Divine Knowledge and Free Will of Man in View of the Problem of Evils

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1 Divine Knowledge and Free Will of Man in View of the Problem of Evils Mersad Hajj Ilich * Abolfazl Kiyashemshaki ** English Abstracts On the basis of incompatibilist views, free acts based on free will are not possible in view of determinism governing the whole order of existence, nor is the existence of evils with justice-centrality. Compatibilist views by contrast, maintain that free will is possible if only it coheres with determinism in whole scale of reality. Compatibilist responses to the objections to justice-centrality in order of beings and of irrationality of religious beliefs in view of the reality of free-will-based evil events are the theories of free will theodicy and free will defense respectively. The purport of the former is the idea that God has created the best possible world out of beings possessed of free will though He knows from all eternity that some these beings would prefer evil to goodness. The content of the other theory, however, is that belief in God who is absolutely perfect and omnibenevolent is not incompatible with the existence of evil and does not imply any contradiction or essentially impossibility. Such a universe is possible in itself and one can rationally believe in God as its creator. 11 Keywords: determinism, Divine Foreknowledge, pre-established harmony, whole scale of reality, free will, evil out of free will, justice- centrality. * graduate student in international University of Al-Mustafa (mirsadmail@yahoo.com). ** full professor in international University of Amir Kabir (akia45@gmail.com).

2 Comparative Study of the Badaʾ (Appearance) Problem in thoughts of Shiite Theologians and Philosophers Muhammad Ali Ismaeli * Sayed Muhammad Mahdi Ahmadi Esfahani ** Most of the Sunni Muslims deem Shiites to be in favor of Badaʾ (lit. appearance) in its literal sense namely appearance after being hidden and hence they charge Shiites of allowing such a concept of Badaʾ for and thus denying God's omniscience. Shiite scholars traditionally advocated the doctrine of Badaʾ arguing that it is a Qurʾānic truth in support of which there are many Qurʾānic verses and Hadiths in the collections of tradition from both Sunni and Shiite Muslims. Both Sunni and Shiite scholars deny attributing Badaʾ in its literal meaning to God, though there is difference of opinions of technical meaning. Some identify it with abrogation and conceive a conventional difference between the two. The present article is an attempt to explain various views on the reality of Badaʾ esp. on the basis of Shiite hadiths with a reference to effects of belief in the doctrine of Badaʾ. No. 42 Keywords: Badaʾ, abrogation, God's Knowledge, Preserved Tablet, Tablet of obliteration and affirmation. 10 * research student in Qom Islamic Seminary (mali.esm91@yahoo.com). ** assistant professor in international University of Al-Mustafa (dr.mh.ahmadi@gmail.com).

3 Comparative Study of the Concept of Justice in Farabi and Martyr Sadr s political Philosophy Zahra Qasimi * Muhammad Hussein Behzadi ** Muhammad Kazim Kaveh Pishqadam *** English Abstracts Justice as one of the important problems of epistemic and social sciences has always been interesting subject for philosophers and thinkers. Justice is but the realization and practical version of monotheism. Justice is a key and fundamental concept in the thought of both Muslim thinkers, Farabi and Sadr. This article is an attempt to deal with this concept in political philosophy of Farabi (second teacher) and Martyr Sadr. Attempts are also made to show that justice in the eyes of these two thinkers is intended to be a mean between the two excesses, harmony or to put a thing in its proper place, avoiding any sort of extremist act or shortcoming. Justice is also meant to be with Truth or Reality as rationally good and proper and essential feature of the world. Keywords: justice, Farabi, Martyr Sadr, political philosophy. 9 * graduate student in political philosophy of Open University of Shiraz (z.ghasemi1986@yahoo.com). ** graduate student in political philosophy of Open University of Shiraz (mhbehzadi59@gmail.com). *** assistant professor in Open University of Shiraz (pishghadam@iaushiraz.ac.ir).

4 Man as Addressee (Recipient) of Divine Commandments Muhammad Salim Mohsini * Muhammad Baqir Qayyumi ** Man as free and rational being is the addressee of the divine commandments. Since, however, he is of many existential dimensions such as body, soul and mental states and there are different views on definition of human identity, it is important to decide which approach to take to determine personal identity in defining the exact addressee. For obligation is addressed to human being and thud our definition is decisive in this respect. If corporeal bod is identified as the true nature of human being, the addressee will be human body whereas if mind or soul or spirit is recognized as human identity then all commandments are held to be addressed to soul or spirit. As human nature is inextricably constituted with both corporeal body and immaterial soul in this world, the mind-body dualism as the theory of human nature seems to be justified and as result the addressee of Divine commandments will be a compound identity of mind and body. No. 42 Keywords: personal identity, obligation, addressee of obligations, body, soul, spirit, mind. 8 * Ph. D. student in international University of Al-Mustafa (sfidab@yahoo.com). ** assistant professor in international University of Al-Mustafa (ghayyoomi@gmail.com).

5 Explanation of Divine All-dominion and Human Free will Muhammad Mahdi Gorjian * Hisamoddin Sharifi ** English Abstracts The predestination and free will of man is among the controversial problems in religions and schools of thought. Among Muslims this problem has drawn the attention of mystics as well as philosophers and theologians. Islamic thinkers have dealt with it on basis of Qurʾānic revelations. Some chose the idea of predestination. Others drew to free will. Still another group of thinker found the middle way as true and justified. The present article is to explain the middle way on the basis of Qurʾānic revelations and supporting arguments from reason and mysticism, showing God's knowledge and omnipotence, the hallmark of His All-Dominion, are not inconsistent with human freedom. Divine Omniscience and Omnipotence that are ground of human will can be reconciled with it and each has its own proper place and there is no incompatibility among them. Keywords: predestination, free will, Divine Foreknowledge, Unity of Divine Acts, Divine All-dominion, immutable archetype. 7 * associate professor of Baqir Al-Ulum University (mm.gorjian@yahoo.com). ** Ph. D. student Baqir Al-Ulum University (hesharifi@yahoo.com).

6 Hamid Reza Rezania * Status of Man in Reason and Revelation The present article is to discuss reality of man, two-dimensionality of his existence, immateriality of human soul and the capacity of man to arrive the noble human states in light of servitude to God the Exalted, status of primordial nature, nobility of man, role of self-knowledge, and state of proximity of perfect man. The article concluded that the servitude man before God is not to be regarded as captivity and limitation. Rather, it can place man in highest rank in the possible world. Keywords: man, soul, proximity, servitude, perfect man. No * assistant professor in international University of Al-Mustafa (hamid.rezaniya@yahoo.com).

7 English Abstracts Prophethood from Sadra's and Maimonides Standpoints Masoud Sadiqi * Sayed Mahmud Musawi ** English Abstracts Sadra, the foremost among theosophers and Musa Ibn Maimonides are two philosophers belonging to Islamic and Jewish traditions respectively and both discussed the issue of prophecy in detail. By comparative study one finds that there are more similarities than differences between the two views. On such topics as nature of prophethood, proof of its necessity, way of recognizing true prophet from false one, and distinguishing the Divine Law from profane one, character traits of prophet, hierarchy and missions of the prophets, both think in much the same way. The only matter over which they disagree is the question as to which prophet is the most excellent. Sadra believes that Muhammad the holy prophet of Islam is the most excellent and his holiness was not obliged to follow the previous Divine Laws whereas Maimonides is of the opinion that Moses is superior and so the later prophet are also to follow Mosaic Law. 5 Keywords: Sadra, Maimonides, prophethood, prophet, sensation, imagination, intellect, Shriah (Law). * ph. D. student Baqir Al-Ulum University (msadeqi17@yahoo.com). ** assistant professor in Baqir Al-Ulum University (smmusawi@gmail.com).

8 C. Providing better justificatory explanation for doctrinal beliefs of holy religion of Islam and presenting them in a true way on the basis of revealed doctrines. D. Producing knowledge and promoting scholarly level of professors and furnishing them to affiliated centers. E. Preparing grounds for free theorization chairs in the arena of rational sciences. F. Establishing relations with scholarly-scientific centers in the intellectual sciences. Pajuheshname Noor-e-Hikmat invites thinkers and scholars of both Hawzah and University to present their scholarly ideas in the area of intellectual sciences and appreciates the views of men of thought and contributors.

9 Imam Khomeini High Educational Complex, under the supervision of the Jame'at-al-Mustafa al-alamiyya, started its activity in 1375 (Solar Hijrah) with the purpose of training non-iranian clerics, scholars and 'elites in the domain of religious studies, so that they can be prepared for some assigned tasks such as propagating, teaching and researching about the Human Sciences and Islamic Sciences, as well as disseminating the Holy Prophet and Ahl-al-Bayt's way of life the basis of Muslims needs in the contemporary world. To the present day, thousands of students interested in Islamic sciences and teachings are taught and trained in various fields such as Qur ānics, Fiqh, philosophy, hadith, history and other Islamic disciplines at the levels of B.A. and M.A. and Ph.D. which are designed to increase the depth as well as extent of study field. For the time being hundreds of graduates of this High Educational Complex are doing their divine duties all over the world. Of the unique characteristics of Jameat Al-Mustafa and its affiliated centers including Imam Khomeini High Educational Complex, is the fact that its students are of various nationalities and they had experienced different religions and schools of thoughts before embracing Islam and school of Ahl al-bayt. This has caused a great development and growth of researches among students and it has also resulted in producing religious knowledge and science based on the today's world's facts, providing a good atmosphere for exchanging ideas and approximation among different sects as well as different Islamic sciences. To this end, Imam Khomeini High Educational Complex published "Tolue-e Noor Quarterly" since 2002 as a specialized academic periodical in the field of Islamic schools of Law and theology for the following purposes which now due to taking a new approach necessary in every academic-research journal is to be published under a new name of Pajuheshname Noor-e-Hikmat (lit. Light of Wisdom Research Letter). With philosophical and doctrinal approach and with new members of Editorial Board who can enrich the content of the present journal with their contributions we hope this quarterly can play a vital role in realizing the following goals: A. Meeting the fundamental needs in doctrinal and philosophical domains. B. Identifying and criticizing rival schools in the realm of rational sciences.

10 5 / Prophethood from Sadra's and Maimonides Standpoints Masoud Sadiqi Sayed Mahmud Musawi 6 / Status of Man in Reason and Revelation Hamid Reza Rezania 7 / Explanation of Divine All-dominion and Human Free will Muhammad Mahdi Gorjian Hisamoddin Sharifi 8 / Man as Addressee (Recipient) of Divine Commandments Muhammad Salim Mohsini Muhammad Baqir Qayyumi 9 / Comparative Study of the Concept of Justice in Farabi and Martyr Sadr s political Philosophy Zahra Qasimi Muhammad Hussein Behzadi Muhammad Kazim Kaveh Pishqadam 10 / Comparative Study of the Bada' (Appearance) Problem in thoughts of Shiite Theologians and Philosophers Muhammad Ali Ismaeli Sayed Muhammad Mahdi Ahamadi Esfahani 11 / Divine Knowledge and Free Will of Man in View of the Problem of Evils Mersad Hajj Ilich Abolfazl Kiyashemshaki

11 In The Name of God Pajuheshname H i k m a t & I s l a m i c P h i l o s o p h y Quarterlty Journal of Imam Khomeini Specialized University of the Islamic Wisdom & Philosophy The Eleven Year, No. 42, Winter 2012 Under Supervision of: (Affiliated to the Jame'at-al-Mustafa al-alamiyyah) Imam Khomeini Specialized University Executive Manager: Dr. Ali Abbasi Editor-in-chief: Dr. Mohammad Mahdi Gorjiyan Board of Writers (Sort by Name): Ayatollah Ali Reza A'rafi (Head of Jame'at-al-Mustafa al-alamiyyah). Dr. Hamid Parsania (full professor at Bagher al-olum University; Political Science department). Dr. Einollah Khademi (full professor at Shahid Raja'i University, Philosophy and Islamic Wisdom). Dr. Mohsen Qomi (assistant professor at Bagher al-olum University; Political Science department). Dr. Abulfazl Kiashemshaki (full professor at Amir Kabir University Tehran; Philosophy and Islami Wisdom). Dr. Mohammad Mahdi Gorjiyan (full professor at Bagher al-olum University; Islamic philosophy and Mysticism Dept). Dr. Muhammad Ja'far Elmi (assistant professor at Jame'at-al-Mustafa al-alamiyyah; Political Science department). Dr. Nasser Rafee'ee Muhammadi (full professor at Jame'at al-mustafa al-alamiyyah; Traditions and Quranic sciences Dept). Printed articles merely indicate the writers' viewpoints. Quoting materials from quarterly will be permissible only if the quarterly is referred to as the reference. The quarterly is fully authorized to edit or summarize the articles. Address: Imam Khomeini Specialized university, Jihad Square, Qom, Iran. Tel: Fax: P-box: hikmat.f.i@miu.ac.ir

In The Name of God. The Specialized Quarterly of Islamic Sects and Schools The Nine Year, No. 35, Spring 2011

In The Name of God. The Specialized Quarterly of Islamic Sects and Schools The Nine Year, No. 35, Spring 2011 In The Name of God The Specialized Quarterly of Islamic Sects and Schools The Nine Year, No. 35, Spring 2011 Under Supervision of: (Affiliated to the Jame'at-al-Mustafa al-alamiyyah) Imam Khomeini College