Office: Online Learning Center (HSC) Office Phone: (504) Ext

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1 NTEN5307 New Testament Exegesis 1 Corinthians New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary Biblical Studies Division Dr. Craig Price Professor of New Testament and Greek Spring 2018 Office: Online Learning Center (HSC) Office Phone: (504) Ext cprice@nobts.edu Grader: NOBTS Mission Statement: The mission of New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary is to equip leaders to fulfill the Great Commission and the Great Commandments through the local church and its ministries. Core Value for This Academic Year: New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary has five core values: Doctrinal Integrity, Spiritual Vitality, Mission Focus, Characteristic Excellence, and Servant Leadership. These values shape both the context and manner in which all curricula are taught, with doctrinal integrity and academic excellence especially highlighted in this course. The Core Value for this academic year is Servant Leadership NOBTS Competencies: NOBTS has seven basic competencies that guide our Masters degree programs: Biblical Exposition, Christian Theological Heritage, Disciple Making, Interpersonal Skills, Servant Leadership, Spiritual and Character Formation, and Worship Leadership. This course especially addresses the Biblical Exposition competency by means of helping the student learn to interpret the Bible accurately. Course Description A basic course designed to aid students in a thorough study of selected New Testament books or passages through verse-by-verse and paragraph-by-paragraph analysis, comparison of various English versions, consideration of pertinent historical and cultural issues, and consultation with major literature and commentaries. The course emphasizes proper methods for discovering the meaning of a text and applying it in teaching and preaching. Prerequisites: BSHM5310 Introduction to Biblical Hermeneutics and NTEN5300 Exploring the New Testament. 1

2 Student Learning Outcomes Know more thoroughly the significance of the background, major theological and interpretative approaches to the letter, the overall message, and application for the local church today Value the richness of 1 Corinthians and how to share this with the local church today. Demonstrate skill and competence for interpreting 1 Corinthians by use of sound hermeneutical and exegetical principles for teaching and preaching of this letter to the local church Required Course Textbooks Garland, David E. First Corinthians: Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic Publishing Group, Any major translation of the Bible Grading Percentages Grades will follow the Graduate School Catalog grading scale. Here are the basic components for the student grades. Background Paper 20% Weekly Phrasing of the Text & Outlines 20% Exegesis Paper 40% Class participation and final notebook 20% COURSE SCHEDULE Date Passage Assignments Week 1 Introduction & Background Jan 25 1 Corinthians Chapter 1 Focal: 1:18 foolishness of the cross Introduction and explanation of course content. Read the commentary section for the chapters indicated. Phrase the chapter and include your semantic functions. This will be our weekly routine. Week 2 Feb 1 Week 3 Feb 8 Week 4 Feb 15 1 Corinthians Chapter 2 Focal 2:7 wisdom of God 1 Corinthians Chapter 3 Focal: 3:11 foundation 1 Corinthians Chapter 4 Focal: 4:1 stewards of the 2 Explanation of Phrasing: 1 Cor 1:18 25 Phrase 2:1-10 Phase 3:5-17 Background Papers Due Phrase 4:6-13

3 mysteries of God Week 5 1 Corinthians Chapter 5 Feb 22 Focal: 5:1 sexual immorality Week 6 1 Corinthians Chapter 6 Mar 1 Focal: 6:9 kingdom of God Week 7 Mar 8 1 Corinthians Chapter 7 Week 8 Mar 15 Week 9 March 22 Semester Break Week 10 Mar 29 Week 11 April 5 Week 12 April 12 Week 13 April 19 Week 14 April 26 Week 15 May 3 Week 16 May 10 Final Exam Week Focal: 7:1 touch 1 Corinthians Chapter 8 Focal: 8:9 stumbling block No class Phrase 5:1-8 Phrase 6:1-11 Extra credit: Phrase 6:12-20 Phrase 7:1-16 & 7:25-28 Extra credit: Phase all of ch 7 Phrase 8:1-13 Begin thinking about what passage you will write your paper on 1 Corinthians Chapter 9 Focal: 9:19 servant Phrase 9: Corinthians Chapter 10 Focal: 10:6, 11 examples Phrase 10: Corinthians Chapter 11 Phrase 11:17-34 Focal: 11:28 examine 1 Corinthians Chapters Phrase: 12:1-31 Focal: 12:12 members being many, are one body Focal: 12:31 more excellent way 1 Corinthians Chapter 14 Focal: 14:1 pursue love, desire spiritual gifts 1 Corinthians Chapter 15 Focal: 15:57 victory through our Lord Jesus Christ! 1 Corinthians Chapter 16 Focal: 16:13-14 Watch, stand fast in the faith, be brave, be strong. Let all that you do be done with Love! Extra credit: Phrase 13:1-13 Phrase 14:1-40 Phrase 15:1-34 Phrase 15:35-16:24 Exegetical Papers Due Notebooks Due on Exam Date 1) Weekly text phrasings: Each week we will read the text and phrase the passages indicated in the syllabus above using the Mounce method taught in class. From these phrasings, you will prepare a sermon outline based upon the phrasing of the passage for that week. 3

4 2) Background Paper: This paper is to be words using Turabian or SBL style (if your major uses APA, we will allow this format). Follow the guide below for writing your papers. The page requirement does not include your bibliography and/or frontal pages. The bibliography is to contain a minimum of 6 quality sources. This reading includes the background materials from our class commentary plus other commentaries. (see Guide for Writing Papers below). 3) Exegesis Paper: The student will write a paper on a selected passage of his/her choosing. The passage will be chosen in consultation with the instructor. Using the format detailed below. This paper will be 5,000 to 6,000 word double-spaced and footnoted to Turabian or SBL style (if your major uses APA, we will allow this format). The page requirement excludes bibliography and frontal pages. The bibliography is to contain a minimum of 10 quality sources. 4) Notebook: The student shall compose a notebook containing the materials from the class. This notebook shall serve as a life-long resource for the student in teaching and preaching. The professor will have handouts to be downloaded from the Blackboard shell for class. The student is to download these for class purposes and include them in the notebook. The contents of your notebook will include the following in this order: a) Course Syllabus b) Background Paper c) Exegesis Paper d) Complete notebook containing all class handouts, phrasing, sermon outlines, and downloads from the course Blackboard shell. Use tabs to indicate your different sections so that your group of sermon/teaching messages are together for future use. Use a three-ring notebook so you can add or modify your notes as it grows. Guidelines for Writing Class Papers These guidelines are provided for you to follow as you write your papers. If you have not had the Introduction to Biblical Hermeneutics course, we recommend you use the guidelines as a template for writing your papers. You can outline your papers to follow the guidelines. For those students who are more experienced in writing exegesis papers, you may deviate from the outline, just be sure to include all the pertinent information. A. Background Paper 1) Study the Historical Context: a. Research the broader or general historical context Research the larger context of the NT setting from influences of the Inter-testamental Period through the NT times. You are looking for the big picture of the world scene here. b. Research the immediate historical context 4

5 Research the immediate historical context of your particular book or letter. Focus on general information like the occasion and purpose of the book and its parts, author, date, audience, place of writing, type of genre, etc. Consult Bible Dictionaries, Bible encyclopedias, and Commentaries for this information. c. Research the social and/or cultural issues in the passage Here you are looking for immediate sociological questions like honor/shame, patronage, and dyadic personality, etc. Cultural questions relate to way of life, daily living, economy, work, and family, etc. Ask, what ancient customs and practices enlighten our understanding of a text? Special Considerations for NT Letters: Historical Context (Fee) NT letters are occasional/situational Understand the setting and background of the letter Understand the occasion and purpose of the letter 2) Study the Literary Context: a. Perform a mechanical outline or phrasing of your passage See Guidelines for Constructing a Mechanical Outline at the end of the syllabus for details. b. Discuss the placement of your passage in its immediate and larger contexts within the book. Look for clues in the surrounding paragraphs and chapters. c. Discuss how the passage functions in the flow of the book. The task is to trace the author s thoughts to determine what he is trying to say. d. Identify the genre(s) of the passage. Discuss how genre will guide you in the interpretation of your passage Special Considerations for NT Letters: Literary Context: (Fee) Read the letter in one sitting Form a general outline of the entire letter THINK PARAGRAPHS!! A text can never mean what it never meant (Fee) 5

6 B. Exegesis Paper We recommend that you write your Introduction paragraph last. 1. Conduct a verse by verse analysis Select a passage of Scripture from the approved list in the syllabus. Read the entire letter in one reading. Do not consult any commentaries until the end of this part. Learn to read the text and make your own discoveries first. You are looking for the meanings of words, grammatical relationships, and content of what the author is seeking to communicate to his original audience. a) Paragraph Analysis: Identify the theme of each paragraph in one sentence per paragraph. Use a key sentence from the passage or your own words to state the paragraph s theme then justify your judgment. b) Verse Analysis: Comment here on the important features of individual verses. (In longer passages, you may focus on paragraphs). Do not restate the obvious here, but comment on the flow of the argument or story-line from verse to verse including commenting upon why certain things may be stated in a particular way, why a comment is included, or why there are omissions of expected materials, etc. Comment on important theological words or ideas. You may use cross-reference guides, concordances, theological wordbooks, etc. c) Word Study: Choose a minimum of three (3) words to conduct a word study on. (See the Guide for Writing Word Studies handout). Note how a word is used through time (diachronic word study) and how it is used within the NT (synchronic word study). Consult the How to Do A Word Study guideline below at the end of this syllabus. d) Homiletical (sermon/bible Study) Outline: Write your practical outline for the passage that you will follow for either your sermon or Bible Study. We recommend you use present tense using second person (to your audience) as much as possible. Consider who your audience will be and tailor your outline for them. e) Commentary Comparison: Include any additional insights gleaned from exegetical commentaries, journal articles, dictionaries, etc. These should be insights you did not uncover in your own work above. Do not use other preacher s sermons or devotional materials. Use historical, grammatical, critical commentaries like: Word Biblical Commentary, Harpers NT Commentary, Tyndale NT Commentary, New International Biblical Commentary, New American Commentary, and the like. You may use devotional commentaries on the final, application section. 6

7 Write: A summary past-tense statement synthesizing the meaning of the passage for the biblical audience. Note the particulars of the individual episode as well as the connections you find to the surrounding episodes. 2. Bridge the past meaning into the present How to do this: Consider the differences: Culture, Language, Time, Situation, Covenant a) Determine the differences between the recipients of the letter and us b) Determine the similarities Write a statement of the differences and similarities between the biblical audience and us. 3. Determine the timeless, theological principles in your passage How to do this: First note that these principles should a) Be reflected in the text b) Be timeless and not tied to specific situations c) Not be culturally bound d) Correspond to the teaching of the rest of Scripture e) Be relevant to both the biblical and contemporary audience Special Considerations for Principlizing NT Letters Does the author state a principle? Does the broader context reveal a principle? Ask why a command or instruction was given. A text can never mean what it never could have meant to its author or his readers (Fee). Write the theological principle(s) using present tense verbs that are similar between them and us from the text. 4. Make application of your exegesis to today s setting How should individual Christians today apply the theological principle in their lives? This is the hermeneutical step where you decide what response the Bible is asking of the reader/hearer. How to do this: Follow these general guidelines for making application of the meaning of the text. a) Observe how the principles in the text address the original situation. How did the biblical author want his readers to respond? Is there a... Command to obey? Teaching to act on? Example to follow? Truth to believe? Promise to claim? Prayer to pray? Warning to heed? Blessing to claim? 7

8 b) Determine if the text transfers across time or not Meaning = the author s original intended communication Significance = refers to the implications for later situations Discovering the Parallel Situation in Our Contemporary Context for Application of the Timeless Principles (Fee) 1) Whenever we share comparable particulars/contexts with the first-century hearers, God s Word applied to us is the same as His Word applied to them. 2) Exercise caution when extending application of comparable particulars in one text to that of OTHER contexts OR to a context foreign to the original hearers 3) Whenever we DO NOT share comparable particulars If the first century issue has no 21 st century counterpart Search for the timeless principle in the passage which transcends time/culture If the first century issues speaks to issues that could happen, but are highly unlikely to happen Apply the principle to genuinely comparable situations 4) Distinguishing between matters of indifference a. What the epistles indicate as indifferent are (food, drink, observance of days, etc) b. Matters of indifference are not inherently moral but cultural c. Observe the sin-lists in the NT for specific matters that do make a difference (Rom 1:29-30; 1 Cor 5:11; 6:9-10; 2 Tim 3:2-4) 5) Differentiating Texts Which Are Culturally Relative and Non-Normative: Does the issue defy the core teachings of the Bible? (greet one another with a holy kiss! Homosexuality whole Bible denounces it) Is it a moral issue or not? (foot washing) Does the Bible handle the issue consistently and uniformly? (women s ministries, retention of wealth, elevation of Rome, etc) Does the NT distinguish between principle and practice? (covering a woman s head was required in NT, but not a required practice today) Did the NT not speak to issues due to their limited options to do so? (slavery is not denounced in NT because there were no other cultural options available) 8

9 Some cultural differences are not immediately obvious (women in ministry was limited to some degree because education was limited to women) Seek charity toward others who see such texts differently (Fee) c) Apply the principles appropriately -having discovered the principles that applied back then, must now be translated into appropriate & corresponding applications now d) Role of Holy Spirit -HS gives guidance to the interpreter (see Klein, Blomberg, Hubbard, ) for Zuck s 14 summary views Adapted from Grasping God s Word, by J. Scott Duvall and J. Daniel Hays How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth, Gordon Fee and Douglas Stuart Introduction to Biblical Interpretation, William W. Klein, Craig L. Blomberg, and Robert L. Hubbard, Jr. 9

10 HOW TO DO A WORD STUDY Dr. Craig Price Step One: How to Decide Which Word to Study 1. Look for words that are repeated by the author 2. Look for theological terms 3. Look for words that are central to the passage 4. Compare your selected word in different English translations Step Two: Identify the Greek Word Behind the English Word A. If you are using computer software: For PC Microsoft Windows Users: BibleWorks- fairly inexpensive, but powerful to do word searches NIV Study Bible- by Zondervan, fairly inexpensive but limited Logos- library base, language package; very expensive, but excellent For Mac users: Accordance by Oaktree Software (newer Macs now have a Windows platform to run the programs above) B. If you are using books: 1. Look up your English word in a concordance Concordance = lists all English words & gives references Exhaustive concordance = lists every word in the Bible Partial concordance = many Bibles have an abbreviated listing in the back Note: You must use a concordance that matches the English translation you are using. Here are some examples: Strong s Exhaustive Concordance- lists every English word in KJV translation; REF BS 425 S NIV Exhaustive Concordance- lists every English word from the NIV translation NASB Exhaustive Concordance lists every English word from the NASB tanslation Greek-English Concordance to the New Testament- lists every place the Greek word behind your English word is used in the NT and then gives you the English translation! REF BS 2302 K Locate the verse you are studying in the concordance 3. Find the reference number for your English word in that reference 10

11 4. Locate your reference number in the dictionary of your concordance Note Strong s has one set of numbers for Hebrew (OT) and another for Greek (NT) 5. Read and record the definitions of your English word in the Hebrew or Greek dictionary provided in Strong s dictionary Now you can locate the Hebrew or Greek word behind any English word without knowing the biblical language! Step Three: Determine the Range of Meaning for Your Word Semantic Range: Different possibilities of meanings for a word The semantic range gives the entire range of possible meanings for a particular word. Look at all the different definitions in your Strong s dictionary to get an idea of the range of meanings for your word. Check different translations of your verse to get a feel for the ways your word might be used. You can also look at your English word in Hebrew (OT) or Greek (NT) and look it up in a lexicon (dictionary). Etymology: History of how a word was used: Diachronic (through time) This is a word s origin and developmental history. Words change in meaning over time and in different contexts. Etymology of a word may have nothing to do with the word s usage in a particular passage. Avoid the root fallacy, which assumes the basic root meaning is the same in every context. Contextual usage of the word: How the word is used by your writer/book: Synchronic (within time) Determine the use of your word in the immediate context of your passage, the usage in the larger context of the book, and how it is used in the genre you are studying. For example, fear takes on a different flavor when used in Wisdom literature. Step Four: Decide What the Word Means in Your Verse Now you are ready to write the word study in your paper/sermon based upon your research. New Testament Word Study Resources Bibliography New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology (4 vols.) has several indices for looking up words (user-friendly) Theological Dictionary of the New Testament (10 vols.) has extensive research into meaning, background, and usage in OT, NT, and Apocrypha. Several indices in vol. 10 to locate word in other volumes (somewhat user-friendly) Theological Lexicon of the New Testament requires reader to locate word in Greek alphabetically. (Not user-friendly) 11

12 Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament (3 vols.) has index in volume 3 to help locate words (user-friendly) Robertson s Word Pictures (6 vols.) is set up by biblical book, chapter, and verse; it does not assume the reader has knowledge of Greek and gives the part of speech and definition of the word in the context of the NT book (user friendly) Recommended Computer Software The student is strongly encouraged to purchase Bible software for his/her use in biblical exegesis. At this level of study, a software program capable of producing the text, performing sophisticated morphological searches, with available lexicons, commentaries, and other helpful supplemental works is an absolute necessity. The software packages listed below are capable of intense, complex searches required for biblical studies research purposes and/or sermon preparation. The purchase of this kind of software is indispensable at this level of language study. The major software packages all run on either PC or Mac platforms. Accordance offers the Original Languages Package starting around $300 with many other add-on texts available and they offer student discounts. Accordance has a PC emulator as well. Responses have been varied on this emulator. Call their customer service for questions and student discounts. (accordancebible.com) BibleWorks (bibleworks.com) provides discounts for our students when purchased in bulk orders (see your professor for more information). BibleWorks costs about $350 for their basic software program which includes many supplemental works. Ordered in bundles of 10 or more, the price is reduced to $250 for NOBTS seminary students. Bulk orders are placed through the local NOBTS LifeWay Store. Call their customer service for questions and student discounts. (bibleworks.com) Logos 7.0 is offered at varied package prices, but we recommend that you consider a minimum of the Bronze Level package that has the Greek and Hebrew texts for NOBTS language courses. NOBTS offers a training course called PREA6230/6330 Technological Applications for Bible Study and Preaching. Students who take this course may purchase the software at a 30% discount. Current NOBTS students who purchase the software directly from Logos receive a 20% discount. Call their customer service for questions and student discounts. (logos.com) Selected Bibliography 1 Corinthians *Barclay, William. The Letters to the Corinthians. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, *Barrett, C. K. A Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians. In Black's New Testament Commentaries, ed. Henry Chadwick. 2d ed. London: Adam and Charles Black Limited,

13 . A Commentary on the Second Epistle to the Corinthians. In Black's New Testament Commentaries ed. Henry Chadwick. London: Adam and Charles Black Limited. Berquist, Millard J. Studies in First Corinthians. Nashville, TN: Convention Press, *Blomberg, Craig L. 1 Corinthians (NIVAC). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, *Brown, Raymond Bryan. 1 Corinthians, in The Broadman Bible Commentary ed. Clifton J. Allen. Vol. 10. Nashville, TN: Broadman Press, Bruce, F. F., 1 and 2 Corinthians, in /The New Century Bible Commentary ed. Ronald E. Clements and Matthew Black. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Paul and His Converts, in Bible Guides ed. William Barclay and F. F. Bruce. London: Letterworth Press, *Ciampa, Roy E, and Brian S. Rosner, The First Letter to the Corinthians (PNTC). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, Collins, Raymond F. First Corinthians (SP). Collegeville, MN: Liturgical, Erdman, Charles R. First Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, Second Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, *Farrar, Archdeacon and David Thomas, I Corinthians, in The Pulpit Commentary ed. H. D. M. Spence and Joseph S. Excell. Vol. 19. New York: Funk and Wagnalls Company, *Fee, Gordon D. The First Epistle to the Corinthians (NICNT, rev.). 2nd edition. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, *Findlay, G. G. St. Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians, in The Expositor's Greek Testament ed. W. Robert Nicoll. Vol. 2. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Fitzmyer, Joseph A. First Corinthians. Anchor Bible, rev. New Haven: Yale University Press, *Foster, Henry J. The Preacher's Complete Homiletic Commentary on the Epistle of St. Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House,

14 Garland, David E. First Corinthians: Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic Publishing Group, *Grosheide, F. W. Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians, in The New International Commentary on the New Testament ed. F. F. Bruce. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Hayes, D. A. Paul and His Epistles. Cincinnati, OH: The Methodist Book Concern. c1915. Hays, Richard B. First Corinthians (Int). Louisville: John Knox, Keener, Craig S. 1-2 Corinthians (NCBC). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Lenski, R. C. H. The Interpretation of St. Paul's First and Second Epistle to the Corinthians. Columbus: Wartburg Press, Kennedy, H. A. A. The Theology of the Epistles. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, MacGowan, J. W. Romans, 1 Corinthians, in Layman's Bible Book Commentary. Vol. 20. Nashville, TN: Broadman Press, *Mase, W. Harold. 1 Corinthians, in The Expositor's Bible Commentary ed. Frank E. Gaebelein. Vol. 10. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, *McPheeters, Julian C. The Epistles to the Corinthians, in Proclaiming the New Testament ed. Ralph C. Turnbull. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, Moffatt, James. First Corinthians, in Moffatt New Testament Commentary ed. James Moffatt. London: Hodder and Stoughton Limited, Morris, Leon. 1 Corinthians, in Tyndale New Testament Commentaries ed. Leon Morris. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Plummer, Alfred. Second Corinthians. in International Critical Commentary ed. Samuel Rolles Driver, Alfred Plummer, and Charles Augustus Briggs. Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark, *Robertson, A. T. Word Pictures in the New Testament. Vol. 4. Nashville, TN: Broadman Press,

15 Robertson, Archibald and Alfred Plummer. First Corinthians, in International Critical Commentary ed. Samuel Rolles Driver, Alfred Plummer, and Charles Augustus Briggs. Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark, Scott, E. F. The Literature of the New Testament. New York: Columbia University Press, Smith, David. The Life and Letters of St. Paul. New York: George H. Doran, Co. c1920. Stewart, Don H. 1 Corinthians in Bible Book Study Commentary. Nashville, TN: Convention Press, *Thiselton, Anthony C. The First Epistle to the Corinthians (NIGTC). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, First Corinthians: A Shorter Exegetical and Pastoral Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, Witherington, Ben, III. Conflict and Community in Corinth: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, *Vang, Preben. 1 Corinthians (TTC). Grand Rapids: Baker, New Testament Background Study Primary Resources (in English) Barrett, The New Testament Background Charles, The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament in English Danby, The Mishnah Goodenough, An Introduction to Philo Judaeus Hennecke and Schneemelcher, The New Testament Apocrypha Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers Robinson, The Nag Hammadi Library in English Vermes, The Dead Sea Scrolls in English Whiston, Josephus: Complete Works Secondary Resources Achtemeier, Harper s Bible Dictionary Beitzel, The Moody Atlas of Bible Lands Blaiklock and Harrison, The New International Dictionary of Biblical Archeology Bromily, International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Bruce, New Testament History Butler, Holman Bible Dictionary Charlesworth, Jesus Within Judaism Ferguson, Backgrounds of Early Christianity Freedman, Anchor Bible Dictionary 15

16 House, Chronological and Background Charts of the New Testament Jeremias, Jerusalem in the Time of Jesus Kee, The New Testament In Context: Sources and Documents Reicke, The New Testament Era Russell, Between the Testaments Wilken, The Christians as the 1 Corinthians Saw Them General Resources New Testament introductions, commentaries, dictionaries Various critical commentaries could be helpful, especially introductory material. A commentator may summarize distinctive ideas of the author being studied in the introductory section. For helpful commentary information, consider suggestions from: Carson, New Testament Commentary Survey; Fee and Stuart, Appendix, How To Read The Bible For All Its Worth, pp ; Klein, Blomberg, Hubbard, Introduction to Biblical Interpretation, Commentaries, pp Other Resources Aland, Synopsis of the Four Gospels, English Edition Aune, The New Testament in Its Literary Environment Bailey and Broek, Literary Forms in the New Testament Bruce, Paul: Apostle of the Heart Set Free Carson, Moo, and Morris, An Introduction to the New Testament Green, McKnight, Marshall, Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels Hawthorne, Martin, Reid, Dictionary of Paul and His Letters Kümmel, Introduction to the New Testament Ladd, A Theology of the New Testament Polhill, Paul and His Letters Ryken, Words of Life: A Literary Introduction to the New Testament Stein, The Method and Message of Jesus Teaching Social Resources Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in Their Encounter in Palestine during the Early Hellenistic Period Keener, Bible Background Commentary Malina, The New Testament World: Insights from Cultural Anthropology Mathews, Manners and Customs in the Bible Meeks, The First Urban Christians: The Social World of the Apostle Paul Stambaugh and Balch, The New Testament in Its Social Environment Thiessen, Sociology of Early Palestinian Christianity Tidball, The Social Context of the New Testament: A Sociological Analysis Pauline Studies Beker, J. Christiaan. Paul the Apostle: The Triumph of God in Life and Thought. Philadelphia: Fortress Press,

17 . Paul s Apocalyptic Gospel. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, Bruce, F. F. Paul: Apostle of the Heart Set Free. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, Paul and Jesus Deissmann, Gustav Adolf. Paul: A Study in Social and Religious History. Trans. William E. Wilson. New York: Harper, Dodd, C. H. History and the Gospel Doty, William G. Letters in Primitive Christianity. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, Dunn, James D. G. 1 Corinthians 1-8. Word Biblical Commentary. Vol. 38A. Word, Corinthians Word Biblical Commentary. Vol. 38B. Word, Ellis, E. Earle. Paul and His Co-Workers. New Testament Studies 17 ( ): Forlines, F. Leroy. Randall House Bible Commentary: 1 Corinthians. Nashville: Randall House Publishers, Goodwin, Frank J. A Harmony of the Life of St. Paul. Grand Rapids: Baker, Gorman, M. J. Apostle of the Crucified Lord: A Theological Introduction to Paul and His Letters. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, Hawthorne, G. F., R. P. Martin, and D. G. Reid. Dictionary of Paul and His Letters. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, Hunter, A. M. Paul and His Predecessors Jewett, Robert. A Chronology of Paul s Life. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, Kim, S. The Origin of Paul s Gospel. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, Knox, John. Chapters in a Life of Paul. New York: Abingdon-Cokesbury Press, Ludemann, Gerd. Paul, the Founder of Christianity. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, Machen, J. G. The Origin of Paul s Religion McRay, John. Paul: His Life and Teaching. Grand Rapids: Baker,

18 Moo, Douglas. The NIV Application Commentary: From Biblical Text to Contemporary Life, Zondervan, Mounce, Robert. 1 Corinthians in the New American Commentary. Nashville: Broadman and Holman, Munck, Johannes. Paul and the Salvation of Mankind. Trans. F. Clarke. Richmond: John Knox Press, Ogg, George. The Chronology of the Life of Paul. London: Epworth Press, Roetzel, Calvin J. The Letters of Paul: Conversations in Context. Atlanta: John Knox, Sanders, E. P. Paul and Palestinian Judaism. Philadelphia: Fortress Press,