PSCI 4302A / PSCI 5305F POLITICAL THOUGHT IN THE MODERN MUSLIM MIDDLE EAST Monday 18:05-20:55 in C665 Loeb

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1 Carleton University Fall 2007 Department of Political Science PSCI 4302A / PSCI 5305F POLITICAL THOUGHT IN THE MODERN MUSLIM MIDDLE EAST Monday 18:05-20:55 in C665 Loeb Instructor: Prof. Farhang Rajaee Office: Loeb C672 Phone: X 2800 OHs: Monday 4:00-5:30 and farhang_rajaee@carleton.ca Tuesday 9:30-11:00 Seminar Description: The instructor focuses on the unfolding of political thought in the Muslim Middle East in the 20 th century. Concentration will be on the most important paradigm shift in Muslim thinking that occurred as a result of the encounter of Islam with modernity. In the process, the region neither became colonized nor could master the nuances of the Renaissance. What system was in place in the region in the wake of modernity? How did modernity come to the region? When did the encounter occur? What were the responses to it? These are some of the questions that guide the discussion in the seminar. In the first half of the twentieth century secular responses became the dominant voices in the region. Islam-minded Middle Easterners took a defensive posture and tried to revive their religion in the face of modernist onslaught. Then, when trends such as liberation movements for decolonization, and revolutionary anti-imperialist groups became powerful a strong sense of revolt and return to the self set in and many active Muslim groups turned to Islam as an ideology of liberation and activism. Radicalization of the Muslim world began. Here, we concentrate on the two important regions where this paradigm shift became vociferous and later influenced the rest of the Muslim world, namely Egypt and Iran. I will focus both on the individual thinkers as well as groups that have been epoch makers and influenced socio-political developments. The course will be anchored on the works of people such as Qutb and Khomeini as well as the movement they shaped and influenced i.e., the Muslim Brothers of Egypt and the Islamic Movement of Iran. Organization: This is a combined higher-level undergraduate course and graduate seminar, thus I would like the readings for the week to be discussed in class. The first part of every session (at least half an hour) will be devoted to the discussion of the readings for the week and I would expect everyone to participate. There might be presentation(s) by the member of the seminar also, particularly the graduate students. Then, I will lecture on the topic at hand, but would welcome discussions during the lecture. Required Text(s) Khaled Abou El Fadl. The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists. New York: Harper Collins, Rohollah Khomeini. Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini ( ). Translated by Hamid Algar. New York: Islamic Publishing International, 1981 Adnan A. Musallam. From Secularism to Jihad: Seyyed Qutb and the Foundation of Radical Islamism. Westport CT: Praeger, 2006.

2 Material in Resource Room: There are two copies of a collection including parts of books and journal articles that will be kept in the Resource Room of the Political Science Department, Loeb C666. They are identified in the reading as (RR). Please do not take out of the Resource Room. Course Requirements To obtain credit for this course, students must meet all the course requirements; attendance, reviews, papers and the in class exam. Students who do not meet these criteria will be assigned a grade of "F." Late essays will be penalized one fraction of a grade (i.e., B to B-) for each weekday they are late. All essays must be handed to the instructor. The mark will be calculated as follows: The first review* 15% (October 15) The second review* 15% (November 12) In class Exam for undergraduates** 40% (December 2) Final paper for graduate students*** 40% (December 2) Participation**** 30% *Each review should be about 3-4 pages (double space and typed). The material to be reviewed is from the required reading by students choice and should address at least the following questions: What is the main objective of the writer? What is the methodology utilized by the author? Did he/she achieve the objective? Notes: If one wants to review another book that relates to the course material one has that option, but it should be cleared by the instructor. ** The in class exam will be based on the texts and the content of the lectures. It consists of two parts: a set of short answer questions worth a total of 20%, and two long answer questions for a total of 20%. The exam will be held on the last day of the class. *** The final paper should be a well-argued research paper focusing on an individual thinker, a group, or and issue that has been on the political agenda in the region. The paper is pages double space and should be turned in by December 2nd. **** This is calculated based on regular attendance and participation in class discussion. Course Calendar Week 1 (Sept. 10): Introduction and Orientation A. The Purpose of the Seminar B. Approach and Method Part I: Muslims Facing Modernity Week 2 (Sept. 17): The Century of Modernization A. Muslims facing History, past and Present (two phases of civilizations) B. Muslims Between Autonomy and Hegemony (Modernization/Modernism) Film: Middlemen 2

3 Hamid Enayat. Modern Islamic Political Thought. 1982a (JA84.I7815), pp ( ) (RR); Lapidus, Ira M. "The Separation of State and Religion in the Development of Early Islamic Society," IJMES 6(1975): (RR); and Farhang Rajaee, Islam in Modern History; the Modern Context, December 2001, ( (RR). Recommended: Karen Armstrong. Islam; a Short History. New York: Modern Library, 2002 (BP50.A ); Carl W. Ernst. Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003 (BP161.3.E ); John Esposito. Islam; the Straight Path. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005 (BP161.2.F ); Marshal Hodgson. The Venture of Islam. 3 Volumes. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1974 (DS35.6. H63); Albert Hourani. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, New York: Cambridge University Press, Updated Edition, 1963 (JA84.E3H6); Ira M. Lapitus. A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988 (DS35.63.L37); William R Polk and Richard L. Chambers (Eds.). Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East; the Nineteenth Century. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1968 (DS62.C6 1968); and William Montgomery Watt. The Majesty that was Islam: The Islamic World, London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1974 (DS36.85.W37). Week 3 (Sept. 24): The Century of Modernism/Islamism A. Western Dis-embedding and Muslims B. Modernity, Modernism, Islam and Islamism Hamid Enayat. Modern Islamic Political Thought. 1982b (JA84.I7815), pp and ( ) (RR); and Nikki R. Keddie, "Is There a Middle East?" International Journal of Middle East Studies. 4 (1973), pp (RR). Recommended: Al-Azmeh, Aziz. Islams and Modernities. London: Verso, 1993 (BP163.A95); Kemal H. Karpat (Ed.). Political and Social Thought in the Contemporary Middle East. New York: Praeger, 1982 (JA84.N18P ); John Cooper, Ronald Nettler and Mohamad Mahmoud (editors). Islam and Modernity: Muslim Intellectuals Respond. London: I. B. Tauris, 2000 (BP42.I86); Norman Daniel. Islam and the West: the Making of an Image. Oxford: ONeworld, Revised Edition, 1993 (BP172. D ); Thierry Hentsch. Imagining the Middle East. Translated by Fred A. Reed. Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1992 (D34. M628H4613); Fazlur Rahman. Islam and Modernity: Transformation of an Intellectual Tradition (1982); Edward Said. Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books, 2 nd Edition, 1994 (DS12. S ); and Malcolm Yapp. The Making of the Modern Near East, London: Longman, 1987 (DS62.4.Y35. Part II: The Islam-Centered New Discourses (1930s-1979) Week 4 (Oct. 1): Egypt and Revolution A. Egypt and the World B. Intellectual Context Musallam, 1-27 Recommended: Geneive Abdo. No God but God: Egypt and the Triumph of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000; Ibrahim M. Abu-Rabi. Intellectual Origins of Islamic Resurgence in the Modern Arab World. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996, (BP60.A26); Issa Boullata. Trends and Issues in Contemporary Arab Thought. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990 (DS36.88.B68); Lia Brynjar. The Society of the Muslim 3

4 Brothers in Egypt: the Rise of an Islamic Mass Movement, Reading: Ithaca Press, 1998 (DT L53); M.W. Daly and Carl F. Petry, eds. The Cambridge History of Egypt, 2 Vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998 (DT94.C36); Hrair R. Dekmejian. Islam in Revolution: Fundamentalism in the Arab world. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2 nd Edition, 1995 (BP63.A4A ); Gilles Kepel. The Prophet and Pharaoh: Muslim Extremism in Egypt. Translated by Jon Rothschild. London: Al Saqi Books, 1985 (BP64.E3K4413); Anthony Shadid. Legacy of the Prophet; Despots, Democrats, and the New Politics of Islam. Boulder: Westview Press, 2002 Week 5 (Oct. 8) Thanksgiving Week 6 (Oct. 15): Qutb, the Social Critic A. Poet, Novelist, and Critic B. Student of the Qur an and Changes Musallam, Recommended: Richard P. Mitchell. The Society of the Muslim Brothers. London, Oxford University Press, 1969 (DT M5 1969); Ahmad S. Moussalli. Radical Islamic Fundamentalism; the Ideological and Political Discourse of Sayyid Qutb. Beirut, Lebanon: American University of Beirut, 1992 (BP80.Q86M68); Sayyid Qutb. In the Shade of the Qur'an. London: M.W.H., 1979 (BP Q7713); and Emmanuel Sivan. Radical Islam: Medieval Theory and Modern Politics. New Haven: Yale University Press, Enlarged edition, 1990 (BP163.S ). Week 7 (Oct. 22): Qutb, the Revolutionary A. Social Justice B. American and the Jahiliyya Musallam Recommended: Raymond William Baker. Islam Without Fear: Egypt and the New Islamists. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 2003; Sayed Khatab. The Political Thought of Sayyid Qutb: the Theory of Jahiliyyah. New York : Routledge, 2006 (C49.K ); Sayyis Qutb. Social Justice in Islam. Translated from the Arabic by John B. Hardie, revised and introduction by Hamid Algar. New York: Islamic Publishing International, 2000 (HN40. M6 Q ); Roxanne L. Euben. Enemy in the Mirror: Islamic Fundamentalism and the Limits of Modern Rationalism; a Work of Comparative Political Theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999 (BP F85E93). Week 8 (Oct. 29) Iran, Modernism and Revolution A. Iran and the World B. Intellectual Context Jalal Al-e Ahmad. Gharbzadegi = Weststruckness. Translated from the Persian by John Green and Ahmad Alizadeh, 1982, pp , and (RR). Recommended: Ahmad Ashraf. From the White Revolution to the Islamic Revolution, in Iran After the Revolution, Crisis of an Islamic State. Edited by Saeed Rahnema and Sohrab Behdad. London: I.B. Tauris, 1995, pp (DS I683); Shaoul Bakhash. The Reign of the Ayatollah: Iran and the Islamic Revolution. New York: Basic Books, 1984 (DS B34); 4

5 Mehrzad Boroujerdi. Iranian Intellectuals and the West: The Tormented Triumph of Nativism. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1996; Heinz Halm. Shi a Islam: From Religion to Revolution. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener, 1997; Roy Mottahedeh. The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran. Oxford: Oneworld, 2000 (BP192.7.I7M67); Yann Richard. Shi`ite Islam; Polity, Ideology, and Creed. Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell, 1995 (BP193.5.R5313); Daryush Shayegan. Cultural Schizophernia: Islamic Societies Confronting the West. Translated from the French by John Howe. London: Saqi Books, 1992 (CB251.S4813); and Farzin Vahdat. God and Juggernaut: Iran s Intellectual Encounter with Modernity. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2002 (DS316.4 V ). Week 9 (Nov. 5): Khomeini, Philosopher and Mystic A. The Qur anic interpreter B. The Mystic and Supreme Jihad Khomeini Recommended: Hamid Algar. Imam Khomeini, ; The Pre-Revolutionary Years, in Islam, Politics, and Social Movements. Edited by Ira M. Lapidus and Edmond Burke, III. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988, pp (DS I64); Said Amir Arjomand(ed.). Authority and Political Culture in Shi'ism. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988 (BP194.9.G68A94); Hamid Dabashi. Theology of Discontent; the Ideological Foundations of the Islamic Revolution in Iran. New York: New York University Press, 1993 (BP63.I68D33); Alexander Kynsh. Iran Revisited: Khomeini and the Legacy of Islamic Mystical Philosophy, The Middle East Journal. 46: 4 (Autumn 1992), ; Baqer Moin. Khomeini, Life of the Ayatollah. New York: St. Martin Press, 2000.; and Farhang Rajaee. Islamic Values and World View: Khomeyni on Man the state and International Politics. Lanham MD: University Press of America, 1983 (BP80. K494R3). Week 10 (Nov. 12): Khomeini, the Revolutionary A. The Need for an Islamic State B. The Guardianship of the Jurist Khomeini, Recommended: Gudmar Aneer. Imaam Ruhoullah Khumaini, Shah Muhammad Riza Pahlavi, and the Religious Traditions of Iran. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 1985; Manuchehr Dorraj. From Zarathustra to Khomeini: Populism and Dissent in Iran. Boulder: Lynne Reiner, 1988 (DS272. D67); Enayat, Hamid Enayat, Iran: Khumayni's Concept of the 'Guardianship of the Jurisconsult, in Islam in the Political Process. Edited by James Piscatori. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp (BP I85); Ali Gheissari and Vali Nasr. Democracy in Iran: History and the Quest for Liberty. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006 (DS G ); Vanessa Martin. Creating an Islamic State: Khomeini and the Making of a New Iran. London: I.B. Tauris, 2000 (DS K48 M ); Mohsen Milani. The Making of Iran's Islamic Revolution; from Monarchy to Islamic Republic. Boulder: Westview Press, 2 nd edition, 1994 (DS318.M ); Part Three: Tras-national Islam and Post-Islamism (1979-Present) Week 11 (Nov. 19): Transnational Islamism A. The modern Puritans 5

6 B. Radicalism and Moderation El-Fadl, and Musallam Recommended: Jason Burke. Al-Qaeda: The Story of Radical Islam. New York: Penguin Books, 2004; Natance J. Delong-Bas. Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004; Richard Bonney (2004). Jihad: from Qur'an to Bin Laden. Foreword by Zaki Badawi. New York: Palgrave Macmillan (BP 182. B ); Khaled Haroub. Hamas: Political Thought and Practice. Washington DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2000 (DS119.7.H ); Ahmad Nizar Hamzeh. In the path of Hizbullah. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2004 (JQ1828.A98 H ); Roland Jacquard. In the Name of Osama bin Laden: Global Terrorism & the bin Laden Brotherhood. Durham: Duke University Press, 2002 (HV6430.B55 J ); Olivier Roy. Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004; and Lawrence Wright (2006). The Looming Tower: Al- Qaeda and the Road to 9/11. New York: Knopf, (HV W752006) Week 12 (Nov. 26): Post-Islamism A. Globalization and the failure of Islamism B. Politics of Renewal El-Fadl, Recommended: Khaled Abou El-Fadl. Islam and the Challenge of Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004; Noah Feldman. After Jihad: America and the Struggle for Islamic Democracy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003 (BP190.5.D ); Charles Kurzman (Ed). Liberal Islam: A Source Book. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998 (BP60.L53); Fatima Mernissi. Islam and Democracy: Fear of the Modern World. Trans. Mary Jo Lakeland. Cambridge: Persus Publishing, 2002 (BP163.M4713); Omid Safi (Ed.). Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender, and Pluralism. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2003 (BP161.3.P76); and Abdulkarim Soroush. Reason, Freedom, and Democracy in Islam: Essential Writings of Abdulkarim Soroush. Translated, Edited, and With A Critical Introduction by Mahmoud and Ahmad Sadri. New York: Oxford University Press, Week 13 (Dec. 3): Concluding Session A. General Observations B. In Class Exam (undergraduate students) Academic Accommodations For Students with Disabilities: Students with disabilities requiring academic accommodations in this course are encouraged to contact the Paul Menton Centre (PMC) for Students with Disabilities (500 University Centre) to complete the necessary forms. After registering with the PMC, make an appointment to meet with the instructor in order to discuss your needs at least two weeks before the first in-class test or CUTV midterm exam. This will allow for sufficient time to process your request. Please note the following deadlines for submitting completed forms to the PMC for formally scheduled exam accommodations: November 9 th, 2007 for December examinations, and March 14 th, 2008 for April examinations. For Religious Observance: Students requesting accommodation for religious observances should apply in writing to their instructor for alternate dates and/or means of satisfying academic requirements. Such requests should be made during the first two weeks of class, or as soon as possible after the need for 6

7 accommodation is known to exist, but no later than two weeks before the compulsory academic event. Accommodation is to be worked out directly and on an individual basis between the student and the instructor(s) involved. Instructors will make accommodations in a way that avoids academic disadvantage to the student. Instructors and students may contact an Equity Services Advisor for assistance ( For Pregnancy: Pregnant students requiring academic accommodations are encouraged to contact an Equity Advisor in Equity Services to complete a letter of accommodation. Then, make an appointment to discuss your needs with the instructor at least two weeks prior to the first academic event in which it is anticipated the accommodation will be required. Plagiarism: The Undergraduate Calendar defines plagiarism as: "to use and pass off as one's own idea or product, work of another without expressly giving credit to another." The Graduate Calendar states that plagiarism has occurred when a student either: (a) directly copies another's work without acknowledgment; or (b) closely paraphrases the equivalent of a short paragraph or more without acknowledgment; or (c) borrows, without acknowledgment, any ideas in a clear and recognizable form in such a way as to present them as the student's own thought, where such ideas, if they were the student's own would contribute to the merit of his or her own work. Instructors who suspect plagiarism are required to submit the paper and supporting documentation to the Departmental Chair who will refer the case to the Dean. It is not permitted to hand in the same assignment to two or more courses. The Department's Style Guide is available at: Oral Examination: At the discretion of the instructor, students may be required to pass a brief oral examination on research papers and essays. Submission and Return of Term Work: Papers must be handed directly to the instructor and will not be date-stamped in the departmental office. Late assignments may be submitted to the drop box in the corridor outside B640 Loeb. Assignments will be retrieved every business day at 4 p.m., stamped with that day's date, and then distributed to the instructor. For essays not returned in class please attach a stamped, self-addressed envelope if you wish to have your assignment returned by mail. Please note that assignments sent via fax or will not be accepted. Final exams are intended solely for the purpose of evaluation and will not be returned. Approval of final grades: Standing in a course is determined by the course instructor subject to the approval of the Faculty Dean. This means that grades submitted by an instructor may be subject to revision. No grades are final until they have been approved by the Dean. Course Requirements: Students must fulfill all course requirements in order to achieve a passing grade. Failure to hand in any assignment will result in a grade of F. Failure to write the final exam will result in a grade of ABS. FND (Failure No Deferred) is assigned when a student's performance is so poor during the term that they cannot pass the course even with 100% on the final examination. In such cases, instructors may use this notation on the Final Grade Report to indicate that a student has already failed the course due to inadequate term work and should not be permitted access to a deferral of the examination. Deferred final exams are available ONLY if the student is in good standing in the course. Connect Accounts: The Department of Political Science strongly encourages students to sign up for a campus account. Important course and University information will be distributed via the Connect system. See for instructions on how to set up your account. 7