«Высшая школа экономики» Факультет гуманитарных наук. направления «Философия» Степень магистр. Авторы программы:

Transcription

1 Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики» Факультет гуманитарных наук Школа философии Рабочая программа дисциплины для образовательной программы «Философская антропология» направления «Философия» Степень магистр Western Existential Tradition and Mahayana Buddhism: Comparative Analysis of Ontological Negativity Авторы программы: Лифинцева Т.П. доктор филос. наук, профессор Одобрена на заседании школы философии 2017 г. Руководитель школы философии В.Н. Порус Рекомендована Академическим советом образовательной программы 2017 г. Утверждена 2017 г. Академический руководитель образовательной программы Жукова О.А. Москва

2 Annotation The course concerns the comparison of two traditions: existential philosophy (its non-theistic current), phenomenology and post-structuralism (Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Lacan etc.), on the one hand, and Mahayana Buddhism (darśanas / schools of mādhyamaka and yogacāra), on another. The course investigates the concept of a subjectless consciousness and deconstruction of a classical subject in Western philosophy of the XX-th XXI-th century (especially in structuralism and post-structuralism). It also investigates the non-dual consciousness (jñāna), understanding wisdom (prajñāpārmitā) and an extra-subjective consciousness treasury (ālayavijñāna) in Māhāyana Buddhism (darśanas of mādhyamaka-śūnyavāda and yogacāravijñānavada). It also explores a clarification to what degree the Western concepts of subjectless consciousness, «extra-subject consciousness, structural apriori, rhizome etc. may be correlated with the concepts of Māhāyana Buddhist philosophy. We pretend to examine examines ontological strategies of Western existential philosophy and the Buddhist school (darśana) of mādhyamaka. We can discover similar phenomenological strategies together with extreme differences in anthropology and the value purposes (personalism and deconstruction of classic European subject in the existential philosophy and radical impersonalism of Buddhism). We suppose that Heidegger, Sartre and Buddhism have comparable theories of consciousness. The mādhyamaka s śūnyata (emptiness) is comparable with Heideggers s and Sartre s Nothingness (though they are not absolutely similar) and we can discover primacy of negativity in both cases. We also try to substantiate that the position of mādhyamaka was a radical nihilism and not scepticism contrary to the opinion of a number of modern buddologists. And what is also important for us is the problem of the unhappy consciousness (be it the Buddhist duḥkha or Sorge of Heidegger, or Sartre s Nausea ) and different attitudes of thinkers. One of the most complicated themes of philosophy of consciousness is mentioned in the course the problem of intentionality of consciousnesses and its possibility (or impossibility) to be the universal anthropological characteristic. On an example of creativity of the J.- P. Sartre and some Vedhist and Buddhist texts two philosophical positions towards the intentionality are compared: Western as revealing and describing consciousness as intentional and Indian "disposal" of consciousness from intentionality, that was its soteriological purpose. We do not set the task to investigate the complete history of comparative philosophy which, in essence, coincides with the history of philosophy itself because the self-determination of this or that thinker or philosophical school happens in dialogue and polemic to other schools (we can remember Plato's "dialogues" or discussions of Shraman s epoch in India). However we have to substantiate the significance of this narrow investigations in the whole horizon and landscape of intercultural, intertraditional and intertextual dialogue. So, philosophical сomparativistics is the area of historic-philosophical and philosophical researches, the comparative studying of philosophical traditions of the West and the East, the North and the South including studying of philosophical schools, doctrines, systems, the categorical devices and separate concepts. The comparative philosophy is also a comparison of philosophical cultures and traditions of all main civilizations of the world and, as at most, as an ideal of comparison of all philosophical representations of all civilizations The searches of adequate to the studied subject research strategy in many respects are closed with general cultural studies tasks. Such approach allocates a special sphere of research 2

3 philosophical comparativistics, and also those researches which set as the purpose of identification of the certain general characteristics inherent in many independently arisen philosophical cultures. The comparative philosophy opens philosophy in spheres of civilization, culture, mentality and conceptuality, rationally proves the polyphony of the world philosophy, reveals the general and special in philosophical cultures, develops the international projects promoting mutual understanding between people. 3

4 Название темы Всего часов по Аудиторные часы Самостоятельн дисциплине ая работа 1. Existential philosophy: religious 8 Лекции - 4 Семинарски 2 and non-theistic е занятия Heidegger s Being (Dasein) as the 10 Лекции - 4 Семинарски 2 detection of a horizon of е занятия - 4 authenticity 3. Sorge and Angst as a strategy 10 Лекции - 2 of negativity 4 Семинарски езанятия Sartre s doctrine of consciousness: 10 Лекции - 4 Семинарски 2 intentionality negativity, freedom е занятия Freedom and negativity in Sartre 10 Лекции - 4 Семинарски 2 е занятия Ontological foundations of 10 Лекции - 4 Семинарски 2 Mahayana Buddhism е занятия The doctrine of duhkha and 6 Лекции - 2 Семинарски 2 soteriological project. е занятия The doctrine of shunya in 10 Лекции - 4 Семинарски 6 Nagarjuna and strategy of е занятия - 4 negativity Итого: 76 4

5 Bibliography: 1. Abhidharmakośabhāṣyam of Vasubandhu. The Debate of King Milinda: An Abridgement of The Milinda Pañha. Transl. by Leo M. Pruden. Berkeley, Calif.: Asian Humanities Press, Delhi: Bhukku Pesala, Valery P. Androssov Buddhism Nagarjuny. Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, René Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy. Transl. By J. Vetitch. Oxford University Press, Martin Heidegger What is metaphysics? // Martin Heidegger, The Pathmarks. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, Martin Heidegger Introduction to Metaphysics. New Heaven & London: Yale University Press, Martin Heidegger Being and Time. Transl. from German by Joan Stambaugh. Albany: State University of New York Press, Derek K. Heyman Dual and non-dual ontology in Sartre and Mahāyāna Buddhism // Man and World, 30 (1997) pp Steven W. Laycock Nothingness and Emptiness: Exorcising the shadow of God in Sartre // Man and World, 24 (1991) pp Tatyana P. Lifintseva The Buddhist Pill for Sartre s Nausea : Phenomenological and Hindu- Buddhist Treatments of Intentionality // NeuroQuantology Vol. 10, 4 (2012), pp Tatyana Lifintseva Sorge of Heidegger, Sartre s l être pour-soi and Buddhist duḥkha : Ontological Foundations of Negativity. // NeuroQuantology. December Vol. 11. Issue 4. Page Gustav Meyrink The Golem. N. Y.: Dover Publications, Jean-Paul Sartre The Transcendence of the Ego: An Existential Theory of Consciousness. Transl. F. Williams and R. Kirkpatrick. New York: Noonday Press, Jean-Paul Sartre Being and Nothingness. Transl. from French by Hazel E. Barnes. A New Directions Paperbook, Jean-Paul Sartre Situations. Oxford University Press, Everitt N. The non-existence of God. L. N.Y.: Routledge, Cochrane A.C. Existentialists and God: Being and Being of God in the Thought of Soeren Kierkegaard, Karl Jaspers, Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, Paul Tillich, Etienne Gilson and Karl Barth. Philadelphia: Westminster Press,

6 17. Lev V. Filippov Filosofskaya antropologiya Jean-Paula Sartra. Moscow: Nauka, Diana E. Gasparyan Vvedeniye v neklassicheskuyu filosofiyu. Moscow, ROSPEN, Evgeny A. Torchinov Puti filosofii Vostoka i Zapada. StPetersburg: Azbuka Klassika, Alexey M. Rutkevich Ot Freuda k Heideggeru. Moscow: MGU, David F. Burton Emptiness Appraised. A Critical Study of Nāgārjuna s Philosophy. London: Curson, George Chemparthy Two early Buddhist Refutations of the Existence of Isvara as the Creator of the Universe. // Weiner Zeitschrift für die Kunde Sud-und-Ostasien. Bd XII XIII, pp Dhammachakkappavattana Sutta. The Great Discourse on the Wheel of Dhamma. Transl. By U Ko Lay. Penang, Malaysia: Sukhi Hotu Dhamma Publication, Lev V. Filippov Filosofskaya antropologiya Jean-Paula Sartra. Moscow: Nauka, Diana E. Gasparyan Vvedeniye v neklassicheskuyu filosofiyu. Moscow, ROSPEN, Martin Heidegger What is metaphysics? // Martin Heidegger, The Pathmarks. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, Martin Heidegger Introduction to Metaphysics. New Heaven & London: Yale University Press, Martin Heidegger Being and Time. Transl. from German by Joan Stambaugh. Albany: State University of New York Press, Derek K. Heyman Dual and non-dual ontology in Sartre and Mahāyāna Buddhism // Man and World, 30 (1997) pp Steven W. Laycock Nothingness and Emptiness: Exorcising the shadow of God in Sartre // Man and World, 24 (1991) pp Tatyana P. Lifintseva The Buddhist Pill for Sartre s Nausea : Phenomenological and Hindu- Buddhist Treatments of Intentionality // NeuroQuantology Vol. 10, 4 (2012), pp Victoria G. Lyssenko Duḥkha.// Filosofia Buddhisma. Encyclopedia. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, pp Victoria G. Lyssenko Ranniy Buddhism: Religia i Filosofia. Moscow: IFRAN, Christian Lindtner Studies in the Writings and Philosophy of Nāgārjuna. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, Nagavara Ramarao Murthy The Central Philosophy of Buddhism. A Study of Madhyamaka System. London: Unwin Paperbacks,

7 36. Gustav Meyrink The Golem. N. Y.: Dover Publications, Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadkhyamakakārikā. Transl. And comm. By L. Garfield. N.Y., Oxford: Oxford University Press, Nāgārjuna The Prajna Paramita Heart Sutra. Transl. By Lok To. N.Y. S.F. Toronto, Alexey M. Rutkevich Ot Freuda k Heideggeru. Moscow: MGU, Venkata K. Ramanan Nāgārjuna s Philosophy. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas, Peter Della Santina Mādhyamaka Schools of India. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas, Jean-Paul Sartre The Transcendence of the Ego: An Existential Theory of Consciousness. Transl. F. Williams and R. Kirkpatrick. New York: Noonday Press, Jean-Paul Sartre Being and Nothingness. Transl. from French by Hazel E. Barnes. A New Directions Paperbook, Jean-Paul Sartre Situations. Oxford University Press, Jean-Paul Sartre Nausea. Transl. from French by Lloyd Alexander. L.: Hamish Hamilton, Evgeny A. Torchinov, Puti filosofii Vostoka i Zapada. StPetersburg: Azbuka Klassika, Udana: Exclamations. Transl. By Geoffrey De Graff. Ṭhānissaro Bhikku, Thomas E. Wood, Nāgārjunian Disputations: A Philosophical Journey Through and Indian Looking-Glass. // Monographs of the Society for Asian and Comparative Philosophy. 11. Honolulu: University of Hawai s Press, Paul Younger, The Concept of Duhkha and the Indian Religious Tradition // Journal of the American Academy of Religion. Vol. 37, 2 (June, 1969), p Huxley A. The Doors of Perception and Heaven and Hell. N. Y.: Harper & Brothers, Publishers Больнов О.Ф. Философия экзистенциализма. СПб.: Лань, Зюскинд П. Голубка. СПб.: Азбука- классика, Сартр Ж.-П. Бытие и ничто. М.: Республика, Сартр Ж.-П. Тошнота. // Стена. М.: Изд. политической литературы, Толстой Л.Н. Смерть Ивана Ильича. Собр. Соч. В 12 т., Т. 12. М.: Художественная литература,

8 54. Торчинов Е. А. Пути философии Востока и Запада. Спб., Азбука-лассика, Хайдеггер М. Бытие и время. М.: Ad Marginem, Хайдеггер М. Время и бытие. М.: Республика, Хайдеггер М. Разговор на просёлочной дороге. М.: Высшая школа, The Contents of Course Theme 1. The existential philosophy: religious and non-theistic. History of existential philosophy, its sources and main representatives. The concepts existentialism, existential philosophy, religious and non-theistic existential philosophy; their correlation and validity. Concepts existential and existentialistic. The stamps and cliches which have developed in Russian history of philosophy. Литература: 1.Cochrane A.C. Existentialists and God: Being and Being of God in the Thought of Soeren Kierkegaard, Karl Jaspers, Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, Paul Tillich, Etienne Gilson and Karl Barth. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, Гайденко П.П. Прорыв к трансцендентному. М.: Республика, Больнов О.Ф. Философия экзистенциализма. СПб.: Лань, Кьеркегор С. Несчастнейший. М.: ББИ, Толстой Л.Н. Смерть Ивана Ильича. Собр. Соч. В 12 т., Т. 12. М.: Художественная литература, Theme 2. Heidegger s Being (Dasein) as the detection of a horizon of authenticity of human existence. The departure of philosophy from ontological problematic in the 2 half of the XIX century and return to it in the beginning of the XX-th. Being as Consciousness in its historicity. Time and temporality (Heidegger, Sartre, Bergson). Being-to-Death as the detection of authenticity of human existence (the novel of Leo Tolstoy Death of Ivan Ilyich). The question of Being and possibility of ultimate questioning. 8

9 Literature: 1. Martin Heidegger What is metaphysics? // Martin Heidegger, The Pathmarks. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, Martin Heidegger Introduction to Metaphysics. New Heaven & London: Yale University Press, Martin Heidegger Being and Time. Transl. from German by Joan Stambaugh. Albany: State University of New York Press, Tatyana Lifintseva Sorge of Heidegger, Sartre s l être pour-soi and Buddhist duḥkha : Ontological Foundations of Negativity. // NeuroQuantology. December Vol. 11. Issue 4. Page Гайденко П. П. Время, длительность, вечность. М.: Прогресс-Традиция, Theme 3. Sorge and Angst as a strategy of negativity The phenomenon of Sorge. Negativity as the most important aspect of being of a person in the world. With specificity of his being a person is obliged just to negation. The concepts of Nothingness (Nichtigkeit) and dread (Angst) in Heidegger s metaphysics. А person is a special way of Being (Dasein) which is constituted by negativity, according to Heidegger. Literature: 1. Martin Heidegger What is metaphysics? // Martin Heidegger, The Pathmarks. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, Martin Heidegger Introduction to Metaphysics. New Heaven & London: Yale University Press, Martin Heidegger Being and Time. Transl. from German by Joan Stambaugh. Albany: State University of New York Press, Tatyana Lifintseva Sorge of Heidegger, Sartre s l être pour-soi and Buddhist duḥkha : Ontological Foundations of Negativity. // NeuroQuantology. December Vol. 11. Issue 4. Page Gustav Meyrink The Golem. N. Y.: Dover Publications, Руткевич А. М. От Фрейда к Хайдеггеру.M.: МГУ, 1981 Theme 4. Sartre s doctrine of consciousness: Being-for-itself and intentionality 9

10 Sartre s transfer of a classic (i. e. accepted in the Western philosophy) dualistic relation of being and thinking, nature and spirit, matter and consciousness, object and subject, world and human being, external and internal, signified and signifying, unreasonable and reasonable, natural and artificial, real and virtual to a plane of two "regions" of Being: Being-in-itself" (l être en-soi) and "Being-for-itself (l être pour-soi). Intentionality of consciousness. The transcendence of Ego Literature: 1. Jean-Paul Sartre The Transcendence of the Ego: An Existential Theory of Consciousness. Transl. F. Williams and R. Kirkpatrick. New York: Noonday Press, Jean-Paul Sartre Being and Nothingness. Transl. from French by Hazel E. Barnes. A New Directions Paperbook, Jean-Paul Sartre Situations. Oxford University Press, Tatyana Lifintseva Sorge of Heidegger, Sartre s l être pour-soi and Buddhist duḥkha : Ontological Foundations of Negativity. // NeuroQuantology. December Vol. 11. Issue 4. Page Tatyana P. Lifintseva The Buddhist Pill for Sartre s Nausea : Phenomenological and Hindu- Buddhist Treatments of Intentionality // NeuroQuantology Vol. 10, 4 (2012), pp Sartre J-P. Nausea. Transl. from French by Lloyd Alexander. L.: Hamish Hamilton, Huxley A. The Doors of Perception and Heaven and Hell. N. Y.: Harper & Brothers, Publishers ЛифинцеваТ. П. Тень христианства в метафизике Ж.-П. Сартра. // Вопросы философии, 2014, 11, с Лев Филиппов Л. В. Философская антропология Ж.-П. Сартра. М.: Наука, Сартр Ж.-П. Тошнота. // Стена. М.: Изд. политической литературы, Theme 5. Freedom and negativity in Sartre Nothingness, negation, freedom and choice in Sartre s metaphysics. The shadow of God in Sartre. Literature: 1. Jean-Paul Sartre Being and Nothingness. Transl. from French by Hazel E. Barnes. A New Directions Paperbook, Jean-Paul Sartre Situations. Oxford University Press,

11 3. Tatyana Lifintseva Sorge of Heidegger, Sartre s l être pour-soi and Buddhist duḥkha : Ontological Foundations of Negativity. // NeuroQuantology. December Vol. 11. Issue 4. Page Tatyana P. Lifintseva The Buddhist Pill for Sartre s Nausea : Phenomenological and Hindu- Buddhist Treatments of Intentionality // NeuroQuantology Vol. 10, 4 (2012), pp Лев Филиппов Л. В. Философская антропология Ж.-П. Сартра. М.: Наука, Everitt N. The non-existence of God. L. N.Y.: Routledge, Steven W. Laycock Nothingness and Emptiness: Exorcising the shadow of God in Sartre // Man and World, 24 (1991) pp Theme 6. Ontological foundations of Mahayana Buddhism General ontological foundations of Mahayana Buddhism. Non-theism of Buddhism and its concequences. The doctrines of anatmavada and pratitya-samutpada. Phenomenalism. The unapplicability of the concept samsara to Buddhism. Literature: 1. Торчинов Е. А. Пути философии Востока и Запада. Спб., Азбука-лассика, Nagavara Ramarao Murthy The Central Philosophy of Buddhism. A Study of Madhyamaka System. London: Unwin Paperbacks, Tatyana Lifintseva Sorge of Heidegger, Sartre s l être pour-soi and Buddhist duḥkha : Ontological Foundations of Negativity. // NeuroQuantology. December Vol. 11. Issue 4. Page Tatyana P. Lifintseva The Buddhist Pill for Sartre s Nausea : Phenomenological and Hindu- Buddhist Treatments of Intentionality // NeuroQuantology Vol. 10, 4 (2012), pp Derek K. Heyman Dual and non-dual ontology in Sartre and Mahāyāna Buddhism // Man and World, 30 (1997) pp George Chemparthy Two early Buddhist Refutations of the Existence of Isvara as the Creator of the Universe. // Weiner Zeitschrift für die Kunde Sud-und-Ostasien. Bd XII XIII, p Лысенко В. Г. Ранний буддизм: религия и философия. М.: ИФРАН, 2003 Theme 7. The doctrine of duhkha and soteriological project. 11

12 The concept of duhkha in Buddhism: empirical and ontological aspects. The radical difference of Judeo-Christian concept suffering and Buddhist duhkha. The differences of soteriological projects of salvation and release. Duḥkha as an ontological groundlessness of the person, inequality to himself, a basic dissatisfaction with any form of empirical existence. Correlation of Buddhist duhkha, Heidegger s Sorge and Sartre s Being-for-itself. Literature: 1. Лысенко В. Г. Духкха // Философия буддизма. Энциклопедия. Москва: Восточная литература, с Лысенко В. Г. Ранний буддизм: религия и философия. М.: ИФРАН, Торчинов Е. А. Пути философии Востока и Запада. Спб., Азбука-Классика, Tatyana Lifintseva Sorge of Heidegger, Sartre s l être pour-soi and Buddhist duḥkha : Ontological Foundations of Negativity. // NeuroQuantology. December Vol. 11. Issue 4. Page Tatyana P. Lifintseva The Buddhist Pill for Sartre s Nausea : Phenomenological and Hindu-Buddhist Treatments of Intentionality // NeuroQuantology Vol. 10, 4 (2012), pp Derek K. Heyman Dual and non-dual ontology in Sartre and Mahāyāna Buddhism // Man and World, 30 (1997) pp Steven W. Laycock Nothingness and Emptiness: Exorcising the shadow of God in Sartre // Man and World, 24 (1991) pp Theme 8. The doctrine of shunya in Nagarjuna and strategy of negativity Nagarjuna s concept of sunya as the ontological strategy of negativity. The idea of the "annihilating" function of consciousness in Nagarjuna and it s correlation with Sartre and Heidegger. Understanding the human consciousness as unequal to itself, non-self-sufficient, groundless and in this sense suffering, "unhappy". The aspiration to finding by a person of a certain true knowledge of himself and being. Literature: 12

13 1. Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadkhyamakakārikā. Transl. And comm. By L. Garfield. N.Y., Oxford: Oxford University Press, Nāgārjuna The Prajna Paramita Heart Sutra. Transl. By Lok To. N.Y. S.F. Toronto, Tatyana P. Lifintseva The Buddhist Pill for Sartre s Nausea : Phenomenological and Hindu-Buddhist Treatments of Intentionality // NeuroQuantology Vol. 10, 4 (2012), pp Tatyana Lifintseva Sorge of Heidegger, Sartre s l être pour-soi and Buddhist duḥkha : Ontological Foundations of Negativity. // NeuroQuantology. December Vol. 11. Issue 4. Page Christian Lindtner Studies in the Writings and Philosophy of Nāgārjuna. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, Nagavara Ramarao Murthy The Central Philosophy of Buddhism. A Study of Madhyamaka System. London: Unwin Paperbacks, Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadkhyamakakārikā. Transl. And comm. By L. Garfield. N.Y., Oxford: Oxford University Press, Venkata K. Ramanan Nāgārjuna s Philosophy. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas, Peter Della Santina Mādhyamaka Schools of India. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas, The themes of papers and essays 1. The failure of scientific knowledge for conceiving of reality. Primacy of personal over the allembracing in the existential philosophy. 2. The sources of existential philosophy: the ethical and religious searches of Soren Kierkegaard, phenomenology (E. Husserl), the philosophy of life (F. Nietzsche, W. Dilthey, G. Simmel). 3. The non-theistic and religious versions of existential philosophy^ unity and contradictions. 4. The departure of philosophy from ontological problematic in the 2 half of the XIX century and return to it in the beginning of the XX-th. Being as Consciousness in its historicity. 5. The phenomenon of Sorge in Heidegger. 6. The concepts of Nothingness (Nichtigkeit) and dread (Angst) in Heidegger s metaphysics. 7. А person is a special way of Being (Dasein) which is constituted by negativity, according to Heidegger. 8. Sartre s doctrine of consciousness: Being-in-itself" (l être en-soi) and "Being-for-itself (l être pour-soi). 9. Intentionality of consciousness in Sartre. 13

14 10. Husserl s influence on Sartre. 11. The Buddhist doctrine of anatmavada. 12. The unapplicability of the concept samsara to Buddhism. 13. The concept of duhkha in Buddhism: empirical and ontological aspects. 14. The radical difference of Judeo-Christian concept suffering and Buddhist duhkha. 15. Duḥkha as an ontological groundlessness of the person, inequality to himself, a basic dissatisfaction with any form of empirical existence. Questions for the estimation of quality of understanding the discipline. 1. The doctrine of S. Kierkegaard and existential philosophy. 2. Existential and existentialist philosophy: the nuances are important. 3. The shadow of God in Sartre s metaphysics. 4. Correlation of Buddhist duhkha, Heidegger s Sorge and Sartre s Being-for-itself. 5. The question of meaning of Being in Heidegger s philosophy. Being and entity. Being and Nothingness. 6. The critic of classical metaphysics in Heidegger s philosophy. 7. The analytics of Dasien (basic existentials). 8. The interpretation of time and temporality in Heidegger s philosophy. Human being as a time-creating creature. 9. General ontological foundations of Mahayana Buddhism. 10. Non-theism of Buddhism and its concequences. 11. The concept of Nothingness and the problem of freedom in Sartre s existentialism. 12. Nagarjuna s concept of sunya as the ontological strategy of negativity. 13. The idea of the "annihilating" function of consciousness in Nagarjuna and it s correlation with Sartre and Heidegger. 14. Understanding the human consciousness as unequal to itself, non-self-sufficient, groundless and in this sense suffering, "unhappy". 15. Aspiration to overcoming of any binary oppositions and hierarchies the mādhyamakas. 14

15 Автор программы: Т.П. Лифинцева, д.ф.н., проф. школы философии факультета гуманитарных наук НИУ-ВШЭ Подпись: 15