had 60 queens and 80 concubines. (Ca 6:8) This points to the earlier part of his 40-year reign ( B.C.E.), since Solomon finally came to have 700 wives and 300 concubines. 1Ki 11:3. The expressions of endearment contained in The Song of Solomon may seem very unusual to the Western reader. But it should be remembered that the setting for this song is an Oriental one of about 3,000 years ago. Page 8 Index The Song of Solomon

9 The Song of Solomon Outline of Contents Why Beneficial What lessons are taught in this song of love that the man of God might find beneficial today? Faithfulness, loyalty, and integrity to godly principles are clearly shown. The song teaches the beauty of virtue and innocence in a true lover. It teaches that genuine love remains unconquerable, inextinguishable, unpurchasable. Young Christian men and women as well as husbands and wives can benefit from this fitting example of integrity when temptations arise and allurements present themselves. But this inspired song is also most beneficial for the Christian congregation as a whole. It was recognized as part of the inspired Scriptures by the Christians of the first century, one of whom wrote: All the things that were written aforetime were written for our instruction, that through our endurance and through the comfort from the Scriptures we might have hope. (Rom. 15:4) This same inspired writer, Paul, could well have had in mind the Shulammite girl s exclusive love for her shepherd when he wrote to the Christian congregation: For I am jealous over you with a godly jealousy, for I personally promised you in marriage to one husband that I might present you as a chaste virgin to the Christ. Paul also wrote of the love of Christ for the congregation as that of a husband for a wife. (2 Cor. 11:2; Eph. 5:23-27) Not only is Jesus Christ the Fine Shepherd for them but he is also their King who holds out to his anointed followers the indescribable joy of marriage with him in the heavens. Rev. 19:9; John 10:11. Certainly these anointed followers of Christ Jesus can benefit much from the example of the Shulammite girl. They also must be loyal in their love, unenticed by the materialistic glitter of the world, keeping balance in their integrity clear through to the attainment of the reward. They have their minds set on the things above and seek first the Kingdom. They welcome the loving endearments of their Shepherd, Jesus Christ. They are overjoyed in knowing that this dear one, though unseen, is close beside them, calling on them to take courage and conquer the world. Having that unquenchable love, as strong as the flame of Jah, for their Shepherd King, they will indeed overcome and be united with him as fellow heirs in the glorious Kingdom of the heavens. Thus will Jah s name be sanctified! Matt. 6:33; John 16:33. Page 9 Index The Song of Solomon

10 The Song of Solomon Outline of Contents Chapters 1-8 The Shulammite Girl An Example Worthy of Imitation What made her an outstanding example for worshippers of Jehovah? She wisely waited for true love She refused to have others pressure her into feeling romantic love for just anyone who came along She was humble, modest, and chaste She would not let her love be bought with gold or flattery Ask yourself: Which quality of the Shulammite girl could I better imitate? THE SHULAMMITE GIRL IN KING SOLOMON S CAMP (1:1 3:5) 1 Song of songs (1) Young woman (2-7) Daughters of Jerusalem (8) King (9-11) We will make for you gold ornaments (11) Young woman (12-14) My dear one is like a fragrant bag of myrrh (13) Shepherd (15) You are beautiful, my beloved Young woman (16, 17) You are beautiful, my dear one (16) 2 Young woman (1) I am but a saffron Shepherd (2) My beloved is like a lily Young woman (3-14) Do not arouse love until it feels inclined (7) Page 10 Index The Song of Solomon

11 The Song of Solomon Outline of Contents Shepherd quoted (10b-14) My beautiful one, come away with me (10b, 13) Young woman s brothers (15) Catch the foxes for us Young woman (16, 17) My dear one is mine and I am his (16) 3 Young woman (1-5) At night, I sought the one I love (1) THE SHULAMMITE IN JERUSALEM (3:6 8:4) 3 Daughters of Zion (6-11) Solomon s procession described 4 Shepherd (1-5) You are beautiful, my beloved (1) Young woman (6) Shepherd (7-16a) You have captured my heart, my bride (9) Young woman (16b) 5 Shepherd (1a) Women of Jerusalem (1b) Become intoxicated with affection! Young woman (2-8) Relates her dream Daughters of Jerusalem (9) How is your dear one better than any other? Young woman (10-16) He stands out among ten thousand (10) 6 Daughters of Jerusalem (1) Young woman (2, 3) I am my dear one s, and my dear one is mine (3) Page 11 Index The Song of Solomon

12 The Song of Solomon Outline of Contents King (4-10) You are as beautiful as Tirzah (4) Women quoted (10) Young woman (11, 12) King (and others) (13a) Young woman (13b) King (and others) (13c) 7 King (1-9a) How pleasant you are, O beloved girl (6) Young woman (9b-13) I am my dear one s, and his desire is for me (10) 8 Young woman (1-4) If only you were like my brother (1) THE SHULAMMITE RETURNS, HER LOYALTY PROVED (8:5-14) 8 Young woman s brothers (5a) Who is this, leaning upon her dear one? Young woman (5b-7) Love is as strong as death is (6) Young woman s brothers (8, 9) If she is a wall,... but if she is a door,... (9) Young woman (10-12) I am a wall (10) Shepherd (13) Let me hear your voice Young woman (14) Be swift like a gazelle Page 12 Index The Song of Solomon

13 Chapters 1-8 (Song of Solomon 1:1) The song of songs, which is Solʹo mon s: *** w06 11/15 p. 17 Highlights From the Song of Solomon *** Jehovah s Word Is Alive LIKE a lily among thorny weeds, so is my girl companion among the daughters. Like an apple tree among the trees of the forest, so is my dear one among the sons. Who is this woman that is looking down like the dawn, beautiful like the full moon, pure like the glowing sun? (Song of Solomon 2:2, 3; 6:10) How sublime are these verses from the Bible book Song of Solomon! The entire book is a poem so full of meaning and beauty that it is called the most beautiful (most excellent) song. Song of Solomon 1:1, footnote. Composed by King Solomon of ancient Israel, likely about 1020 B.C.E., during the early part of his 40-year reign, this song is a love story of a shepherd boy and a country girl, a Shulammite. *** si p. 115 pars. 1-2 Bible Book Number 22 The Song of Solomon *** The book s title is a contraction of the opening words, The superlative song, which is Solomon s. According to the Hebrew word-for-word text, it is the Song of the songs, denoting superlative excellence, similar to the expression heavens of the heavens, for the highest heavens. (Deut. 10:14) It is not a collection of songs but one song, a song of the utmost perfection, one of the best that existed, or had ever been penned. 2 King Solomon of Jerusalem was the writer of this song, as is borne out by its introduction. He was highly qualified to write this supremely beautiful example of Hebrew poetry. (1 Ki. 4:32) It is an idyllic poem loaded with meaning and most colorful in its description of beauty. (Song of Solomon 1:2) May he kiss me with the kisses of his mouth, For your expressions of affection are better than wine. *** w15 1/15 pp par. 10 Is Unfailing Love Possible? *** What strengthened and comforted her during their separation? She tells us. (Read Song of Solomon 1:2, 3.) It was the memory of the shepherd s expressions of affection. For her, they proved to be better than wine that makes the heart rejoice, and his name was as soothing as fragrant oil poured out on the head. (Ps. 23:5; 104:15) Yes, the pleasant memory of love that has been expressed can enhance the enduring quality of love. How important it is that marriage mates express their affection for each other often! *** w06 11/15 p. 18 par. 5 Highlights From the Song of Solomon *** 1:2; 2:6. Clean expressions of endearment may be appropriate during courtship. However, a couple should take care that these are manifestations of genuine affection and not of unclean passion, which may pave the way for sexual immorality. Galatians 5:19. *** w06 11/15 p. 18 par. 1 Highlights From the Song of Solomon *** 1:2, 3 Why is the remembrance of the shepherd boy s expressions of endearment like wine and his name like oil? Just as wine makes the heart of a man rejoice and the pouring of oil on the head is soothing, the memory of the boy s love and his name strengthened and comforted Page 13

14 the maiden. (Psalm 23:5; 104:15) True Christians, particularly anointed ones, likewise find strength and encouragement in reflecting upon the love that Jesus Christ has shown toward them. *** w87 11/15 p. 24 True Love Is Triumphant! *** Wine gladdens the heart and strengthens the depressed soul. (Psalm 104:15; Proverbs 31:6) Oil was poured out on favored guests for its soothing properties. (Psalm 23:5; Luke 7:38) Thus the distressed Shulammite was strengthened and comforted by recalling the shepherd s expressions of endearment and his name. Similarly, the remnant of Christ s anointed followers are encouraged by meditating on the love and assurances of their Shepherd, Jesus Christ, although they are yet in the world and separated from him. (Song of Solomon 1:3) The fragrance of your oils is pleasant. Your name is like a fragrant oil poured out. That is why the young women love you. *** w15 1/15 pp par. 10 Is Unfailing Love Possible? *** What strengthened and comforted her during their separation? She tells us. (Read Song of Solomon 1:2, 3.) It was the memory of the shepherd s expressions of affection. For her, they proved to be better than wine that makes the heart rejoice, and his name was as soothing as fragrant oil poured out on the head. (Ps. 23:5; 104:15) Yes, the pleasant memory of love that has been expressed can enhance the enduring quality of love. How important it is that marriage mates express their affection for each other often! *** w06 11/15 p. 18 par. 1 Highlights From the Song of Solomon *** 1:2, 3 Why is the remembrance of the shepherd boy s expressions of endearment like wine and his name like oil? Just as wine makes the heart of a man rejoice and the pouring of oil on the head is soothing, the memory of the boy s love and his name strengthened and comforted the maiden. (Psalm 23:5; 104:15) True Christians, particularly anointed ones, likewise find strength and encouragement in reflecting upon the love that Jesus Christ has shown toward them. *** w87 11/15 p. 24 True Love Is Triumphant! *** Wine gladdens the heart and strengthens the depressed soul. (Psalm 104:15; Proverbs 31:6) Oil was poured out on favored guests for its soothing properties. (Psalm 23:5; Luke 7:38) Thus the distressed Shulammite was strengthened and comforted by recalling the shepherd s expressions of endearment and his name. Similarly, the remnant of Christ s anointed followers are encouraged by meditating on the love and assurances of their Shepherd, Jesus Christ, although they are yet in the world and separated from him. (Song of Solomon 1:5) I am dark, but lovely, O daughters of Jerusalem, Like the tents of Keʹdar, like the tent cloths of Solʹo mon. *** it-1 p. 965 Goat *** Goat s hair, made into fabric, was employed in various ways. (Nu 31:20) The tents of Kedar may have been made from black goat s hair (Ca 1:5), *** it-2 p. 144 Kedar *** Page 14

15 The Shulammite girl of The Song of Solomon likened her swarthy appearance to the tents of Kedar (Ca 1:5, 6; compare Ps 120:5), these likely being made of black goat s hair, as are the tents of many modern-day Bedouin. *** it-2 p. 994 Song of Solomon, The *** In the Hebrew text, grammatical forms often imply gender (masculine or feminine) as well as number (singular or plural), thereby facilitating identification of the characters. To make this distinction evident in the English language it is often necessary to add clarifying words to convey fully the meaning of the original. Thus at The Song of Solomon 1:5 the Hebrew reads literally: Black I and comely. However, the Hebrew words for black and comely are in the feminine gender. Therefore the New World Translation reads: A black girl I am, but comely. *** w06 11/15 p. 18 par. 2 Highlights From the Song of Solomon *** 1:5 Why does the country girl liken her swarthy appearance to the tents of Kedar? Goat s hair, made into fabric, had many uses. (Numbers 31:20) For example, cloths of goat s hair were used to make the tent upon the tabernacle. (Exodus 26:7) As is true of Bedouin tents even today, the tents of Kedar may well have been made of black goat s hair. (Song of Solomon 1:6) Do not stare at me because I am swarthy, Because the sun has gazed upon me. The sons of my mother were angry with me; They appointed me the keeper of the vineyards, But my own vineyard I did not keep. *** w15 1/15 p. 32 par. 16 Is Unfailing Love Possible? *** 16 When the shepherd asked the Shulammite girl to go for a walk with him on a spring day, her brothers did not permit her to go. Instead, they assigned her the work of guarding the vineyards. Why? Did they not trust her? Did they perhaps think that she had immoral intentions? Actually, they were taking precautions so that their sister would not come into a tempting situation. (Song of Sol. 1:6; 2:10-15) Here, then, is a lesson for single Christians: During courtship, take necessary precautions to keep the relationship chaste. Avoid secluded places. While clean expressions of affection may be appropriate, be careful to avoid tempting situations. *** g94 3/22 pp How Can I Avoid Toying With Immorality? *** Consider what happened when the Shulammite girl s shepherd lover invited her on a romantic walk. His motives were innocent enough; he simply wanted to enjoy the beauties of spring with her. Even so, the Shulammite girl s older brothers grew angry with her. Not that they didn t trust the couple. But they well knew the temptations that could arise if the couple were allowed to be alone in a romantic setting. The solution? The older brothers broke up the couple s romantic plans and gave their sister a demanding job that would keep her busy. Song of Solomon 1:6; 2:8-15. (Song of Solomon 1:11) We will make for you gold ornaments Studded with silver. *** w87 11/15 p. 24 True Love Is Triumphant! *** Lesson for Us: Solomon would have decked the Shulammite with circlets of gold and studs of silver, but she resisted these material temptations and affirmed her unfailing love for the shepherd. (1:11-14) (Song of Solomon 1:14) My dear one is to me like a cluster of henna Among the vineyards of Engedʹi. Page 15

16 *** it-1 p. 728 En-gedi *** The Shulammite maiden alluded to the fruitfulness of the region, referring to a cluster of henna... among the vineyards of En-gedi. (Ca 1:14) This, however, only partly describes the rich plant life that flourishes there even today. En-gedi s particular location in the depression of the region of the Dead Sea is conducive to the growth of semitropical vegetation, palms and balsam, plus a variety of fruits, making En-gedi an oasis that stands out from the nearby severely desolate Wilderness of Judah. See JUDAH, WILDERNESS OF. *** w89 11/1 p. 17 Wilderness of Judah Barren but Fascinating *** Yes, when there is ample water, this wilderness can blossom. En-gedi is an example. Water seeping through the porous rock emerges as springs and waterfalls in this valley that opens onto the western shore of the Dead Sea. This makes En-gedi a veritable jungle, rich in plant life. Visiting there, you can find many types of flowers and fruits. You might also see wildlife, ranging from rock badgers to mountain goats; there are even leopards in the area! 1 Samuel 24:2; Song of Solomon 1:14. (Song of Solomon 1:15) Look! You are beautiful, my beloved. Look! You are beautiful. Your eyes are those of doves. *** w06 11/15 p. 18 par. 3 Highlights From the Song of Solomon *** 1:15 What does the shepherd boy mean when he says: Your eyes are those of doves? The shepherd boy is saying that the eyes of his girl companion are soft and gentle in appearance, as are those of doves. (Song of Solomon 2:1) I am but a saffron of the coastal plain, A lily of the valleys. *** w15 1/15 p. 31 par. 13 Is Unfailing Love Possible? *** 13 What about the Shulammite girl? Though she was beautiful enough to attract the attention of a king who at the time had 60 queens and 80 concubines and young women without number, she viewed herself as but a saffron of the coastal plain a common flower. The girl was remarkably modest and humble. *** w15 1/15 p. 31 par. 13 Is Unfailing Love Possible? *** Song of Sol. 2:1, *** it-2 p. 911 Sharon *** In The Song of Solomon the Shulammite is depicted as describing herself as a mere saffron of the coastal plain, evidently meaning just a common flower among the many growing in Sharon. Ca 2:1. *** w87 11/15 p. 24 True Love Is Triumphant! *** 2:1-3 What is meant by these figures of speech? The Shulammite called herself a mere saffron of the coastal plain because she was a humble, modest young woman who viewed herself as only one of many common flowers. The shepherd, however, realized that she was a lily among thorny weeds, for she was comely, capable, and Page 16

17 faithful to Jehovah. To the maiden, the shepherd was like an apple tree among the trees of the forest because he was a spiritually inclined young man similarly devoted to God and having very desirable traits and abilities. An unmarried Christian seeking a partner in life should be looking only for a faithful fellow believer having qualities like those of the Shulammite or her beloved shepherd. (Song of Solomon 2:2) Like a lily among thorns Is my beloved among the daughters. *** w15 1/15 p. 31 par. 13 Is Unfailing Love Possible? *** Though she was beautiful enough to attract the attention of a king who at the time had 60 queens and 80 concubines and young women without number, she viewed herself as but a saffron of the coastal plain a common flower. The girl was remarkably modest and humble. No wonder she was like a lily among thorns, anything but common to the shepherd! She was faithful to Jehovah. Song of Sol. 2:1, 2; *** w87 11/15 p. 24 True Love Is Triumphant! *** 2:1-3 What is meant by these figures of speech? The Shulammite called herself a mere saffron of the coastal plain because she was a humble, modest young woman who viewed herself as only one of many common flowers. The shepherd, however, realized that she was a lily among thorny weeds, for she was comely, capable, and faithful to Jehovah. To the maiden, the shepherd was like an apple tree among the trees of the forest because he was a spiritually inclined young man similarly devoted to God and having very desirable traits and abilities. An unmarried Christian seeking a partner in life should be looking only for a faithful fellow believer having qualities like those of the Shulammite or her beloved shepherd. (Song of Solomon 2:3) Like an apple tree among the trees of the forest, So is my dear one among the sons. I passionately desire to sit in his shade, And his fruit is sweet to my taste. *** it-1 p. 132 Apple *** The apple tree (Pyrus malus) is mentioned mainly in The Song of Solomon, where the expressions of love by the Shulammite s shepherd companion are likened to the pleasant shade of the apple tree and the sweetness of its fruit. (Ca 2:3, 5) The king compares the Shulammite s breath to the fragrance of apples. (Ca 7:8; see also 8:5.) *** w87 11/15 p. 24 True Love Is Triumphant! *** 2:1-3 What is meant by these figures of speech? The Shulammite called herself a mere saffron of the coastal plain because she was a humble, modest young woman who viewed herself as only one of many common flowers. The shepherd, however, realized that she was a lily among thorny weeds, for she was comely, capable, and faithful to Jehovah. To the maiden, the shepherd was like an apple tree among the trees of the forest because he was a spiritually inclined young man similarly devoted to God and having very desirable traits and abilities. An unmarried Christian seeking a partner in life should be looking only for a faithful fellow believer having qualities like those of the Shulammite or her beloved shepherd. (Song of Solomon 2:6) His left hand is under my head, And his right hand embraces me. *** w06 11/15 p. 18 par. 5 Highlights From the Song of Solomon *** Page 17

18 1:2; 2:6. Clean expressions of endearment may be appropriate during courtship. However, a couple should take care that these are manifestations of genuine affection and not of unclean passion, which may pave the way for sexual immorality. Galatians 5:19. (Song of Solomon 2:7) I put you under oath, O daughters of Jerusalem, By the gazelles and the does of the field: Do not try to awaken or arouse love in me until it feels inclined. *** w15 1/15 p. 31 Is Unfailing Love Possible? *** DO NOT AWAKEN LOVE UNTIL IT FEELS INCLINED 11 The Song of Solomon also provides lessons for unmarried Christians, especially for those looking for a mate. The young woman felt no love for Solomon. Putting the daughters of Jerusalem under oath, she said: Do not try to awaken or arouse love in me until it feels inclined. (Song of Sol. 2:7; 3:5) Why? Because it is simply not proper to develop a romantic attachment for just anyone who comes along. A Christian desiring to marry, then, is wise to wait patiently for the one he or she can truly love. *** it-1 p. 902 Gazelle *** Probably with reference to its beauty and gracefulness, the gazelle figures in certain vivid descriptions contained in The Song of Solomon (2:9; 4:5; 7:3). The gazelle is also mentioned in the oath under which the Shulammite placed the daughters of Jerusalem, in effect obligating them by all that is beautiful and graceful. Ca 2:7; 3:5. *** w06 11/15 p. 18 par. 4 Highlights From the Song of Solomon *** 2:7; 3:5 Why are the court ladies put under oath by the female gazelles or by the hinds of the field? Gazelles and hinds are noted for their gracefulness and beauty. In effect, the Shulammite maiden is obligating the court ladies by everything that is graceful and beautiful to refrain from trying to awaken love in her. *** w06 11/15 p. 19 par. 1 Highlights From the Song of Solomon *** 2:7; 3:5. The country girl felt no romantic attraction to Solomon. She also put the court ladies under oath not to try to arouse in her love for anyone other than the shepherd boy. It is neither possible nor proper to feel romantic love for just anyone. A single Christian desiring to marry should consider only a loyal servant of Jehovah. 1 Corinthians 7:39. *** w87 11/15 pp True Love Is Triumphant! *** Lesson for Us: The maiden put the daughters of Jerusalem, or court women who waited on the king, under oath not to arouse love in her until it felt inclined. (2:7; 3:5) This indicates that it is not possible to have romantic love for just anyone. The maiden herself felt no attraction for Solomon. How wise it is, then, for an unmarried Christian contemplating wedlock to consider only an eligible and faithful worshiper of Jehovah who can truly be loved! 1 Corinthians 7:39. (Song of Solomon 2:8) The sound of my dear one! Look! Here he comes, Climbing the mountains, leaping over the hills. (Song of Solomon 2:9) My dear one is like a gazelle, like a young stag. There he is, standing behind our wall, Gazing through the windows, Looking through the lattices. *** it-2 p. 955 Animals of the Bible *** Page 18

19 [Picture on page 955] Gazelles were used as symbols of beauty (Ca 2:9) and of speed (1Ch 12:8) (Song of Solomon 2:10) My dear one speaks, he says to me: Rise up, my beloved, My beautiful one, come away with me. *** w15 1/15 p. 32 par. 16 Is Unfailing Love Possible? *** 16 When the shepherd asked the Shulammite girl to go for a walk with him on a spring day, her brothers did not permit her to go. Instead, they assigned her the work of guarding the vineyards. Why? Did they not trust her? Did they perhaps think that she had immoral intentions? Actually, they were taking precautions so that their sister would not come into a tempting situation. (Song of Sol. 1:6; 2:10-15) Here, then, is a lesson for single Christians: During courtship, take necessary precautions to keep the relationship chaste. Avoid secluded places. While clean expressions of affection may be appropriate, be careful to avoid tempting situations. *** g94 3/22 pp How Can I Avoid Toying With Immorality? *** Consider what happened when the Shulammite girl s shepherd lover invited her on a romantic walk. His motives were innocent enough; he simply wanted to enjoy the beauties of spring with her. Even so, the Shulammite girl s older brothers grew angry with her. Not that they didn t trust the couple. But they well knew the temptations that could arise if the couple were allowed to be alone in a romantic setting. The solution? The older brothers broke up the couple s romantic plans and gave their sister a demanding job that would keep her busy. Song of Solomon 1:6; 2:8-15. (Song of Solomon 2:11) Look! The winter has passed. The rains are over and gone. (Song of Solomon 2:12) Blossoms have appeared in the land, The time of pruning has arrived, And the song of the turtledove is heard in our land. (Song of Solomon 2:13) The fig tree ripens its early figs; The vines are in blossom and give off their fragrance. Rise up, my beloved, and come. My beautiful one, come away with me. *** it-1 p. 831 Fig *** At Song of Solomon 2:13 the first signs of maturity in the new green figs (Heb., pagh) are mentioned in connection with the flowering of the grapevines, which flowering begins about April. Hence, by the time the tree is in full leaf it should also be bearing fruit. (Song of Solomon 2:14) O my dove, in the retreats of the crag, In the recesses of the cliff, Let me see you and hear your voice, For your voice is pleasant and your appearance is lovely. (Song of Solomon 2:15) Catch the foxes for us, The little foxes that ruin the vineyards, For our vineyards are in bloom. *** it-1 p. 869 Fox *** The animal s diet includes insects, rodents and other small animals, birds, carrion, grass, and fruits. (Ca 2:15) The 18th-century naturalist F. Hasselquist reported that in the neighborhood of Bethlehem and elsewhere steps had to be taken to guard against the inroads of foxes upon the vineyards when the grapes were ripe. (Voyages and Travels in the Levant, London, 1766, p. 184) *** g94 3/22 pp How Can I Avoid Toying With Immorality? *** Page 19

20 Consider what happened when the Shulammite girl s shepherd lover invited her on a romantic walk. His motives were innocent enough; he simply wanted to enjoy the beauties of spring with her. Even so, the Shulammite girl s older brothers grew angry with her. Not that they didn t trust the couple. But they well knew the temptations that could arise if the couple were allowed to be alone in a romantic setting. The solution? The older brothers broke up the couple s romantic plans and gave their sister a demanding job that would keep her busy. Song of Solomon 1:6; 2:8-15. (Song of Solomon 3:5) I put you under oath, O daughters of Jerusalem, By the gazelles and the does of the field: Do not try to awaken or arouse love in me until it feels inclined. *** w15 1/15 p. 31 Is Unfailing Love Possible? *** DO NOT AWAKEN LOVE UNTIL IT FEELS INCLINED 11 The Song of Solomon also provides lessons for unmarried Christians, especially for those looking for a mate. The young woman felt no love for Solomon. Putting the daughters of Jerusalem under oath, she said: Do not try to awaken or arouse love in me until it feels inclined. (Song of Sol. 2:7; 3:5) Why? Because it is simply not proper to develop a romantic attachment for just anyone who comes along. A Christian desiring to marry, then, is wise to wait patiently for the one he or she can truly love. *** it-1 p. 902 Gazelle *** Probably with reference to its beauty and gracefulness, the gazelle figures in certain vivid descriptions contained in The Song of Solomon (2:9; 4:5; 7:3). The gazelle is also mentioned in the oath under which the Shulammite placed the daughters of Jerusalem, in effect obligating them by all that is beautiful and graceful. Ca 2:7; 3:5. *** it-2 p. 994 Song of Solomon, The *** Persons Involved. The central figure of The Song of Solomon is the Shulammite. Other persons mentioned in the poem are her shepherd lover (Ca 1:7) and her mother and brothers (1:6; 8:2), King Solomon (3:11), the daughters of Jerusalem (the ladies of Solomon s court), and the daughters of Zion (women residents of Jerusalem) (3:5, 11). The individuals can be differentiated by what they say of themselves or by what is said to them. *** w06 11/15 p. 19 par. 1 Highlights From the Song of Solomon *** 2:7; 3:5. The country girl felt no romantic attraction to Solomon. She also put the court ladies under oath not to try to arouse in her love for anyone other than the shepherd boy. It is neither possible nor proper to feel romantic love for just anyone. A single Christian desiring to marry should consider only a loyal servant of Jehovah. 1 Corinthians 7:39. *** w06 11/15 p. 18 par. 4 Highlights From the Song of Solomon *** 2:7; 3:5 Why are the court ladies put under oath by the female gazelles or by the hinds of the field? Gazelles and hinds are noted for their gracefulness and beauty. In effect, the Shulammite maiden is obligating the court ladies by everything that is graceful and beautiful to refrain from trying to awaken love in her. *** w87 11/15 pp True Love Is Triumphant! *** 3:5 Why was this oath associated with these animals? Page 20

21 Gazelles and hinds are gentle, graceful, and beautiful animals that are also swift and surefooted. In essence, then, the maiden was binding the daughters of Jerusalem in an oath by all that is graceful and beautiful. By these creatures, she was obligating these women to refrain from trying to arouse love in her for anyone other than her beloved shepherd. Lesson for Us: The maiden put the daughters of Jerusalem, or court women who waited on the king, under oath not to arouse love in her until it felt inclined. (2:7; 3:5) This indicates that it is not possible to have romantic love for just anyone. The maiden herself felt no attraction for Solomon. How wise it is, then, for an unmarried Christian contemplating wedlock to consider only an eligible and faithful worshiper of Jehovah who can truly be loved! 1 Corinthians 7:39. (Song of Solomon 3:8) All of them armed with a sword, All trained in warfare, Each with his sword at his side To guard against the terrors of the night. *** it-1 p. 649 Dread *** The expression dread during the nights refers to what may cause dread, or intense fear, during the night, such as surprise assault by robbers or attack by large beasts of prey. Ca 3:8. (Song of Solomon 3:9) It is the royal litter of King Solʹo mon That he made for himself from the trees of Lebʹa non. *** it-2 p. 258 Litter *** LITTER A portable couch or bed usually covered with a canopy and curtained in on the sides, designed so that a person of importance, either seated or reclined, can be carried about by men or beasts of burden; a palanquin as used in the Orient. The royal litter of King Solomon was made of Lebanese cedarwood, with silver pillars and supports of gold, and with the seat or cushion upholstered in costly and beautiful wool dyed reddish purple. The interior was richly ornamented, possibly with ebony. Ca 3:7-10, ftn. (Song of Solomon 3:10) Its pillars he made of silver, Its supports of gold. Its seat is of purple wool; Its interior was lovingly decorated By the daughters of Jerusalem. *** it-2 p. 258 Litter *** LITTER A portable couch or bed usually covered with a canopy and curtained in on the sides, designed so that a person of importance, either seated or reclined, can be carried about by men or beasts of burden; a palanquin as used in the Orient. The royal litter of King Solomon was made of Lebanese cedarwood, with silver pillars and supports of gold, and with the seat or cushion upholstered in costly and beautiful wool dyed reddish purple. The interior was richly ornamented, possibly with ebony. Ca 3:7-10, ftn. (Song of Solomon 3:11) Go out, O daughters of Zion, Gaze at King Solʹo mon Wearing the wedding crown his mother made for him On the day of his marriage, On the day of his heart s rejoicing. *** it-2 p. 994 Song of Solomon, The *** Persons Involved. The central figure of The Song of Solomon is the Shulammite. Other persons mentioned in the poem are her shepherd lover (Ca 1:7) and her mother and brothers (1:6; 8:2), King Solomon (3:11), the daughters of Jerusalem (the ladies of Solomon s court), and the Page 21

22 daughters of Zion (women residents of Jerusalem) (3:5, 11). The individuals can be differentiated by what they say of themselves or by what is said to them. (Song of Solomon 4:1) Look! You are beautiful, my beloved. Look! You are beautiful. Your eyes are those of doves behind your veil. Your hair is like a flock of goats Streaming down the mountains of Gilʹe ad. *** it-1 p. 966 Goat *** The hair of the Shulammite girl was compared to a drove of goats, perhaps alluding to the glistening sheen of black hair or to the luxuriant abundance of the girl s tresses. (Ca 4:1; 6:5) *** w06 11/15 p. 19 par. 5 Highlights From the Song of Solomon *** 4:1; 6:5 Why is the maiden s hair compared to a drove of goats? The comparison suggests that her hair was shiny and luxuriant like the black hair of goats. (Song of Solomon 4:4) Your neck is like the tower of David, Built with courses of stone Upon which are hung a thousand shields, All the circular shields of the mighty men. *** it-1 p. 170 Arms, Armor *** In peacetime, shields were often placed in arsenals. Ca 4:4. *** it-1 p. 171 Arms, Armor *** The Hebrew word sheʹlet, rendered circular shield, occurs seven times in the Hebrew Scriptures and is evidently similar to the more common ma ghenʹ (shield), since it is used in conjunction with ma ghenʹ in The Song of Solomon 4:4. *** it-2 p Tower *** Along the E wall S of the temple area was what is referred to as the protruding tower, and still farther S, somewhere in the vicinity of David s palace, was a tower associated with the King s House near the Courtyard of the Guard. (Ne 3:25-27) Some think that this latter tower was the one referred to in The Song of Solomon as the tower of David, built in courses of stone, upon which are hung a thousand shields, all the circular shields of the mighty men. (Ca 4:4) (Song of Solomon 4:6) Until the day grows breezy and the shadows flee, I will go my way to the mountain of myrrh And to the hill of frankincense. *** it-1 p. 869 Frankincense *** The Song of Solomon mentions the hill of frankincense, apparently in a figurative way, but may indicate the cultivation of incense trees in Solomon s royal parks. (Ca 4:6, 12-16; Ec 2:5) (Song of Solomon 4:7) You are altogether beautiful, my beloved, There is no blemish in you. *** w15 1/15 p. 30 par. 8 Is Unfailing Love Possible? *** 8 Not all expressions of affection made in the song draw attention to physical beauty. Consider what the shepherd says about the young woman s speech. (Read Song of Solomon 4:7, 11.) Her lips are said to drip with comb honey. Why? Because comb honey is sweeter and more flavorful than honey that has been exposed to air. Honey and milk are under [her] tongue, meaning that Page 22

23 like honey and milk, her speech is pleasant and good. Clearly, when the shepherd says to the girl, you are altogether beautiful,... there is no blemish in you, he has more than her physical beauty in mind. *** w06 11/15 p. 20 par. 4 Highlights From the Song of Solomon *** 4:7. By resisting Solomon s enticements, the Shulammite, though imperfect, proved herself to be without moral defect. Her moral strength thus enhanced her physical beauty. That should also be true of Christian women. *** g89 4/22 p. 22 How Can I Carry On a Successful Courtship? *** After beholding her loyally resist the enticements of rich King Solomon, he said: You are altogether beautiful, O girl companion of mine, and there is no defect in you. (Song of Solomon 4:7) Surely he did not mean that she was perfect, but her physical beauty was enhanced by her moral strength. She had no basic moral defect or blemish. In his mind, her strengths outweighed any weaknesses. (Song of Solomon 4:8) Come with me from Lebʹa non, my bride, Come with me from Lebʹa non. Descend from the peak of A maʹnah, From the peak of Seʹnir, the peak of Herʹmon, From the lairs of lions, from the mountains of leopards. *** it-1 p. 13 Abanah *** At Song of Solomon 4:8 reference is made to Amana in many translations, and it is understood to refer to the Anti-Lebanon mountains in which the river here discussed has its source. *** it-1 p. 87 Amanah *** AMANAH (A maʹnah) [from a root meaning trustworthy; faithful; long-lasting ]. This name appears in the Hebrew at Song of Solomon 4:8 in connection with Lebanon and Mount Hermon. Most translations simply transliterate the Hebrew word; however, some scholars understand it to refer to the Anti-Lebanon Range, while others apply it to that portion of the Anti- Lebanons in which the Nahr Barada has its source. See ANTI-LEBANON. *** it-1 p. 116 Anti-lebanon *** The Anti-Lebanon Range is evidently referred to in the Hebrew by the name Amanah at Song of Solomon 4:8, where it is mentioned in connection with Mount Hermon. While some have considered Amanah to be a particular mountain peak, it appears rather to refer either to the entire Anti-Lebanon Range or some part of it. The mountain ranges of Libana and Ammanana are mentioned jointly in inscriptions of Assyrian monarchs Tiglath-pileser III and Sennacherib. The Abanah River (modern Barada) is also called Amanah at 2 Kings 5:12 in the Syriac Peshitta and the Aramaic Targums, and this river, the principal one of Damascus, has its source in the southern part of the Anti-Lebanon mountains. Hence the name may refer either to that part of the range or to the range as a whole. (Song of Solomon 4:11) Your lips, my bride, drip with comb honey. Honey and milk are under your tongue, And the fragrance of your garments is like the fragrance of Lebʹa non. Page 23

24 *** w15 1/15 p. 30 par. 8 Is Unfailing Love Possible? *** 8 Not all expressions of affection made in the song draw attention to physical beauty. Consider what the shepherd says about the young woman s speech. (Read Song of Solomon 4:7, 11.) Her lips are said to drip with comb honey. Why? Because comb honey is sweeter and more flavorful than honey that has been exposed to air. Honey and milk are under [her] tongue, meaning that like honey and milk, her speech is pleasant and good. Clearly, when the shepherd says to the girl, you are altogether beautiful,... there is no blemish in you, he has more than her physical beauty in mind. *** it-1 p Honey, Honeycomb *** Comb honey is often mentioned, for it is considered superior in flavor, sweetness, and richness to honey that has been exposed to the air for a time. Emphasizing the goodness and pleasantness of the words spoken by the Shulammite girl, her shepherd lover speaks of them as comb honey that keeps dripping from her lips. (Ca 4:11) *** it-2 p. 231 Lebanon *** Possibly it was the fragrance of its great forests that was known as the fragrance of Lebanon. Ca 4:11. *** it-2 p. 402 Milk *** The shepherd of The Song of Solomon spoke of his beloved Shulammite as having honey and milk under her tongue, evidently meaning that her tongue gave expression to pleasant words. Ca 4:11. *** w06 11/15 p. 19 par. 6 Highlights From the Song of Solomon *** 4:11 What is significant about the Shulammite s lips dripping with comb honey and honey and milk being under her tongue? Comb honey is more flavorful and sweeter than honey that has been exposed to air. This comparison, as well as the idea that honey and milk were under the maiden s tongue, emphasizes the goodness and pleasantness of the words spoken by the Shulammite. (Song of Solomon 4:12) My sister, my bride, is like a locked garden, A locked garden, a spring sealed shut. *** w15 1/15 p. 32 Is Unfailing Love Possible? *** MY BRIDE IS LIKE A LOCKED GARDEN 15 Read Song of Solomon 4:12. Why does the shepherd describe his beloved as a locked garden? A walled or fenced-in garden is not open to the public. It can be accessed only through a locked gate. The Shulammite girl is like that garden because her affection was available only to her husband-to-be the shepherd. By not giving in to the enticements of the king, she proved herself to be like a wall and not a door that swings wide open. (Song of Sol. 8:8-10) Similarly, godly unmarried men and women reserve their love and affection for their future mate. *** w06 11/15 p. 20 par. 5 Highlights From the Song of Solomon *** Page 24

25 4:12. Like a beautiful garden enclosed by a hedge or a wall, which could be accessed only through a locked gate, the Shulammite maiden made her tender affections available only to her future husband. What a fine example for unmarried Christian women and men! *** w00 11/1 pp par. 17 A Godly View of Moral Cleanness *** The shepherd she loved also respected her chaste conduct. At one point he mused that the Shulammite was like a garden barred in. (Song of Solomon 4:12) In ancient Israel, beautiful gardens contained a delightful variety of vegetables, fragrant flowers, and stately trees. Such gardens were typically enclosed by a hedge or a wall and could be entered only through a locked gate. (Isaiah 5:5) To the shepherd, the Shulammite s moral purity and loveliness were like such a garden of rare beauty. She was completely chaste. Her tender affections would be available only to her future husband. *** w87 11/15 p. 25 True Love Is Triumphant! *** Lesson for Us: The Shulammite was like a garden barred in. (4:12) Often a garden in ancient Israel was parklike, a veritable paradise with a good water source and a variety of vegetables, flowers, and trees. Usually, it was enclosed by a hedge or a wall and could be entered only through a locked gate. (Isaiah 5:5) To the shepherd, the Shulammite s moral purity and loveliness were like a garden of rare beauty, fine fruitage, delightful fragrances, and exhilarating pleasantness. Her affections were not available to just any man, for she was chaste, like a garden barred to unwelcome intruders and open only to its lawful owner. In moral rectitude and loyalty the Shulammite thus set a fine example for yet unmarried Christian women today. (Song of Solomon 4:14) Spikenard and saffron, cane and cinnamon, With all sorts of trees of frankincense, myrrh, and aloes, Along with all the finest perfumes. *** it-1 pp Aloe, Aloeswood *** ALOE, ALOESWOOD [Heb., ʼaha limʹ (plural) and ʼaha lohthʹ (plural); Gr., a loʹe]. A name applied to a variety of tree containing a fragrant, or aromatic, substance used as a perfume in the Biblical period. (Ps 45:8; Pr 7:17; Ca 4:14) Most commentators consider the aloe tree of the Bible to be the Aquilaria agallocha, sometimes called the eaglewood tree and now found principally in India and neighboring regions. The tree is large and spreading, at times reaching a height of 30 m (c. 100 ft). The inner core of the trunk and of branches is impregnated with resin and an odoriferous oil, from which comes the highly prized perfume. Apparently attaining its most aromatic state when in decay, the wood is sometimes buried in the ground to hasten the decaying process. In a finely powdered condition it is then sold commercially as aloes. *** it-2 pp Saffron *** SAFFRON [Heb., kar komʹ]. The Hebrew word, appearing only in The Song of Solomon (4:14), has usually been identified with the saffron-yielding crocus (Crocus sativus), a fall-blooming bulbous plant with grasslike leaves and purple flowers that is much like the common spring crocus. To produce just 28 g (1 oz) of saffron, a deep orange-colored substance composed of the dried styles and stigmas of the flowers, about 4,000 blossoms are needed. When the flowers open, or shortly thereafter, the stigma and upper part of the style are removed and then dried. Saffron is used in coloring and Page 25