REVIEW BIRTH CONTROL THE NEW YORK LAW. February Overpopulation in Porto Rico. Birth Control Clinics at Work. Banning Birth Control from the Air

Transcription

1 BIRTH CONTROL REVIEW Chddren of Choice, Not of Chance February 1930 THE NEW YORK LAW WILLIAM J A Survey by McWILLIAMS Overpopulation in Porto Rico Birth Control Clinics at Work Banning Birth Control from the Air Twenty Cents a Copy VOL XIV No 2 Two Dollars a Year

2 1 Birth Control Review I VOL XIV FEBRUARY, 1930 No 2 THE AMEBICM BIRTH CONTROL LEAGUE, INC 161 MADISON AVENUE NEW YO= CITY Telephones-Bogardus v BOARD OF DIRECTORS MBS F ROBERTSON JONW MBS. RICHARD BIUlNDS URS. DEXTER BLADDEN Vu6Pru(dmt. MES. LEWIS L DELAFIELD Pruklcni YBS ANNIE (I POREITT }. &eretaw MES. WARREN THORPE MBS FBANCIS N BANGS MRS BENJAMIN CABPENTER MRS CHAUNCEY J HAMLIN MRS THOMAS W WONT STUART -~.-... MUDD M D ~ H ADYE PRICHABD D D BENJAMIN T TILTON M D MBS LESLIE J TOMPKINS IBA S WILE. M.D T~CMVCI MIS ROGER HOWSON Ezeeuth Seetetory JAMBS F COOPER M D M& Director BIRTH CONTROL REVIEW (Cop~At 1#8e, A&n BtrtA Control L&wuc, Inc) STELLA HANAU. Editor ZdU& Bead ANNIE G PORPITT Chdrnum JAMES H S BOSSAFiD. Pa D MARY SLI\INER BOYD FRANK H HANKINS Pn D C C. LITTLE, & D KENNETH MACOOWAN E A BOSS PE D Pnblbhed on the $rrt of the modh bg The American Barth Control Loogre, In8 1 Slngle Copies, 20 cents, $2 per 60 two years. Canada and Forugn add 26 cents postage per year Entered aa Sceood Clsrs Matter M mh at tb. Pmt olllce st New York N Y under the Act oi March CONTENTS BIRTH CONTROL - A CONSTRUCTIVE FORCE EDITORIAL BANNING BIRTH CONTROL FROM THE Am OVERPOPULATION IN PORTO RICO By Forrest Ba~leg By Jose C Rosario I PROPAGANDA - AS I SEE IT By MARY WINSOR MENTAL HEALTH AND THE WANTED CHILD By James L McCartney, M D THE LAWS OF NEW YORK AND BIRTH CONTROL A SURVEY 44 By William J McWilhams, Esq 46 BIRTH CONTROL CLINICS AT WORK 48 POPULATION SECTION THREE PAPERS BY SIR GEORGE H KXIBBS By Malcolm H B~ssell 50 A POPULATION RESEARCH PROJECT 51 BOOK REVIEWS By Orland E Wh~te, Rudolph I Coffee, Frleda Lescher, Edna B Macgowan, Morris H Kahn 52 NEWS NOTES 55 READERS' PAGE HONOLULU NEEDS A LEAGUE, BATH TUBS AND BIRTH CONTROL, OPPOSITION IN PARIS 58

3 Birth Control - a Constructive Force '/ AM THE mother of two other to the hst of marrlages 1 chlldren, have been preg- whlch I am sure you must These letters come from thznkzng nant three tlmes and taught have saved young people, ashng for help beschool two years for our hv- Won't you please help me? fore et es too late, asbng that mg all m seven years of marknowledge be gzven them to huald rled hfe I lovethese baby boys UR for themselves and thew chzldren, DOCTOR 1s absowlth all my heart and I want decent, self - 0 lutely agalnst respectmy, happy B I r t h to gve them opportunltles to lzves They are typzcal of many Control, and wlth our famlly get an educatlon and become of four recezved day zn and day out by the - and I am expectmg useful cltlzens, but I don't another confinement Amerecan Berth Control Leagw m June want other bab~es, one a pear Perhaps even more than the cry - you can see what my 11fe untll I am too worn out to llve would be of angut& and despazr from poor, I am only twentyor d~e My husband 1s only a three We have been marned dl and hopeless mothers, they renter-farmer, and my help seven years and have a fine ahow the need for Bzrth Control. wlth bables is very small m- start farmlng deed, and w~th the bare neces- Both my husband snd I sltles the bab~es had to have thlnk we have a nlce fanuly I haven't had a new coat In five years, nor a dress and can care for them, but ~f we can't find any help decent for church wear In three So ~f ~t 1s at all ~t wlll make hard sleddmg Tunes are hard out posslble and I belleve you can tell me, m11 you here anyway Education costs so much and you please tell me a safe healthful method of preventmg can't get far mthout ~t pregnancy untll we are able to support more chil- You can see my posltlon, and ~f you can obtaln dren, wlth falrly good health to myself? help for us you shall never know how grateful we'll be Later on I shall send a fee Rlght now our cows are dry and funds are low I thmk ~t would be LEASE read thls letter through (even ~f ~t 18 wonderful for people to be able to know where they P long) and help me, for I need your help I are at, but lt may be a long hme yet have just been marned My husband's busmess has w wonderful posslbhties but at present we need my have been marned three years We have added lncome to get along I know you mlght say, no children, not due to the use of contra- "why dldn't we walt," but we have been sweethearts ceptlves (~t should be) but through partlal absmce we were klds-for five years-and we didn't stlnence We want chddren m a few years, we want to waste all our youth m waltlng are savlng money for them btrth and educatlon And now, the fear and bugaboo of all young mar- now, but if we had them now we would be under a ncd persons IS upon us - the fear of unwanted financial straln, unfalr to the child and us We want pregnancy - a thlng wh~ch would defimtely rum to llve without fear of unwanted pregnancy Thls sounds somewhat "booky" but true nevertheless I reahze In asklng for mnformatlon, that you can't gve ~t But can you &rect me to any rehable source? US We went to our famlly doctor, but he gave us no satisfaction, practlcally told us that abstinence was the only sure way But we are young and very much m love, so that method 1s pract~cally unposslble I shall pay gladly for any lnformatlon which you may be wdllng to gve me and ~f you are not permitted to send ~t through the malls, I shall be more than grateful ~f you will perrmt me to call for ~t at any tune or place convenient to you Please don't disregard thls letter You will add an- I HAVE been marr~ed for e~ght years and I have been very happy I am the proud mother of four lovely chddren Of course I love my chlldren very dearly but I do not feel that I am able physlcally to bear another chlld nor do my husband and myself feel that we can afford another child

4 ACH annual meetmg of the American E Blrth Control League marks a step onward m the march towards a universal acceptance of the prmciple of Birth Control - the prmciple that conception should be a matter of thought, responsibhty and free choice, and not a mere happemng by chance Editorial whether the commg child is desued or dreaded This year the gathenng at the Hotel Woodstock was particularly memorable The announcement that the American Birth Control League was prepared to endorse the bdl for the amendment of the Federal law so as to permit the mahg of contraceptive hterature or information between doctors, and between doctors and patients, marks the coda1 relations of the League mth Mrs Sanger's Federal Committee The presence of so many members of the League, old and new, tells of growth m strength and numbers, and the speeches at the luncheon looked back and forward - back with a sort of wonderment that conditions m the quite recent past should have been so different, and forward with hope that the goal of the League is not now very distant In regard to the past, the rermniscences of Mrs Mmturn Pinchot were particularly instructive Mrs Pmchot has long been one of the mam supports of the Maternal Health Committee, which for many years has conducted qulet research work, and has been influential m gamg the support to the Birth Control cause of many members of the medical profession Mrs Pmchot went back to her first vlvid mterest m Birth Control, which was stvred by the prosecution of William Sanger, husband of Margaret Sanger, who was sentenced to thirty days in jail for generously givmg out, m the privacy of his home, a copy of a pamphlet by Margaret Sanger which contamed contraceptive mformation This mcident was even earlier than Mrs Sanger's prosecution for gwng mformation in the cllnic she opened in Brownsville, Brooklyn Thls trial resulted in the sentencing of Mrs Byrne, Mrs Sanger's sister and of Mrs Sanger Mrs Sanger appealed, but later served her sentence Mrs Byrne began her sentence at once, but went on hunger strike and after eleven days was released, in a condition near collapse, by order of Governor Whitman Mrs Sanger's appeal served to mden the general interpretation of the law which permitted physmans to eve contraceptive advlce for the cure or prevention of disease It had been rather generally understood that this clause applied only to venereal disease, against which there had for some years been an active campaign In the opinion of the court there was no such limltation m the law, and it is under this opinion that clinics are now able to do the partial Birth Control work that is going on m New York When one recalls that these early events happened only about fifteen years ago, one can easily realize the mmense progress made in the stormy campaign for Birth Control One can also sympathize mth the spirit of jubilation wh~ch marked the eighth annual meetmg of the American Birth Control League w HEN Kitty Marion sails for England on February 22nd, she will have completed thirteen years of constructive service in the cause of Birth Control Miss Marion has been a well known figure on the streets of New York, working w~th indefatigable energy and faith Believing that there was a basic need for reachmg "the man on the street", she undertook as her chosen task the selling of the REVIEW In the early days this was not the comparatively simple job it 1s today There were police complaints, arrests, jeers But she kept steadily on, and has sold to date over ninety thousand copies With a word, a smile, a phrase of encouragement, a mtty rejo-nder, she has brought a very real and very worthwhile human touch into the movement Countless thousands know about the Birth Control fight, because Kitty Marion stood untiringly on the street corner, year m and year out, spreading the truth as she saw it Miss Marion came to Amerlca after a re-

5 markable record of pluck and courage in the English Suffrage movement She 1s gomg to England to take part in the ceremony of the unveiling of a statue to Mrs Pankhurst on March 6th The Board of Directors of the Amer~can Birth Control League mll gve Miss Marion a testlmonlal luncheon on February 11th The best of luck to you, Kitty Marion HE welfare of children, their health, men- T tal and physical, their happiness and opportunities for development are among the most important factors m the development of the race President Hoover, in a recent speech said "If we want civilization to march forward toward higher economic standards, to moral and spiritual ideals, ~t will march only on the feet of healthy children " The child of talnted heredity, the undernourished child of poverty, the child whose coming is deplored, whose advent 1s a tragedy, whose early years are blighted, whether by lack of love, or by hunger and overwork, cannot carry on the torch of progress The President's famous Bill of Rights for Children has been commented on before Earnest workers for child betterment in dlverse fields quote its ringmg phrases But its inferences for Birth Control. self evident ~ - -and - ~ obvious as they seem to be, are mllfully, or, let us say, psychologically overlooked L Lord Btukmoster, member of Parlsamcnt, and one of the boders of the Bsrth Control movement as England, sent the fdlomng message to the eaghth annzd meettng of the Amencan Bwth Control League No cause can be put to a more severe test than that furnished by seelng wlth what earnestness and convlctlon ~ ts supporters retain them falth, by no cause has that test been more triumphantly sustained than by that of Blrth Control, and by nobody has that cause been more earnestly advocated than by the American Birth Control League and its admirable paper To get the best out of the world, the best must be put into ~ t, and the best retained, and this 1s impossible ~f children are to crowd one another like slckly weeds stmgghg for hght, and women are to be mlned beyond repazr by the straln of excesswe chlld-birth The cause is gainmg ground everywhere and every day, and what is now needed is the concentratlon of scient~fic mlnds on the problem of how best to secure the control of blrth When thls has been done, and not until then, wd1 man be man, and master of h~s fate Januury Ist, 1930 LOBD BUCKMASTEE where this has happened, the special school trained eight members of one family, and is CcoRDINa to Dr R H Crowley, now already at work on several members of A medical officer of the ~rltlsh Board of the next generation It may be pointed out Education, there are now m England about that without the traimng Wen these children 75,000 mentally defective children, in ad- it 1s unlikely that they would have been able dition to some 30,000 imbeciles and to many or to support, even madequately, "The evidence," said Dr Crowley, In an ad- children of their own This work of trainmg, dress to the Teachers' Assoclatlon of Oxford, therefore, however beneficial to the ~mmedi- "tends to show that the number 1s inereas- ate recipients, 1s a distlnct danger to the race, ing " It is this fact - the mcrease of the de- unless measures are taken to prevent the fectives - that is the most serious danger to multiplication of these unfit men and women both Britaln and America In one Connect- A careful teachmg of Birth Control would m cut city that has been a pioneer in the edu- many cases be effective In other cases, in the cation of the subnormal boy and girl, it 1s interests of society, there should be sterilizareported that children tralned in the special tion of those needing special care and tramschools to such a degree as to be able to earn ing, and obviously mentally subnormal, bea living are now married and are bringing to fore they are allowed to go out into the world the school then own children who are fully as more or less responsible citizens Here as subnormal as themselves In one family surely 1s work for the Eugenists

6 Banning Birth Control from the Air By FORREST BAILEY An address deltvered at the Ann& Meetsng of the Amerwa* Barth Cmtrd League, January 16th WHEN we deal wlth the censorsh~p m any of ~ts many forms, we are dealmg wlth prep- &ce If we are to deal mth ~t msely, we must be careful to avoid approachmg the subject from the angle of our own prejudlces Perhaps ~t wdl be a llttle more chantable to our more obstinate opinlons ~f we call them prepossessions and save the word "prejudwe" for those mth whom we dlsagree BAN CONTRARY TO PUBLIC GOOD I propose to &scuss the bannlng of Birth Control from the alr mth reference to reahtles and mth as httle reference as posslble to my own prejudlces I am not on th~s occaslon golng to advocate the broadcastmg of mformatlon on contraceptlve methods So far as I know, that has not yet been attempted and has not yet become an issue I beheve I could put up a pretty good argument for ~t if I had to, but I do not concelve such an argument to be a part of my present job For the sake of belng concrete and reahstlc, I mean to confine my remarks to the kmd of ban on free discussion that was exemphfied by the recent refusal of a great company to allow ~ ts equipment to be used for the broadcastlng of the addresses delivered at the Nat~onal Blrth Control Conference In thls clty My contention WIU be that thls refusal resulted from a policy that ought to be condemned as marrow, mprogressrae, mteugent, and contrary to the pbk good Perhaps I shall not arrlve at a justficatloh of every one of these rather Imposing adjectives, but I hope to be able to make good on the general condemnation If I succeed In that, I shall have estabhshed the proposlt~on whlch I have In mnd as fundamental - that the subject of Blrth Control is a perfectly proper one to put upon the alr to be picked up by any receiving-set that happens to be tuned In at the tlme Now let us not dece~ve ourselves at this point as regards the nght of any broadcastlng company to reject thls or any other subject that IS offered for radlo communication If we bear m mind that the various broadcasting agencles are pnvate commer- c~al enterpnses that must support themselves and produce profits, we are forced to admlt that they themselves have a perfect nght to detemne what subjects shall and shall not go over the air from thelr stat~ons Of course that nght IS not unrestncted, as they are responsible to the Federal Ram0 Commission for comphance mth the con&- tions under whlch them hcenses are granted and their wave-lengths assigned But that is not a senous hmitatlon Generally speakmg, they are free to govern themselves in such a way as to sell their commodity - broadcasting hours - to the best possible commercial advantage Necessarily the character of their programs 1s to them a matter of the utmost importance Just as newspapers and magazmes must exercise editorla1 &scret~on to see that notlung gets mto them columns that would be offensive to the big ~urchasers of advertlslng space, so the broadcasting compan~es must look to ~t that the programs they carry for the entertainment or ~nstmction of radlo-users shall not irr~tate or allenate those who pay (and pay heavily ') for tune on the alr Thls is not a gratifying sltuatlon from the pomt of vlew of the publlc, but it happens to be the situation that exlsts There seems to be httle that we can do about ~t besldes grumble The reason the sltuat~on exlsts IS to be sought In the competltlon for profits under the system of pnvate ownershp and control But thls 1s hardly the time and place to argue for the soc~al~zatlon of the entlre ra&o Industry I mentlon ~t only m passang as an alternative to the proposal offered the other day by Mr Owen D Young, when he said with characterlatic candor and courage that the remedy for the confusion In the radlo world is monopoly under private ownership MOBAL OBLIGATION SHOULD BE GUIDE It will occur to some of my l~steners at this po~nt that I have gven away my whole case - that in the absence of any mlllenn~al solutlon hke soc~ahzatlon, there is nothing whatever to say on the s~de of those who are opposed to bannlng Birth Control from

7 the air That is not my view We can at least plead with the commercial censors to exercise their dm cretionary power with reasonable regard to the interests of the public We can point out to them that they have moral obhgations in thls respect that are quite independent of their legal nght to be arbitrary and umntelligent CONTBOVEBSIAL SUBJECTS YOST INTEBESTING The reasonurged last November,by a higho5cial of the company concerned, for banmng the conference-dwcussions from the air was that the subject is a highly controversial one on which great repreaentative sections of the reli~ous world have not yet been able to agree A pro<osition like that eves some scope for the exercise of sweet reasonableness I think I could mention several other controversial subjects in which there 1s hfference of opinion It is dfference of opinion that makes subjects controversial It is their controversial nature that makes them interesting to the publlc Surely the great broadcasting agencies do not take the posltion that the only subjects fit for being put on the sir are those on which there is a general uniformity of opinion I am sure I have heard other subjects than these pounng out of the loud speaker For instance, the subjects that are broadcast from the Foreign Policy Association luncheons are most of them distinctly eontroversial I recall at least one in which the sensitinties of persons attached to the doctrines of a powerful section of the rehgious world must have been rubbed most irntatingly SHOULD RADIO CATER TO BEACTIONISM One cannot help wondering whether the explanation offered by that suave official was quite complete It certainly appears that he must have had something else in the back of his rmnd I believe that the real explanation is that he was showing a very speclal regard for that class of people who hold that any subject related to sex 1s inherently obscene Such people have a professional abhorrence of Birth Control If they are logcal, they abhor also biology, social hygene, hfe itself, as all equally unfit for the attention of pure minds It is possible that the sections of the public that are dominated by th~s psychology are powerful enough to exert a compelling influence over men whose business it is to compete for profits in the sale of broadcasting hours I confess that I have not the patience to argue against this point of view I submit mthout argument that ~t is a medieval point of vlew which science and the accumulated expenence of the race confute and reject The very cause of enhghtenment and sane llving requires that it should be challenged at all times and in all places It is mamfestly absurd that any human agency that has control over the transmission of thought from man to man should allow this point of new to hctate the selection or rejection of what may be transmitted Such surrender to ignorance and intellectual reactionism is stupid and anti-social A PUBLIC SEEVICE INSTITUTION What I have just said carnes with it by implication the pnncipal argument against the ban on Birth Control and other controversial subjects It should not be forgotten that the radio is a pubhc service institution This fact is recopzed in the wordmg of the act of Congress which created the Federal Radio Commission and gave it authonty to grant licenses and assign wave-lengths It is not unreasonable to demand that corporations whose very enstence commits them to an enterpnse of sernng the pubhc should be wllling to extend themselves in the dmect~on of cultural advancement There 1s no other form of pubhc semce that is more important There is no surer way of serving the cause of enlightenment than in helpmg the pubhc to knowledge of the facts in those fields where knowledge is yet obscured by doubt and uncertainty Cultural advancement is a process of transferrmg matters of oplmon to the realm of knowledge It is a slow process and involves much dwcussion How, then, can a pubhc semce agency that has such tremendous potentiahties of servlce as the radio justify its existence if it fails to sue on the occasions that offer for the discussion of vital controversial subjects? It is difficult to thmk of any other subject that has greater social importance at the moment than Birth Control The radlo companies have moral obhgahons that are quite 1ndependent of their legal nght to be arbitrary and unintelhgent But I am really skeptical about our power to make the companies recognize their obhgations 1n this regard At least I think they m11 have a long way to go before they reach the relatively advanced position that has been taken by the great newspapers of the land I cannot help comng back to the millenma1 solution - the sociahzation of the entire industry

8 Overpopulation in Porto Rico By JOSE C ROSARIO HE Lord sald to Adam and Eve, "Be frultful T and multiply and replemsh the earth " But even In His lnfinlte wisdom He seems to have overlooked the fatal consequences of geometncal progression When the Spanlards settled in Porto R~co they found some 60,000 Indlans hvmg slmply and happily on this generous and bountiful island There were no wild animals to attack them Flshlnp and huntlng were abundant Corn and ywa could always be had plent~fully They had a well organized mclety In whlch property nghts were as much respected as in the most civihzed countnes today Them dances gave them the necessary entertamment Them rehgion, as slmple as that of the pba~o8 (hlll-bdlles) of today, provided every one mth the explanation of the lncomprehenslble Stones offered the raw matenal for works of art, and so furnlshed an outlet for the expression cif the aesthetic sense These were the people who confronted the 200 Spanlards who settled In Porto Rlco In 1509, bnng- Ing wlth them the polnt of view of a natlon that had been at war with the Arabs for eight centuries In these settlers the student of hlstory mu recognue many of the charactenst~cs developed In Amencans durlng the process of snatchmg away the land from the French and the In&ans They possessed the indivlduallsm of those who have frequently depended upon their own unalded efforts to solve their problems, the splnt of supenonty of those who have fought well and long wlth a powerful foe and have defeated hlm, and the cruelty of a people who for a long period of t~me have been forced to be cruel wth a cruel enemy lards When m 1519 Emperor Charles V, thanks to the efforts of Padre Las Casas, ordered the freedom of the Indlans, only 664 remalned to benefit by this e&ct The populatlon of Porto Rlco remalned statlonary for a long tlme The hostlhty of neighboring Indlan tnbes, the attacks of Enghsh and French, and the rlvalnes of the colonists themselves, stopped its growth In 1541, San German, the second most unportant settlement, could command only 71 men to repel the attack of the French Corsalrs that were beslegmg the clty In 1641 there were only 500 famlhes In San Juan DEVELOPMENT OF JIBABO CLASS By thls tlme the descendants of the Cld had exhausted the mlnes, and scattered themselves through the land to demcate themselves to agncul- ture Unhappily these lllustnous forefathers adapted themselves to them environment instead of adaptmg the env~ronmento their conveniences, as the Enghsh In North Amerlca &d Were there no roads? Very well, the first horse loaded with glnger would leave a path whlch others mlght follow Schools were superfluous It was not necessary to know how to read and wnte to water the seed beds or to cut off a bunch of bananas The hwpera fruit cut into halves could be used as &shes, and divided Into smaller pleces mlght do for spoons The larger the number of children In each famlly, the more "hands" there would be to take part in the dally work It is not strange that population began to grow by leaps and bounds All these factors contributed to develope the pbaro class whlch, forming as it does a major~ty of the populatlon, and remaining so backward, is the greatest had- PiDIANS DEPLETED BY CONQUERORS cap to lsland progress The Spanlards distnbuted the Inmans to ex- In 1765 Marshall O'Reilly, in hls report for tract the gold from the mlnes, and drove them to Charles 111, stated that there was a populatlon of hard and enewatmg work Very soon the Indians 44,833 Don Pedro de Cordoba in his "Memoranbegan to feel that their efforts were never enough dum about all the Branches of the Adminlstratlon" to satlsfy the greed of the Spaniards, and between notes that in 1782 there were 81,000 people and, in dymg llke slaves and dylng hke free men fighting, 1799, 153,000, an increase of 90% ~n 17 years they preferred to fight But they could do llttle Since then the wave of populatlon has continually with their arrows, whlch they dld not even poison Increased untd it threatens to bury the httle shlp as &d the Canbs, agalnst the firearms of the Span- in a sea of povertv, disease, and ignorance ", - In 1860

9 there was a populatlon of 583,000, thlrty years later there were 813,000, m 1899, 953,000, m 1925,1,398,000, and wth all certainty, the census of 1930 wlll show a populatlon of one and a half milllon Slnce Porto RICO has an area of 3,435 square mlles, there were In 1925 an average of 407 ~nhab~t- ants per square mde Among all the states that form the Un~on, only Rhode Island and New Jersey have a relatwely larger populatlon than Porto Rlco, but 78 4% and 97 6% respectively of the populatlon of these states 1s urban, whlle only 22% of Porto R~co's populatlon llves m towns and ches It 1s clear that m the cltles where the populatlon does not depend upon the land for ~ ts sustenance, the number of people 1s never excesslve merely because of a larger or smaller area, but In a country where 78% of the lnhahtants depend dlrectly on the products of the land, a population of 407 In- hab~tants per square mlle constitutes a most press- Ing and d~fficult problem Among the states of the Umon havlng a large percentage of mral populatlon, not one has even one-aeventh as large a populatlon per square mde as Porto Rlco Percentage of Inhabitants pn State rural popuhhon rqwc nrilc Porto Rlco South Dakota South Carolma North Dakota North Carolma New Mexlco Nevada M~sslsslppl Arkansas Alabama The law of &mmlshmg returns asserts that after a certaln hmlt 1s reached, the use of a larger amount of capltal or labor m a certam work will produce a smaller proportional lncome Thls economlc law polnts out clearly the evds of an excess~ve populatlon Wherever the hmlt of production has been reached, d the populatlon keeps on mcreaong, the ~ndmdual lncome wlll necessar~ly dunllush An lrnportant reason why Porto Rlco's rural populatlon 1s so poor 1s that there are ten people workmg where only five are necessary to get the maxlmum return Another evll of excesslve populatlon IS that the and thls necessanly lowers the average lncome of these country laborers One need not be verv old to remember the tune when only the best lands were cultivated In Porto Rlco, the rest belng left mld where the chddren played or gathered wlld frults But the ever lncreaslng populatlon has forced the lsland to cultivate a larger and larger amount of land even when the lncome derlved from ~t 1s only enough to keep the workers from actual starvation TWO SUGGESTED BEMEDIES What are the remedes offered In the case of Porto Rico for the evll of excesslve populat~on? Emlgratlon 1s the first because ~t has been the most widely advocated Would emlgratlon solve the problem Apparently yes "If there are too many people m Porto Rlco, let us send away the excess " The remedy cannot be slmpler But rt 1s lmprac ticable - first, because the ~sland's populatlon in- creases at the rate of 24,000 lnhabltants a year, and ~f this number were to m~grate annually ~t would not be long before there would not be any more demand for them and the lsland would find itself wlthln a few years facing the same sltuatlon, and second, because it would be extremely poor busi- ness to support the ch~ldren through them parasltlc stage, and provlde them with some trade or profession, so that when they reached the age of production they would go to produce for others It 1s the same case as that of a fruit grower, who findmg that he has no more place m hls farm for frult trees, goes on makmg seed beds and gvmg to ne~ghbors the grown trees 1x1 order to make room for transplanting the seedhngs Thls actlon, whlch seems so nmculous m a frult grower, 1s of exactly the same character as the proposed emlgrat~on The second most popular remedy is that of m- dustnallmng the lsland "Increasmg the mdustnes, there would be m the island a larger and larger urban population, and there would not then be an excesslve number of mhab~tants " Thls is another palhatlve slmllar to emlgratlon, but ~t 1s certainly not a remedy It would solve the problem for a year or two, but never lndefimtely unless the number of factones kept mcreaslng mth the gromng populatlon What 1s then the remedy for the evd? There 1s one and only one Blrth Control If Porto RICO were successful m hmltlng the number of b~rths, the standard of hvmg of the country laborers would ~mmehately rise, smce mth jdaros are compelled to work the poorest lands, the same production there would be a larger m-

10 Iltvldual return Schools could unprove education at the same cost Nutntlon of the chlldren would be better, slnce parents could, wlth the same money, gwe as much food to three chddren as they give now to SIX Health would increase because a room occupled now by three people would then be used by one or two Thls 1s not a new Idea In recent years the populatlon of France has become statlonary Dunng the last century France Increased ~ts population only 5076, while the population of Germany was lncreasmg about 20076, Russ~a 30076, and Porto Rlco 600% Almost all the soc~al evlls of Porto Rlco would be elunlnated by hmltlng the number of bli-ths If, through a movement started by a truly patnotlc group of people, next year the lsland were to have only 20,000 blrths Instead of 58,390 as ~t had last year, w~thln one year ~t would have 38,390 fewer parasites It wouldbe absurd to advocate compulsory Birth Control But of the 58,000 children born In Porto Rlco last year, not more than 20,000 were wanted The others came because there 1s kept m force the b~olog~cal law of reproduction meant for an old world In whlch survlval was posslble only through numerous offspnng Soclety today must rebel and declare thls law null and vo~d Those who do not w~sh to havechddren should havethelrmshgranted At present th~s 1s the case mth the so-called better classes Why not extend the same advantages to the gzbarosf P Propaganda - As I See It By MARY WINSOR ROPAGANDA requlres study of the pubhc, its We should find out what objections are stlcklng hablts of thought and ~ ts capaclty for recelv- In people's mmds They may be well founded or mg new Ideas The ch~ef difficulty 1s the pgant~c foohsh, but should be answered "If we get the scale on wh~ch it must be planned and the ~nsuffi- vote, w~ll we lose our womanhood?" was the pathet~c clent resources of ~ts advocates They are gener- query once heard from a tlmld lady in a suffrage ally tlred out by the tnne they can qual~fy as ex- meetmg When I explained that womanllnrss was perts, hke an actress experienced enough to fill the somethlng deep-seated, ~nherent, not at all hke aa role of Juhet but too old for the part umbrella whlch mlght be mlslald unless one were It should never be forgotten that the object of careful to hold it t~ght, my questloner was satisfied progaganda 1s to make converts Outslde of the and jolned the femin~st cohorts Not a valuable group already mstmcted, the pubhc's unclerstand- acqulslt~on maybe but if a legdature IS to be in- Ing of Blrth Control 1s hmlted - somethlng hard fluenced quant~ty counts as well as quahty for those who have been m the movement for years to remember It mlght be well for a speaker or wnter after prepamg hts matenal to ask h~mself the questlon "If I knew nothlng about Blrth Control what would th~s convey to me?" A bnlhant speech may be over the heads of an audence and the BIRTH CONTROL REVIEW SO scholarly that lt will be useless In bnngmg us recrults The results of the latest sclentlfic research should be made avadable, yet one should not om~the emotional touch "Letters from Mothers", describing the sufferlngs whlch brutal antl-contraceptive laws lnfllct on &encan womanhood, are not merely pathet~c appeals to sentiment but valuable human docu- ments If no such cases exlsted the cause would lose ~ ts rmson d'etre If suffering humanlty 1s to be hberated In our day, we should move forward rapidly even at the risk of shockmg some of our conservative adherents perhaps the secret of success 1s mass productlon Federal laws and the laws of at least half the States must be amended It 1s necessary to reach vast numbers of voters The ballots cast In the last Presldent~al electlon totalled approxlmately 18 mdhon, over 3 mllhon In Pennsyhama alone, so we need the co-operation of the press We cannot hope to rival the achievements of the suffragists, from 1909 to 1920 practically never a week went by without publ~c~tyfor them, often on the front page of the newspapers, but we Blrth Controllers should at least diversify our actlvltles so that "custom will not stale our Infinite var~ety "

11 We ought to be always in pursult of the unconverted and hhe a stone thrown into water, our circle should be an ever-wldemng one We cannot afford to neglect the man and woman in the street, for multitudes of those whom we want to attract wll not come to meetings Year in and year out a lone figure - Kitty Manon - stood on the sidewalks of New York selling the BIBTH CONTROL REVIEW There ought to be a band of Kitty Marions m every city "Soap Box Colleges" would bnng our cause before the voter, also Blrth Control caravans 1 to tour the country mstncts as they do in England I find the movement somewhat academlc and old-fashioned, lacking fresh air and the open road Undignified do you say? It is never un&gn&ed to educate our fellow-cit~zens, even the humblest and meanest No good Amencan sneers at such efforts WHAT SUPPOBTEBS WILL DO In order to estimate the Merent kmds of progaganda we are able to supply, we must see what our supporters m11 do for us Some wll eve thelr names, some wll also gwe money Others want to be up and doing, and ~t is vltal to keep such persons busy In Pennsylvama we have a typewntten hst of activities which we hand out to fnends who ask how they may help These include addressmg envelopes, hstnbuting leaflets, ralslng money, interviewing key persons, getting aumences for our speakers, endorsements from organuations and subscriptions to the BETH CONTEOL REVIEW, act- Ing as hbranan, collecting books for our hbrary, pledgng one day a week to be spent m the office, etc (Any Pennsylvania volunteer wd1 please wrlte to the Pennsylvama Birth Control Federation, Room 928,1700 Walnut Street, Phdadelphla ) There are many elements to draw on, to be studied, and enhsted Flrst come the femimsts, such as Margaret Sanger, to whom the freedom of woman, her nght to command her own hfe, 1s the breath of thew nostrils, and peace-lovers who real- Ize that over-grown populations lead to war We have patnotlc Americans, anxious for a better grade of citizens Also the rehgously-mded, unhke our Roman Catholic opponents - paying homage to an enlightened Delty who does not look 'Our readers must not lose slght of the fact that there an no legal restr~ctlons in England B~rth Control caravans would be illegal m many states, and would not be pernutted -ED Nom complacently on a moron population elther in this world or the next If it be thought that I misrepresent our adversarles let me refer you to Archb~shop (now Cardinal) Hayes' Pastoral Letter of 1921 "Even though some httie angels m the flesh, through the moral, mental or physical deformity of parents may appear to human eyes hideous, misshapen, a blot on civilized society, we must not lose sight of the Chnstian thought that under and wlthin such v~sible malformrrtion, there hves an immortal soul, to be saved and glorified for all eternltp among the blessed in Heaven " This plous sentiment mlght be embalmed m a hymn Little morons? Let them come' Welcome ~d~ots, deaf and dumb, Slckly, syphllit~c, bhnd, Frall m body and ~n mind, Passlng on to Heaven's gates Vla the United States Surely, gentle ridmule 1s not misplaced in meetlng such arguments 1 Last but not least among us is the physician, at once our malnstay and drawback There is a conservatlve minonty st111 inchned to hang back, say- Ing "Let the lalty alter the law and then we will open chmcs," but many are conv~nced that thls movement should be supported by physicians and that w~thout the authonty and prestige of their adherence the objectionable legmlation which is crushing the lives of thousands of mothers, financially exhausting workmg class fathers, burdening the taxpayer and filhng our country mth hordes of robots wlll never be repealed A dzfferent p od of mw about propaganda wiu be presented m the March tssm by Dr C C Lattle Among those in the vanguard of the fight for Blrth Control in all groups, there is almost no one who regards Birth Control as the sole and only method of combating misery and poverty But ~t does appear, to an ever Increasing number of enhghtened, socially minded persons, as one means among others, to obviate and reheve present misery and poverty Birth Control is concerned mth malung avaxlable to men and women, those methods of reproduc tion which correspond to our present state of culture, and which serve the hlgher development of the race DB HELENE STOECE~.

12 Mental Health and the Wanted Child By JAMES L McCARTNEY, M D UNDAMENTALLY, all men and women F marry nth the purpose and hope of havlng chlldren They may not put ~t that way, may not acknowledge ~t even to each other or to themselves, but ~f marned people find that they cannot reproduce ~t 1s a source of unspeakable regret A barren woman, ~f she 1s truly human, greatly mourns her ~nab~hty, and an Impotent man wdl be pract~cally desplsed by all who are aware of h~s mcompetence And yet, though all normal men and women aeslre to have chlldren ~t 1s evldent that they should have chlldren as they want them and when they want them and not whenever a chdd may happen to come Senslble and thoughtful people, who plan definitely for the future, want to make the comlng of chlldren a dellberate arrangement and not a matter of chance Experience In mental hy~ene chnlcs, and especially work wlth problem chlldren, have clearly proved the value both of voluntary parenthood and of the knowledge of belng a "wanted" chlld HUNGER AND SEX INSTINCTS The many pnmltlve mstmcts thst man 1s hem to may all be ~ncluded m the two great mot~ves wh~ch gwe lmpulse to human actlvltles One 1s the preser- vatlon of the ~ndlvldual and the other 1s the perpetuatlon of the race The chlef lnstlnct of the one 1s hunger, and of the other 1s sex Upon these the progress of the race depends Wlthout the former there would be no mdustry, no commercethe world would starve, mthout the sexual lnstmct the race would dle It 1s the force wh~ch has made art, poetry, ph~losophy and rehglon, and wlthout ~t the world would be cold and dull It 1s the foundatlon of the whole soclal system Whatever the sex functlon may have been in man's subhuman ancestors, m man ~t became somethmg more than an act undertaken for the sole purpose of begettmg progeny or for the rehef of merely physlcal crav- Ing With thc advance of cn~llzatlon the sexual appetlte and ~tsatlsfactlon have become rransformed Into a symbol of that mutual surrender, tenderness, boundless trust and affect~on whlch are the essence of true marrlage and an lndlcatlon of mental stabhty The sexual mstmct enters also mto all the complexlt~es of the love relatlonshlp between those that are not marned, lt 1s the source of hlgh endeavor and great ambhon No one 1s free from ~ ts influence No wonder then, when the ~ndmdual has not solved thls problem In a rat~onal way, or when th~s ~nstlnct has not had a normal expresslon, that forces anse from the subconscious to create an unstable condltlon In the mmd The sexual lnstmct presents a problem of v~tal m- slstence, and one whlch the mental hypenlst finds most difficult to face SEX PROBLEM MUST BE SOLVED Although we do not conclude thst all nervous hsorders have a sexual ongm, nevertheless, there 1s httle doubt that the sexual factor 1s one of the most Important causes of the numerous nervous troubles whlch affect men and women, both marrled and slngle The slngle llfe 1s abnormal under any circumstances, and there 1s no quest~on but that marnage 1s the proper expresslon for the parental sexual lnstlnct Normal sexual gratlficatlon 1s Impossible for a slngle person, but the lmpulse cannot be wholely suppressed, and ~t mevltably seeks expresslon, if not consc~ously, then subconsciously Thls expresslon may take on a most symbohc form Some express thew sexual unpulses, perhaps unknowmgly, In homosexual react~ons Thls tendency In Itself may be the reason why they are not marrled Some are auto-erotlc, satlsfylng thelr sexual deslres on themselves No person 1s free from the powers of sexual deslre and one may become mentally unbalanced because of the attempt at represslon of these lmpulses The lntenslty of the sexual impulse vanes wlth d~fferent people, them environment and thelr powers of resistance, and thus the results may vary Nevertheless, ~t 1s true that eccentrlclty and cranhlness may be the result of thwarted sexual and parental lnstlncts On the other hand many have sublimated these mstincts Into soclal welfare work and deeds of love and sacnfice Many a samtly woman, Instead of gmng her llfe to a famlly, has gwen ~t to the world in hlgh and holy deeds, In art, In niuslc and In hterature, In rellglon or soclal senice The smgle life 1s abnormal but ~t 1s not necessarily neurot~c Whether ~t wdl be auto-erotlc, homo-

13 sexual or altruistic depends on how the sexual problem is solved It 1s for the specialist to understand these con&tlons so as to guide the hves of such people into safe channels and help them to a normal sexual hfe In marned llfe the attainment of the normal 1s difficult if the couple are nervous ind~viduals to been wlth It is stdimore dficult ~f no assurance of voluntary parenthood 1s granted the parties, and the procreatlon of children is left to chance In a great many families these problems are not solved satlsfactor~ly Some thmk they should not have children for prudentla1 reasons Among the very rellgous there are those who believe that sexual satisfaction is wholly carnal and destroys spirituahty Many desire chlldren but feel that they can take care of a limlted number only Others set no hit and suffer the privations, worry and misery of bnngmg unwelcome chddren Into the world The marned couple that is well adjusted mentally, emotionally and physically, and able to enjoy normal sex relations, is happy only when there are no more children than can be promded for comfortably DANGERS OW CONTINENCE It may be stated that absolute continence is one sure way. to - prevent conception, but actually it 1s difficult and can seldom be mamtamed by or&- nary marned people Those who abstam from relipous motives, thmking to free themselves from what they think is a carnal sin, frequently fall into the more grievous slns of unhealthy mmdedness malice, jealousy, meanness and false pnde Where one of the individuals of a married couple deslres, and the other refuses to reciprocate because of a fear of pregnancy, nervousness almost always follows in each or both parties When the wfe refuses motherhood and the normal response to the sexual act, strong maternal and sexual Instincts are repressed Because she feels she is not doing her duty she suspects her husband 1s not faithful Jealousy comes Whde no moral law is broken by a wde's jealousy, still she wdl probably quarrel wlth her husband, wlth the object of her jealousy, and with her neighbors Fmally comes nervousness and m many cases, a nervous breakdown If the husband's sexual lnstlnct 1s not satlsfied he may seek the society of other women, and consequently develops the feeling of gullt, 01 may bury himself m his work, become an unsoclal being, and finally end up m an lnstitutlon THE UNWANTED CHILD IS EXPLOITED -Natrrmal Chdd Labor Commrttse The chance chlld 1s also frequently the vlctlm of "nerves", and often upsets the mental equihbrium of the parents Frequently this chdd 1s the center of stress in ~ts attempt to gain the affection of elther parent, and may be definitely rejected by the parents because it acts as an unwelcome hanhcap The social unpleasantnesses and unwholesome mental states anslng therefrom are well known This stram on famlly relations 1s of course exaggerated by the hvlng con&tions that are found In most of our big cities It must be remembered that parenthood 1s undoubtedly capable of ather increasmg or decreasing the neurotic tendency of the indmduals concerned, and too much care and conslderation cannot be pven to the assumption of parenthood and all that goes mth it Enhghtened people are comlng to understand that the sex unpulse, instead of being repressed and &sciphned out of existence, should produce ~nvaluable reactlons, physical, emotional, mental and spmtual, that unconsctous, ~rresponsible procreatlon produces domestic msery, half-starved chddren, and bnngs man down to the level of the brute, while conscious and voluntary procreatlon elevates man towards perfection Scientists today are realmng that we are only on the outskirts of discovermg the wonderful value of the reactions obtalned from sex relations apart from reproduction, these reactlons can be a far reachmg stimulus for all that 1s best and most lnspinng m human life But as long as human laws besmlrch the whole subject, so long wdl we be hanmcapped in secunng the healthy state of mind that is desired by all The we of contraceptmes has become part of the commm practsee of au c:mltzed nottons, and cannot now be eradwated B~~~~~~ R ~ ~ ~

14 Laws of New York and Birth Control A Survey By WILLIAM J McWILLIAMS N attempt to amend the laws of the State of A New York which in direct terms govern contraceptlon or Blrth Control immed~ately suggests the question "What are the present New York statutes and how have they been applled by the courts 2" F~~uratively speaking, the great-grandfather of the present statutes deahng with contraception appeared as Laws of 1868, chapter 430, entltled "An Act for the suppression of trade in and circulation of obscene hterature " Thls enactment banned contraceptlves, but almost all of the act had to do with obscene hterature By the Laws of 1872, chapter 747, the law of 1868 was repealed and chapter 747 enacted m its place The new act was an enlargement of the old one, but it omitted all reference to contraceptives From May 1872 until June 1873 there was no restnctlon upon contraceptwes However, an amendment was added to the act of 1872 by Laws of 1873, chapter 777, restonng the ban on contraceptives and otherwise enlargng the act to substantially the present form of the law on the subject In 1881 the Penal Code ;as passed but &d not matenally alter the text In Laws of 1887, chapter 692, the penal laws deahng wlth contraceptives took their present form by the addltlon of a short but significant amendment whlch will be referred to later Thls bnef survey unfortunately could not include the histonal factors leadmg up to these legslatlve enactments It is interesting to note in passing that the fines to be collected under the acts of 1868 and 1872 were to be dwlded in shares among the informer, the county school fund, the Female Guardlan Society of New York City, the Homeopathic Dispensary, the Brooklyn Homeopathic Hospital, or an orphan asylum according to the xaned directions of the laws The sudden stlrnng to hfe m this State of legal questions produced by the unpact of the Birth Control movement on the law is reflected In the fact that m 1929 "Blrth Control" took its place in the Index of New York's most comprehenswe dlgest of law cases It is there for the first t~me, and more- over it is elaborated lnto several subdivisions such as Constitutional Law, Theater, War The present New York statutes touchmg directly upon contraception or Birth Control are Penal Law, Sectlon 1142 (forb~dding the manufacture or dmtnbutlon of contraceptlves or information thereof), Section 1143 (forb~dding mailing or transportatlon), Sectlon 1144 (provldmg for destruc- tion of the art~cles), Sectlon 1145 (contalnmg important exemptions to physicians) and Education Law, Sect~on 1264 (2e) (revokmg licenses of physicians who vlolate Sectlon 1142) The pivotal statute among the above named 1s Sectlon 1142 of the Penal Law The t~tle of this section 1s "Indecent Articles " The wordmg of the sectlon is involved For clarity it may be abstracted in parts Under this section it is a misdemeanor (1) to sell, lend or glve away any instrument or artrcle, or any recrpe, drug or medrcine for the prevention of conceptlon or purporting to be for the prevention of conceptlon, (2) m any manner to exhibit or offer to sell, lend or gve away any of the aforesa~d thrngs, or have them In passessron wrth Intent to sell, lend or g~ve away, or to advertise or offer them for sale, loan or drstnbutlon, (3) to advertlse or hold out representations that any of the sald thlngs can be used or applled to prevent conceptlon, or to advertlse or hold out any such descr~pt~on as wlll be calculated to lead another so to use any of them, (4) to wrrte or prlnt or cause to be wntten or prrnted a card, crrcular, pamphlet, advertisement or notlce of any krnd, or to eve mfonnatlon orally, statrng when, where, how, of whom, or by what meanc the ~foresald contra- ceptwe articles can he purcbssed or obtained. (5) to manufacture the Sara artlcles The penalty upon convlctlon 1s not less than ten days nor more than one year impnsonment and a fine of not less than fifty dollars, or both, for each offense In Halstead vs Nelson, (1885) 36 Hun 147, a slander sult, the court held that nialhng a clrcular contaming lnformatlon about contraceptlves to the defendant was a misdemeanor, under the sections of the old Penal Code which now compose Sectlons 1142 and 1143 of the Penal Law, and that an untrue statement that the pla~ntlff was circulating such a ~amphlet would be slander per se

15 In People vs Spier (1907) 120 App Dav 786, there 1s an ~nterestmg observation about the meanough study of the questlon of Blrth Control His object was one of study and of pubhc welfare Ing of the phrase "or purportmg to be for the Nevertheless he was refused, because of the posslb~lprevention of conception" whlch appears in Sec- ~ty that ~f someone had taken the matter up with tlon 1142 The court sald, "If the thlngs sold were the Educatlon Department, the doctor supplying - - ~ - bread pdls and yet were sold purporting to be for the lnformatlon nilght lose h ~s hcense under Section the unlawful purpose, the offense denounced by the 1264 (2e) of the Educatlon Law, for vlolatlng Secstatute would be committed " tlon 1142 of the Penal Law A bio-chenust w~shlng It 1s hard to define the scope of Section 1142 because of the lack of cases Interpreting lt and the to pursue a sclentlfic ~nvestigatlon, or a lawyer prepanng a case, would not be a lawful person to mde meanlng of ~ts wordlng whom the physician could give the mformatlon At the outset, however, ~t 1s plam that the use of Even the physicians themselves and their hooks contracept~ves does not come wlthln ~ ts provmons are protected from the drastlc provlslons - of Sec- Judge Cropsey in People vs Byrne (1917) 99 MESC tion 1142 merely by an Inference drawn from cer- 1, said, "th~s sect~on is not directed against the tam exemptions gven physlcians under Sectlon use of such artlcles or drugs It merely prohlb~ts 1145, and are not protected by the direct terms of then manufacture and dlstnbut~on " Sect~on 1142 Th~s lack 1s more clearly shown by It is also clear that mere possession of contracep- contrast with the fact that such protection by tives wthout lntent to sell, lend or eve them away means of an exemption clause 1s accorded In a is not an offense neighboring sectlon of the penal law dealng mth The amendment of 1887 added to Sectlon 1142 the clause "or advertises or holds out representat~ons that ~t can be so used or applied, or any such description as will be calculated to lead another to so use or apply any such article, reclpe, drug, quacks (see Sectlon 1142 a) Persons who are not physlcians and not actlng under physlclans' direction must keep to themselves ~nformat~on about contraceptlves, or else commlt a cnme, and them purpose In g~vmg ~nformat~on medicine or ~nstrument " (See part 3 of abstract above ) When consldenng t h part ~ of the statute one must bear in mind the next part of the sectlon (see part 4 of the abstract above) whereby prmted matter or oral mformatlon statlng how or by what means contraceptlves may be obtalned 1s prohlb~ted Taken together these two parts of the statute lay down a ;weeplng ban with no exception for &- dactic or sclentlfic ireatlses or me&~;~ works, nor do they take into consideration the purpose of the person holdlng out the representations (People vs Hager (1917) 181 App Dw 153 ) Perhaps the full scope of the act was not per- ceived when ~t was ~assed, but m view of the antagonlsm surroun&ng a movement such as that of Birth Control, ~t cannot be taken for granted that the restrictions would not be fullv enforced Obviously a person dehvenng a public lecture on contraceptives commlts an offence under thls stat- ute ~ugt comes as a surprise to find that a physlclan who gves or lends a medical or scientific treatise containing contraceptwe formulas and ~nformatlon to a person outside of the medical profes- slon violates Sectlon 1142 regardless of the purpose or standlng of the reclpient A promment clergyman recently dlscoverrd this when he sought such information to make a thor- about means of preventing concept~on 1s no defense to a charge under Sectlon 1142 The extent to whlch physlclans, or those under them, mag eve such information w11 be &scussed later, In connection wlth Sectlon 1146 In People vs Hager, 181 App Dm, the court upheld the conv~ctlon of a physlclan under Sectlon 1142 It was conceded that the pills he dehvered to one of the two decoy women deiectwes were not capable of producing an unlawful effect, and could be purchased legally and freely anywhere The physman testlfied that he prescnbed them for another purpose "But" said the court, "the gravamen of thls provlslon of the statute (refemng to the clauses added to Sectlon 1142 by the amendment of 1887) 1s not the character of the drug, nor the purpose of him who proffers ~t, but the representatlons made," and the court refused to overturn the finding of gullt brought by the tnal court, even though the evidence showmg represen- tations was sllght - Judge Blackmar in a vlgorous mssentlng opm- Ion pointed out how a reputable physlclan was placed at the mercy of unscrupulous persons If such shght evldence prevailed But while he question~d the sufficiency of the evldence, he dld not (Cont*naed om page 61)

16 B I R T H C O N T R O L One of the most mterestzng sesszons at the recent Natwltal Conference u we gzve hererenth replws recaved from seven clcmc8 to a queatzo7vnacre 8, Reports of the work of the Chmcal Research Bureau, New Pork, am L QUESTION I Numbers of patients 600 treated to date I Social status Are you reaching the lower strata of socrety? Bureau of Cmtraceptave Ahce, Bdtmore (nu BESSIE L MOSES) 416 (ttme not rtated) Large percentage &spew sary type No statist~cs yet Decidedly Maiternid Heolth Clnuc, Cheland (DE BUTR BOBISHAW) 367 (ttme not rtated) 144cmcome under $25 %income more than adequate Yes Motlicr'a Clamc, Detr (DB B BOUDANASXEU~ (two years) Practically all cases : f e d through social a nurslng agencles Lower, yes, but not lc est These do not kn enough to come, and ct not use contraceptiv They are clearly cases i sterhation Are people of low mentality able to use the methods successfully? A certain percentage No defimte mformation ready yet A detalled analysis of cases not follomng in- S ~ N C ~ ~ shows O ~ S 3 8% of failures due to careless- I DO you have a follow-up? Yea Yes I What is your percentage Not ready to report on of success? ths for several years How far is your center self-supporting? Partially supported by patient's fees Patients' fees barely cover supphes Partial Half the case are revisited by Detroit Vislting Nurses Society No defimte figure yet But percentage is high About 10% Average cost per patient I Cooperation of soclal agencies, and how secured? No figures avadable Excellent cooperation NotlcCs and reports sent!o agencies I Majority of pat~ents referred from social agencies Complete cooperation

17 F Maternal meeting on "rachee~ements andl Plans of Bsrth Control Orgamatzons" t by the Amencan Bzrth Control League, and presented at that meetzng Health Centre, Newark, mll appear zn the March REVIEW Mother's Claw, Loa Angeles (DR ETTAGRAY) -- Mother's Health Clan~:, Alomedo Cwnty Barth Contrd League (nu MAY E WALKER) ZUano~ Btrth Contrd Leagw (DB XACRELLE YARBOS) W O R K Mother's Gurdome C lw Pasodeno (DR. NADINA ICAVINOKI) 3,800 (tame mt stated) 155 (amen months) 5,376 (live Year#) 132 (tww not stated) mddle and lower class All classes All classes Poor whte, colored, Meucan Very few Half from lower strata Yes No general answer pos- Seldom Yes, about 90% sible No follow-up by pad worker Some patlents return Plan to follow-up Yes, by correspondence Yes 85%, approximately - - About 50% About 50% $4 50 mcludmg supphes Cost Merent m each of SIX chnics $1 15 Excellent cooperation Active cooperation Personal contact and educational work Excellent cooperation Personal contact Good cooperation Most cases referred from agencles

18 BIRTH CONTROL REVIEW POPULATION SECTION Three Papers by Sir George H. Knibbs By MALCOLM H BISSELL T HE first two of these papers1 are similar in scope and content Ongmally published In technical statistical journals, they make free use of higher mathematics and of the methods of statistical analysis, hence it is hardly necessary to add that they were not wntten for the layman The conclusions amved at, however, are of ~nterest to all persons who have gwen senous thought to the problem of populatioh In general, these two papers constitute a cntlque of the so-called "log~st~c curve" method of represent~ng and forecasting populatlon growth This method 1s based on the assumption that for every area there is an ulhmate llmlt of populatlon and that the relative change of population 1s always proportional to the relative remalmng posslb~hty of populatlon In other words, ~t assumes that the inherent impulse to lncrease 1s constant, except for the check Imposed by the lncreasmg density of population The log~stlcurve In many cases shows a remarkably close agreement mth actual curves of populatlon growth, and thls fact has led to its use m forecasting ultmate llmts of population The validty of these forecasts is challenged by Knlbbs, who shows that the theory of the logstlc curve is not in conformity with facts, and that the agreement between thls curve and the actual curve of populatlon growth is puiely artificial and arbitrary - TLe assumpt~on that the Impulse to increase is affected only by the ratlo between the actual and the maximum population takes no account of social and economic factors, such as a change in the standard of living, and is consequently not justifiable A careful study of data leads Knibbs to the concluslon that there is no general relation between population denslty and the b~rth rate or the rate of natural increase On the other hand it cannot be 'The Laws of Growth of a Populat~on Reprmted from the Journal of the Amerlcan Statlstlcal Assodat~on, December, 192b and March, 1927 The Growth of Human Pop~~lntrons and the Laws of Then - doubted that the standards of llving prevalhng in some countries llmit the possibilities of their population growth With a general Increase in world population, Knlbbs foresees the necessity for Increasing co- operation and ~ntelligence in human affairs This wlll involve, among other things, the reduction of hostile coksions to a minlmum, the lncluslon of every country as an integral element in worldeffort, and the adoption of constructive Blrth Control as a world-ideal, wlth the submission of all populations to its dlsclphne The third pape? 1s of a more popular nature In lt Knibbs surveys the general trend of population changes and of social and economic forces with a broad and far-seemg vlew He sees grave problems of food supply, raw matenals, race relations, eugenlcs The issues raised by Malthus confront the world In new forms today The final and all-important questlon 1s Can man nse above greed and prejudce to brmg lntelllgence and a splrit of cooperation to bear on the solution of these vast and threatening problems? A klnd of courageous hope runs through the paper The dfficulties are great, but so are the possibihties Great economic adjustments need to be made, but intelhgence and a spint of world fnendsh~p can bnng them about Constructive Birth Control 1s a necessity "The new Malthuslanlsm will aim at adjustments of b~rth-condtions so that the new-born wlll be ushered into a healthier world than now The aim everywhere will be to raise common intelhgence to so order the rate of human lncrease that it can be adjusted to local and world condhons " A splendid and stirring humanitarianism is the keynote of the paper When such a spirit becomes more common, one may Indeed hope for the solution of the menaclng problems that confront the world ZThe New Malthuslalusm m the Llght of Actual World Problems of Populat~on Reprlnt from Snsntw, Decem- Increase Reprlnt from Metron, Val 6, No 3, 1926 ber, 1926, pp

19 I International Unlon for the Sclentlflc Investlgahon of Population Problems OBJECT OF THE UNION AND CONDITIONS OF ADMISSION Excerpt from the Bulktan,' Yd 1, No 1 1 The purpose of the Unlon 1s to develop ment~fic studies pertaining to the problems of populatlon, and particularly (a) To lnltlate and organlze researches wh~ch depend upon international cooperation, to provlde for the sc~entlfic &scusslon of the results of such researches, and to publlsh them wlthout duphcatlng the publications of emstmg mternatlonal statlst~cal agencles (b) To facihtate the establishment of common standards for the collection, tabulation. and analysis of data regardmg human populatlons, lncludlng not only demographic, but also agncultural, economlc, soc~olog~c, and b~ologc data In the broadest sense (c) To serve as a clearlng house for the inter- lthe Bulletm 1s ~ssued from the o5ce of the President of the Internatlond Un~on, wh~ch Is The Inst~tute for B~ologlcal Research of the Johns Hopklns Umversity. Bdt~mom, Md change of information about populatlon, for the purpose of facllltatlng research (d) To cooperate to the fullest extent wlth other organlzatlons of a sclentlfic character having similar objects (e) The Union confines Itself solely to scientific ~nvest~gation In the strict sense, and refuses elther to enter upon religious, moral, or polltical discussion, or as a Unlon to support a pollcy regardmg populatlon, of any sort whatever, partlculally In the direction elther of Increased or of dlminlshed b~rth rates 2 The admlsslon of natlonal groups to the Unlon shall be by two-thirds vote of the General Assembly The natlonal groups of the following countnes shall be considered members wlthout further vahdatlon, provlded they form Natlonal Commlttees and elect delegates to the first 01 second meetmgs of the General Assembly heremafter provlded for Argentme, Australia, Belgum, Brazil, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Bntam, Greece, Holland, Italy, Japan, Norway, Poland, Russla, Spam, Sweden, Saltzerland, Uruted Stolcs of Amenca Social Work Futile Without Birth Control A PARTICULARLY VICIOUS and menacing aspect of the rehgous obstmct~on of economlc progress 1s to be seen m the opposition to Rlrth Control It is perally agreed by well-mformed students of economics and sociology that the most Important slngle measure whlch holds any hope of promoting permanent well-bemg In society 1s that of artlficlal restrlctlon of the b~rth-rate, partlcularly among the workingclasses Such devlces as soclal insurance, mnlmum-wage legslatlon, labororganlzat~on and the like will prove of no avail 1f the populatlon far outruns the economlc resources and labor demand Indeed, able students of the populatlon problem hke Professor E M East pred~ct a return to barbarism unless populatlon growt'l 1s effect~vely checked wlthln a century Orthodox Chnstiaruty, especially C a t h o 1 l c Chrlstianlty, bltterly opposes Blrth Control It 1s due to th~s rellgous opposltlon that we have our anti-blrth Control legslatlon in the United States To be sure, the church 1s perfectly loecal m malntalrung thls attitude m the hght of ~ts premlses To the orthodox Chnstlan the purpose of sex 1s to create souls The fact that these "souls" may exlst m mlsery here on earth 1s of sllght importance for ther ult~mate destlny 1s heaven To hrmt the production of souls 1s an affront to God and a violation of HIS expressed command As long as orthodoxy malntalns ~ts hold on modern soclety, conventional rehgon cannot be expected to take a favorable attitude towards Birth Control Not only will all types of chanty and soclal work prove ultimately fut~le unless accompanied by a successful campalgn of Blrth Control, but much of modern chanty 1s hampered m ~ts effic~ency through retalnlng the older Chnstlan attitude of resignation towards social evds as a part 01 the scheme of Providence -HARRY ELMER BARNES m The Tdyht of Chmttanrty

20 ESSAYS IN POPULAR SCIENCE, by Jullan Huxley Alfred H Knopf, New York $4 00 Book Reviews I N the past, man has chiefly concerned hunself 1 mth his surroundings Through the tamlng of nature and her forces, he has sought to better himself "To do thls effectively," says Juhan Huxley, "he has had to learn to thmk scientifically about those forces the result 1s epitomized in physlcochemical sclence and ~ ts br~lhant appllcatlon " But he has neglected hlmself In th~s realm, even the well educated are lamentably Ignorant Most of them learn mth almost a shock that they began as a fertilized egg The majonty of them know far more concerning the lntlmate make-up of radios and automob~les than of themselves Ask them about those powerful arb~ters of thew destimes - the chromosomes - and note how blank they look "To-day and m the future, man's chlef concern must be increasmgly mth hunself Unless the clvlbed socletles of to-day unprove them organlzatlon, unless they mvent and enforce adequate measures for regulating human production, for controlling the quantity of populatlon, and at least pre ventmg the detenoration of quahty of racial stock, they are doomed to decay and to be submerged m some new barbanan flood To achleve thls man must at last consent to thlnk sclentfically about himself and the intmate facts of hls hfe, Instead of surround~ng every vltal problem wlth taboo or prejudce, and m ths task, biology must be hs chef servant " Thus speaks the grandson of Thomas Huxley and Matthew Arnold, and the contents of this volume of essays are calculated to help man take hs first steps along thls long neglected mad. This h~ghway, as plctured m these essays, makes an extremely mteresting journey Herehty, chromosomes, the inheritance of acquired characters, the dominant sex, b~ologcal utopla, the meaning of death, Huxley and rehgon, birds and the terntonal system, the tadpole, the frog and h~ology, the control of the llfe cycle, and Birth Control are some of the subjects &scussed from the stand- - point of them relatlon to the mtlm4te hfe of man In an essay on flat worms, after descnb~ng some starvation and feedmg expenments ID relatlon to duration of youth, Professor Huxley says "To grow old means to change Internally In a particular way, not to have hved so many months or years, ~t 1s Llfe, and not Tlme that bnngs Age " To ~llustrate ths m another way, let us consider the httle fruit fly of the banana stands At 30 C, lt hves Intensely for 21 days, then hes, but at 10"C, ~ts hfe is lengthened to 177 days Still another ~llustratlon 1s that of the rats whlch, when fed on the wheat protem ghadm, keep thew youth both m looks and sue for a very much longer perlod than those even a normal dlet The essay on "Birth Control" closes with ths statement 'A rational Blrth Control would nght the balance whch the Merential blrth-rate 1s upsetting, ~t would eve a chance of a reasonable existence to mdhons of women, whose hves are now made a burden to them by a success~on of conhements breaking in on an unendmg round of domestic overwork, ~t would mprove the physique of the chddren and gve them a better chance m hfe. and ~t would slow down the rate of our multlphcatlon so that we mght hope that our schemes for soclal unprovement would begn to catch up mth the problems mth which populatlon increase 1s always presenting us " Properly ass~mulated, ths non-techcally wntten volume offers the opportumty for a broad authontative course m biology LIVING IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, by Harry Elmer Barnes The Bobbs-MernU Co, Zdaunapol~s $3 50 D OCTOR HARRY ELMER BARNES, Professor of Historical Sociology, Smith College, 1s rapldly galmng fame as one of Amenca's leadmg sclentlfic expositors Just as Huxley and Tvndall m England, and John Fiske in Amenca, popular- ]zed evolutionary advance in the latter half of the nmeteenth century, so Professor Barnes is bnnglng the latest scientific advances, m his speclal department, to the large mlddle class of Amencan readers Lcmng sn the Tmmtwth Centwy tells of the marvelous changes whlch have taken place in the last seventy-five years More epoch-mnkmg m- ventlons have come Into dally use smce Abraham

21 Lmcoln hved m the Whte House than In the thousands of years precedmg In a manner whlch the layman can understand, Dr Barnes explalns these changes so as to force our finest actlv~ties Into play Unfortunately, "our thmklng and feehngs do not change so readlly as our circumstances" because we contmue to thmk of new thlngs m old ways Desplte the fact that over mnety per cent of our leadmg scientists accept the theory of evolutlon, most of our mlddle class cltlzens stlll belleve, as did the members of the 1926 Tennessee Legslature, that God dlctated HIS "revelat~on to Moses In the faultless Engllsh prose of the Kmg James verslon of the Blble " Thls volume bnngs our thlnklng up to date by explalnlng modern vlewpo~nts on varlous sabjects Take, for example, Blrth Control If the world contmues to Increase m population there wlll be msu5clent food to supply mankmd Therefore, "some form of Birth Control must well become, as onewriter hasdescrlbed ~t,the pivot of clvllizatlon " Professor Barnes has successfully compacted the best avallable ~nformat~on from many excellent books into thls admirable volume Discnmmatmg readers wdl gladly add th~s book to thew own hbranes RUDOLPH I COPFEE THE MODERN FAMILY, by Ruth Reed Alfred A Knupf, New York, $3 25 UTH REED, m her book "The Modem Fam- R ily", shows first of all that the modern famlly 1s a definlte problem, and a most complex one She very systernatlcally presents the soc~ologcal evolutlon of the famlly, and termmates the book wlth examples of measures advocated by soclal agencles and indlvlduals to bnng about a satlsfactorp adjustment of the lndmdual to the present day family unlt MISS Reed polnts out clearly that the evolut~on of the famlly from the matriarchal, through the patnarchal, through the Chrlstlan Ideal of monogamous marnage, has always depended on the par- t~cular social needs of the perlod The Chrlstlan Ideal - monogamy - does not stress the care of chlldren, ~t 1s much more concerned wlth conformlty to a set soclal standard The economlc burden of canng for chlldren ls not recognized at all Inasmuch as the family In ~ts - present form no longer - functions as a unlt for the - purpose - of econornlc production, and has no control over soclal condlt~ons such as dlsease, mdustnal accidents, premature old age and unemployment, famlhes wlth many chlldren suffer most One 1s forced to conclude, as MISS Reed has, that "fam~ly hfe should be so adjusted as to reheve poor people of the enor- mous burdens whlch ~t lmposes upon them Rearmg a large number of chlldren 1s now not only a form of mvoluntary servitude for them, but of dublous value to soclety Motlvated by them mstlnctive m- pulses to marry young, the poor have nelther the knowledge nor the restraint necessary for the hmltatlon of them famlhes to a number that can live m decency on the wages earned Repeated b~rths for them are a burden sullenly borne, wlthout the compensatory advantages and satlsfactlons whlch come mth voluntary parenthood " In &scussing the spread of Blrth Control mformatlon, MISS Reed feels that the objectlon to thls I( at present amounts to an objection to maklng thls mformatlon avallable for the poor, slnce for many years the Merentla1 blrth rate has made ~t clear that the upper economlc classes have avalled themselves of the ~nformatlon The sect~on "The Famdy m Amenca" 1s especlally interesting m that ~t portrays our present famlly unlt from all angles The mother's attltude toward the famlly has passed through the greatest change MISS Reed has made a thorough study of the forces motlvatlng the evolutlon of the mother's place in the famlly from one of utter dependency to her present status m soclety Thls book mght be classified as a hlstory of the growth and dmntegratlon of the famlly, for MISS Reeds sees the old importance of this mst~tution m relatlon to soclety belng rapldly usurped by other forms She Interprets such movements as the Onelda Community, the polygamous Ideals of the Mormons, companionate marnage, as soclal expenments to take the place of the famlly She concludes that the soclal recoptlon of parenthood 1s our most Important step toward a solut~on of the problem of the modern family FRIEDA LESCHEB WHOLESOME PARENTHOOD, by Ernest R and Gladys H Groves Haghton Mzflzn Co, Boston. $2 00 VERYONE 1.9 wrltlng endlessly about "par- E ents and chlldren" Volumes are filled wlth research, Ideas and advlce It 1s all qulte impor- tant, though not always qulte new For some rea- "

22 son most of thls information is wntten so Impersonally and sounds so detached that ~t becomes almost unconvmcmg, instead of being warm and passionate as the subject demands The trouble 1s that such unpersonal treatment makes the reader wonder whether the authors have really touched them subject first hand If they have not, much of the talk 1s futile The lmpresslon gamed from readlng 'Wholesome Parenthood," is a feehng of futillty It seems an over-long dwertation about chlld-training, parenthood, and education, always academically tabulated, always wthout the slightest personal touch It seems so full of knowledge and theorles whlch the intelhgent expenenced parent already knows, and whlch the ~ntelhgent mexpenenced parent hardly beheves, because he does not antmpate the many comphcations which wdl later clutter up hls job But on second thought the young mother comes to my rmnd New at the work of parenthood, surrounded mth young thngs and the problems they create, she would sooner or later turn to just such a volume for advlce And she would get the help she wanted Of course in the hmited space of one volume the Groves could not possibly handle the subject exhaustively But they have handled ~t well They have followed a slmple plan, faced many important manifestations of the problem between parents and children, and analysed and advlsed m an easy and conclse style They have dmcussed and offered advlceon such subjects as anger,fear,habit, money, sex and emotional conflicts Though they have not been neglectful of the more conservative contnbutions of modern thought and psychology to their subject they have not dwelt unduly upon all the fads and fancles whlch are dugulsed In modern termmology, and In whlch more passionate students Indulge so freely Thls is an asset At the end of each chapter they have added an excellent llst of references to whch the eager parent can turn ~f he should deslre to go more thoroughly Into some subdinsion of the general thcme THE DOCTOR LOOKS AT MARRIAGE AND MEDICINE, by Joseph Colhns, M D Doubleday, Doran, New York, $3 00 HE physman, particularly the neurologwt Tand psychiatnst, has a poshon of undoubted vantage m studying the problems that anse out of marnage It 1s therefore understandable how the author of "The Doctor Looks at Marnage" has, m long years of practice, accumulated sufficient observations to be the basls for some sage aphorisms and epigrams In parts, thls book reads hke a collection of eplgrams arranged in a falrly natural sequence Some of these are, of course, quite gen- - erally appreciated and not very profo&d For lnstance in "Woman as Wlfe", the author writes "The best lubncant for the wheels of the matn- monial chanot 1s commendat~on, the most effectlve brake 1s condemnation, the most effectwe shock absorber 1s concession " In hls dlscusslon of "Woman as Man's Compan- Ion", there is a somewhat elaborate argument on Birth Control Dr Collms 1s very contradmtory, perhaps because of the natural cod~ct between hs sclentlfic knowledge and rehgous conscience HIS freely concessive statement, "From the polnt of new of civlhzatlon, world betterment, ~t 1s absolutely true that Blrth Control 1s most desirable" makis hls remarks in a subsequent paragraph ludxrous "Birth Control" he states "fosters selfishness, facihtates epcentnsm, frustrates fecund- ity, and forces a responsibihty upon man wh~ch he has not yet shown himself capable of assuming Should he show himself capable, he mlght be entitled to practlce Blrth Control" The book has a good deal of wlsdom In ~t, and if the chaff were deleted, ~t would make a treatlse on matnmonlal problems to be recommended MORRIS H &EN, M D Yesterday I was hggmg my garden with a Welsh miner, who, sick of unemployment, had scoured the country for work and finally ended up in thls httle Devonshlre vlllage I asked h~m how ~t was that the blrth rate had fallen so qulckly In hls native country Before the war, he sald most people did not marry "until there was something to make them". nowadays, thanks to Blrth Control, they saw to ~t that there was no such impelhng force 1 Whereas m the old days famlhes of elght or ten were quite usual, now there are seldom more than two "And what's more," he added, "even ~f tlmes get better there never will be agaln" Mlners are tlred of dead children and of unemployed youths, and the ngor of their hves has taught them that two wellnourished children are better than a dozen dead or only half-alive JOHN LANGDON-DAVIES, The Amenom Freeman, Qrrard, Kansan, Now, 'Z9

23 UNITED STATES News Notes HE Board of Directors of the Amencan Bldh T C ontrol League, taklng action on Mrs Sangcr's congressional bill, at its January 14th meetlng, unanunously voted to endorse the hll to be ~ntroduced Into Congress by Mrs Sanger's Federal Commlttee Thls endorsement 1s made on the understandmg that the bdl will be a "doctor's only" measure, and will also permit lay persons to give the addresses of doctors and clinlcs to people deslnng Blrth Control information The Board of D~rectors also voted to mtroduce a bill into the New York State Legslature, amendlng Section 1145 of the penal law The Junlor Commlttee of the Amencan Blrth Control League held a successful benefit on February 27th, taking over a block of seats for the play "Chddren of Darkness" It is hoped that thls pleasant way of ralsmg funds wlll be mcreasmgly used Mary Ware Dennett's case was argued before the U S C~rcult Court of Appeal, Second Circult, on January 16th The Court reserved declsion Mrs Myra P Galled, presldent of the Volunmarned people pract~se contraception Therefore, tary Parenthood League, made the f ollowlng an- I beheve that all should have sclentlfic lnstructlon nouncement m an open letter to the members of her Ignorant, cnminal pract~ces result in mjury, dlorganlzat~on ness and sometimes death '" The National Conference held by the Amencan Blrth Control League was a fine, large, rep- The Western States Conference on B~rth Conresentatwe and most cremtable occasion The trol and Population Problems, organized by Mrs Voluntary Parenthood League for the first t~me Sanger, wlll be held at the Hotel Blltmore, Los was spontaneously invlted to participate, an Angeles, February 20th-23rd evldence of fraternity to wh~ch your presldent and Mrs Dennett, as Chalrman of the Natlonal Councd, were heartdy glad to respond If-and when-the Amerlcan Blrth Control League stands for the clean repeal, it would seem senslble for the Voluntary Parenthood League to disband and joln it, as our educational and general alms are practically ~dent~cal President Hoover, In hls message to Congress, asked for additional approprlatlons for the Wonlen's and Chlldren's Bureaus, and urged that "the purpose of the Sheppard-Towner Act be continued through the Chlldren's Bureau " It may be remembered that under the Sheppard-Towner Act - - a successful program was carrled on for seven years by the Federal government and the states, to reduce the maternal and infant death rate Slnce last July there have been no funds for thls work New bdls provld~ng for a renewal of the Federal program have been introduced by Senator Jones of Wash~n~ton and Mr Cooper of Ohlo The magazlne The Country Home, formerly called Farm and Fweside, has completed a survey on rural attitudes and interests, uslng a questlonnalre which was answered by 13,431 readers The following contrasts m attitudes on dlvorce and Bxth Control are sigmficant 19% for granting dlvorce on grounds of incompatlbihty 81% opposed to maklng dlvorce easier to obtain 67% for maklng ~t legal for doctors to impart Blrth Control methods to married couples who apply jointly 33% agamst ~t A letter from Ahce C Nlchols, assistant edltor, adds "That the question of Bldh Control 1s considered of great importance was evidenced by the number of people who not only checked the ballot but wrote addhonal notes such as this 'l\fost A ludicrous protest against the Natlonal Conference comes from a Cathohc paper of London, Th.e Tabkt, which wntes "Bearing chddren," sald Canon Chase, "pes women a sort of vocation" Instantly there were gales of laughter Incredible as it may seem to educated people, the Conference took the Canon to mean vacatlon The Canon himself does not appear to have guessed that vocation was a fact and an ]deal outslde the ken of his pitlable hearers P S He aacd vacatmn Indicative of progress in academlc freedom, and the weakenmg of the sex taboo, 1s the report of a

24 speclal commlttee of the Assoclatlon of Umverslty Professors, appointed to mvestlgate the actlon of the Un~verstty of Mlssoun m regard to a sex questlonna~re last Apnl It may be remembered that two professors, Harmon 0 De Graff, and Max F Meyer were d~smssed and suspended The committee's conclus~on 1s that "for the Unlvers~ty to decree the most severe pumshment mthln ~ ts power, dlsmlssal and suspension wlthout pay, 1s a clear breach of the pnnc~ples of freedom of teachlng and research and secunty of tenure In the umverslty " The commlttee, answenng charges agamst the questlonna~re, declded from the evldence taken from students and teachers, that These problems of the sex code of morals, engagement and marnage are frequently discussed frankly, not only In the fraternity and soronty houses but also by the prls wlth them boy f rlends These students do have Ideals and conv~ctlons about the sexual code and they do dlscuss them Ideals These students have access to books and magazlne artlcles by the hundreds that deal mth the soclal mstltutlons of betrothal, mamage, fidehty, Blrth Control, dlvorce and other aspects of our sexual code In view of these facts the commlttee finds no manifest soclal ~mpropr~ety," as charged by the Umverslty, m the questlonnalre XAs8ACHUSETTS A study of 646 dependent famihes, recently made at Slmmons College of Soclal Work, shows that one out of every four women was pregnant, and that half of the members of the 646 couples were slck Pregnancy was considered a pnmary factor In estlmatmg causes of dependency In 11% of the cases, and the most important secondary factor Thls study 1s called to the attention of any one In doubt about the relatlon between Blrth Control and soclal work NEW JERSEY The Mlllburn unlt of the New Jersey Women's Republican Club dmcussed the toplc "The New Jersey B~rth Control League", at thew January 8th meetmg MISS Henrlette Hart spoke NEW YOBK Blrth Control has been much m emdence on the lecture platform durlng January Dr S Adolphus Knopf addressed the Soclety of Medlcal Jur~sprudence on January 13th, on the subject of "The D~lemma of the Fam~ly Physlclan regardmg Contraception and Stenhzat~on for Race Betterment " Drs John G Coyle, Robert L Dlcklnson, C C L~ttle, and Freder~ck C Holden took part In the dlscusslon Mrs R~chard Blhngs spoke at the home of Mrs H E Adnance, Englewood, New Jersey on January 22nd, and over the DEBS Radlo Stat~on on January 21st and February 4th A debate on Blrth Control was held by the Sunnys~de Forum of Brooklyn on January 3rd, wlth Dr S Adolphus Knopf speakmg agalnst Dr John G Coyle, former State deputy of the Knlghts of Columbus Dr Cooper addressed the Bronx Free Fellowship on January 19th Dr B hber spoke on "Blrth Control Vlewed from All Angles" at the Brownsvllle Labor Lyceum, Brooklyn, on January 24th RHODE ISLAND The hardy perennlal "Her Unborn Chlld" has once more made ~ts appearance, thls tlme m the form of a talking plcture m Pawtucket We agam pomt out that th~s play does not present the Blrth Control case, though ~t 1s Invanably advertised as "the truth about Blrth Control " It 1s to be hoped that some one wlll use the vast publlclty posslbll~tles of the stage and screen for a true plcture of the meamng and value of Blrth Control TENNESSEE Rev Ambrose Smlth, m h ~s mlsslon sermon at St Peter's Cathollc Church of Memphls on January 19th, sald "Artlficlal Blrth Control 1s justifiable under no clrcumstances, not even ~f the prospective mother 1s adnsed that the b~rth of a chld means death The mother who meets death m the maternal act 1s the bravest of all history " Prers Scnnstar, Memphw, Jan 11th CANADA The followmg resolutions dealmg wlth sterlhzatlon, Blrth Control, and Peace, were passed by the Women's Sect~on of the Unlted Farmers of Canada, Saskatchewan Sectlon, at them second annual conventlon last June They mll be presented to the general convention of the Unlted Farmers of Canada early thls year (1) Whereas the brmgng of mentally defectlve chlldren Into the world 1s a detnment to the State, and

25 Whereas almost all ch~ldren from mentally defectlve parents are also defectme, Therefore be zt resolved that we request our Gov- ernment to pass legslat~on provld~ng for the stenlizat~on of the mentally defic~ent (2) Whereas we beheve that the mtelhgent use of contraceptwes IS one of the most important steps towards solving the economic problems of the farmers and other worklng classes, and Whereas we beheve that Blrth Control IS the only humamtanan way of preventing a mother from being over-burdened and broken m health wlth too numerous progeny, and Whereas we know that m countnes where B~rth Control 1s legahzed are found the health~est. happiest and most normal people on the earth, and Whereas we beheve that Blrth Control 1s destined to play the most effective part in eraslng two of the b~ggest blots on modern c~vlhzatlon In all countnes, namely maternal and Infant mortahty, Therefore be ct resolved that the Women's Sectlon of the U F C, ln conventlon assembled, do forthwith adv~se our Government to ralse the ban on safe, sane and hygenlc contracept~ves, and Be zt &o resolved that we advlse that there be ~mmed~ately made provision for tralning of all practlclng physmans in the apphcation of such contraceptlves, and Be st further resolved that we advlse that Cllnics be added to all hosp~tals far and wlde for the purpose of dlssemlnatlon of such contracept~ve methods as are found most suitable for each case (3) Whereas we know that the rlght tra~nlng of the children of today 1s of the utmost lmposlance to the future, and Whereas lnternatlonal goodmll can bert be fostered by teachmg the chddren about peace and not war, and Wkreas the text books used In our publlc schoola are filled wlth war stones, war poems, war plctures and war-hero worshlp, Therefore be st resolved that we, the Women's Sect~on of the U F C, In conventlon assembled, urge that the above-mentloned readers be thoroughly revlsed to ehmmate all such war select~ons and war plctures and subst~tute mth sultable selections which would tend to foster ~nternational goodwill and brotherhood (4) Wkreae transmittable d~sease and defects are lncreaslng at an alarmlng rate wlth each generat~on, and Whereas no eugenlc measures have hitherto been adopted In our Provmce to decrease or prevent such degeneration, and Whereas th~s 1s both a grave danger to the present generat~on and a crlme agalnst the generations unborn, Therefore be rt resolved that the Women's Section of the U F C, In convention assembled, strongly urge that no couple be granted a marnage Iwense unless both part~es produce certificates of health includ~ng mental and phys~cal soundness and s~gned by a competent physlc~an (KandEy contrabuted by W DIAMOND) ENGLAND HE B~rth Control Invest~gat~on Committee, Tunder the chamrmansh~p of Sir Humphrey Rolleston, has started to gather materlal through a questlonnalre, on the subject of methods of Blrth Control in general use, thew efficacy, and thew effects upon the mutual health and happiness of marned couples The committee conslsts of doctors and sclentlsts, who are asslsted by lay workers The members d~ffer wldely In then- opmons as to the eth~cal problems ~nvolved, but are united m the behef that sc~entlfic lnvestlgation into the prevalence and consequences of thls practlce is more urgently requ~red ITALY CCORDING to a dlspatch from the Herald A Tdzme Rome Bureau, December 30, Premler Mussolin~ 1s much alarmed at the fall In the Itahan blrth rate, as mdlcated by the fact that durlng the first eleven months of 1929 there were 29,460 fewer blrths than m the correspondmg penod of 1928 "W~thout quant~ty," wrltes 11 Duce, "there 1s no quality W~thout numbers there IS no power " PORT0 RICO UCH of Porto Rlco IS always hungry, and M that hunger - has become more acute wlth m- creasing population " Thus the Lsterary Dagest of December 14th, descnbes con&tlons The artlcle quotes Col Theodore Roosevelt, the ~sland's new Governor, as follows The basls of health 1s adequate food, and thls the ch~ldren of Porto Rlco have not had - and do not get to-day Hundreds of thousands are on stamat~on dlets The Red Cross tells me that ~t estimates that 60 per cent of the children of the entlre Island are undernounshed Of thls 60 per cent, a large number are literally slowly starvlng

26 Readers' Page We urge our readers to express thnr opnuonr for pb&atron on this page Comments, crate ctsma, &or, qgesttm, for the REVIEW and for the Bwth Control mwcmcnt, are wekome LET EVEN COMSTOCK HAVE HIS SAY Your pubhcatlon stresses the pomt that truth, falrness, understand~ng and, above all, hght and knowledge should replace prejudice, hatred, superstltlon, fanat~clsm and ignorance prevallmg to an astoundmg degree on th~s earth today In my oplnlon represswe laws (whether by church or state) have done more to retard progress on thls earth than all other causes comblned I so dlsllke th~s busmess of personal censorship and keepmg facts m the dark that I even beheve that people patterned mentally after Anthony Comstock should be allowed them say and to have the pr~vllege of drawmg as many as they can to thelr behef The day wlll doubtless come when meddlers, busybomes, selfish and mtolerant people wlll be forced to mmd thelr own busmess and allow others to pursue happiness In them own way, so long as the nghts of all are consldered G C HABT HONOLULU NEEDSALEAGUE Wlll you klndly forward any literature or m- formation you have for dlstnbutlon m regard to the work of the Blrth Control League There 1s no organlzatlon of thls k~nd m Honolulu that I can learn of, and as the field here 1s wlde, and the need urgent, I am very deslrous of startlng some Interest Our leper sltuatlon alone 1s one that requires drastlc act~on You may be aware that lepers are allowed to marry, have children, whlch ch~ldren are taken from them at b~rth, and become an ~mme&ate and serlous charge upon the communlty The homes for non-leprous boys and glrls of leper parents were malntalned last year at a cost of more than $52,000 Aslde from the monetary cost, there 1s the questlon of the soclal status of these chddren Although leprosy 1s apparently never transmitted by blood, nevertheless these bab~es are not the ones that people would first choose to adopt and take Into thelr homes I should hke to get a branch league started here I have Informed our Umted Welfare Bureau that any money I had for chanty this year must go to the Blrth Control League ADELE KENSINGER TO THE EDITOR BATH TUBS AND BIRTH CONTEOL Were ~t not for &ssatlsfactlon we should not make progress, yet however unsatisfactory our con&tlon we stup~dly hesltate to forsake the bad for the good, the good for the better Th~s 1s a manlfestatlon of fear and we alway fear most that of wh~ch we know the least Only four score years ago the Idea of the bath-tub, wh~ch to-day 1s consldered such a common necessity of hfe, was sorely decrled when ~ntroduced In Amenca Newspapers, poht~clans and m~nlsters thundered agalnst ~ t, even doctors predlcted &re consequences for tub bathers, the owner of the tub was almost sent to jell Phdadelpha wanted to ban the tub, Boston 1s reported as hav- Ing passed an ordnance mak~ng tub bathing unlawful except upon me&cal prescnptlonl So ~t was when eye-glasses were introduced Was not the speed of a tram which could travel fifteen mdes an hour once a vlolatlon of Nature and of God's will? St111 audlble 1s the echo of those who thundered them condemnat~on of the alrplane and so ~t has been mth all that we now hold as commonplace It 1s only natural that such a progressme lssue as Blrth Control should meet mth the same expen- ence why expect othermse? Carry on - truth 1s domlnant Its scorners wlll pass, mth the scorners of other days, while those who perslst will erect an everlasting monument to posterity Opposhons are not overcome by concentrating our energles in attack upon them, but, rather, by dlrectlng that energy on the posltlve slde throug'l education Chnst never spent an ounce of energy on any forces negative to HIS cause He knew that the volce of the people was greater than man-

27 made laws, so He educated the mult~tudes accord- '"gb All power comes from recognltlon of 1t1 The more we harp on opposlng laws, the stronger we make that opposit~onl Chnst taught that wh~ch upset the laws and traditions far more than Birth Control ever can Re did not fight the opposlng laws, He taught h ~s truths No law of church or state 1s stronger than the mdmdual's acceptance of 1t1 The statutes are heavy mth chapters wh~ch passed into obscurity long ago because they &d not represent the will of mtelllgent people under changed economlc con&- tions It was unnecessary to expend vital energy endeavonng to get certam laws repealed, mod~fied, or even clakfiecl- they met a natural death In former years offic~aldom may have been responsible for many con&tlons But today ~t has a very real problem Almost lrrespectme of what ~t may intend, m the end it IS pubhc opinlon which 1s the governmg factor Blrth Control must continue to educate the people, acd one day the restnctwe laws wdl be numbered mth those that have passed mto obscunty Pzttsfield, Masr ANY AND ALL MAY READ IT F RODLAW After placmg the REVIEW on the readmg table of the Norfolk, Nebraska, Y M C A for the past two years, I feel I can say "Readers from all walks of hfe enjoy it" It is well edlted There have been a few who tned to compel me to remove it from the room, since boys from nine years of age have access to ~t But the REVIEW remains placed where any and all may read it JOHN G MOORE, Gemral Secretary Norfolk, Nebraska TO THE EDITOR WOMEN SHOULD DEMAND, NOT BEG In the Cms City Chromde of 1912 I expressed my ~deabout the work~ngman's w~fe In the near future, as follows "The mfe w~ll soon have the right to say when and in what env~ronment a chdd shall be born Th~s will eve chddren a charce to grow mto healthy manhood and womanhood, physically, ~ntellectually, morally and spmtually " Today, seventeen years later, women are beggmg Instead of demmdsg a law pving them the rlght to have the knowledge of sc~ent~ficonceptloo control One way to get such a law passed just before the next election women should carry out a house to house canvass, dlstr~buting c~rcularstat~ng "Senator John Doe IS in favor of Birth Control, In older that there need be no more unwanted babies " F LENZNER Cass Czty, Mcchzgan, Dec,1989 To THE EDITOR OPPOSITION IN PABIS Blrth Control is stdl anathema in Pans The secretary of a dlstlngulshed group of intellectuals asked me to prepare a short paper on the work and alms of the Birth Control Societies - at the same time he asked me to inv~te Mane Stopes, as a wellknown B~rth Controller It 1s the same group whlch In 1928 asked Margaret Sanger to speak and then suppressed the meeting, but th~s t~me, I thought, they have advanced and really want to understand So I prepared a careful, sober paper But all the speakers at th~s meetmg supposed to be for the &scusslon of Blrth Control had the pomt of view whlch makes &scuss~on mposslble - that sexual mtercourse, except for the procreation of ch~ldren, 1s immoral and as a log~cal consequence, contraception and eugenlcal sterlhzat~on are Immoral also There was no examinat~oa of facts, only mudshngng One speaker palnted a lur~d plcture of Amenca, stenhzlng not only undes~rables, but foreqpers in order to put the 100% Amencan m possession It was not clear whether the speaker thought the process had begun, or was lmmlnent Another drew an equally lund picture of England, where the professional prostitute was disappeanng because stenlized women of other classes took her place It would have been funny, ~f ~t had not been traglc, to see these earnest convmced, elderly gentlemen trying to smother the movement In abuse Pans, Dec,1969 I am thoroughly m sympathy mth the Birth Control movement, hardly any subject is of more importance for the happmess and welfare of civlllzed man I have the hlghest admiration for those courageous souls who have fought to brmg ~t Into the open

28 THE DUTY OF PARENTHOOD IRTH CONTROL is a new and major factor B in clv~hzation It raises parenthood from animal necessity to the status of free cho~ce and moral obhgation This new knowledge, whlch, nghtly used, can have a freeing and ennobling influence on Ide, finds men and women very largely mthout the moral conviction necessary to govern and to dmcipline its use Because of this new knowledge, selfishness or fallure to see one's own hfe m relatlon to all hf-past, present and future - has immemately more final and more disastrous results Seldom has any increase in human knowledge created such an urgent need for the immehate birth of a new concept of duty and of a new element of moral convlctlon The adventure of llfe is not an ~ndmdual matter nor the affalr of a single generation Age after age has fought its fight and held its ground, passing on from generatlon to generatlon its inheritance of m- nate quallty and acqulred culture There can be no gap m this sequence Other problems may be lald aside for later generations, but the duty of parenthood - the duty to save and to lncrease the best that hfe has achleved - cannot be postponed The future must build on the past, and ~f the winnlngs of the past - m character, m culture, and in Innate quallty - are cut off, we but leave that long, hard road to be traveled over agaln before other men and women come once more in that quest to where we are today The future of the race 1s In the hands of those too uncontrolled or too stupld to exercise Blrth Control, those under dogmatic religous compulsion to have large famlhes, those with strong deslre for parenthood, and those who have the moral convlctlon to carry on in the great adventure of hfe Except as these last Increase, the immemate future is not bnght Among all the ways In which men and women may fail to meet the obligations of life, very few are so far-reaching In their effects as fallure to undeltake the responsibilities of parenthood Desire to lnsure preferred economc or social status to one's family does not justify an approxlmatlon to race sumde Incentives to parenthood should be provided by the inward convictions of mndividqals and not by social disapproval of childlessness Antzoch Nates, December lst, 1929 CONTRIBUTORS FORREST BAILEY is a director of the Amencan Clvll Liberties Unlon JOSE C ROSARIO is D~rector of Rural Educatlon at the University of Porto Rlco MARY WINSOR 1s a member of the Councll of the Amencan Birth Control League and of the Pennsylvania Blrth Control Federation She organized the first Pennsylvalua Blrth Control Conference in 1922 DR JAMES L McCARTNEY 1s Chef of the Connecticut State Dlvlslon of Mental Hygene He is a speciahst In neuropsychlatry, and a Fellow of the Amencan College of Physicians WILLIAM J McWILLIAMS is a member of the New York Bar engaged m general practice He is making a special study of Blrth Control and censorship laws LABOR raws LABOP rac1s LABOR?AClS BIRTH CONTROLLERS need labor facts. Nmty-odd per cent of human bemgr are workers Bii Controllers must work wth &IS great majority d they would get results. To work wah ~t they must know ~t. LABOR'S NEWS IS the most avdable, most &ble, most readable source of Labor Facts Each week ~t brmp you, condensed mto eabt conuse, vmd pages, the story of what Amencan labor, anorgamzed as well as organlzed IS domg, thmking, sbvmg. DULL? - NEVER' For Labor Facts are Human Facta LABOR'S NEWS IS often thrdlmg, always packed full of drama and mterest. Send for your copy today _ The FEDERATED PRESS 112 E 19th Street, New York C~ty Send me LABOR'S NEWS for: gos I enclose $2 $1 Send me a free sample copy of LABOR'S NEWS Name Addreas Caty LABOR racrs State LABOR r~crs LABOP racrs

29 NEW YORK LAW AND BIRTH CONTROL (Contlad from page 47) object to the rule quoted from the prevaihng opin- Ion of the court What advertmng 1s pernusslble under Sectlon That 1s one of the most unsettled questions anslng m the lnterpretatlon of the statute The terms of the act are certaldy all-mcluslve It forbids pnnted matter or oral lnformatlon statlng whenihow, of whom, or by what means the contraceptlves may be obtained Would that apply, however, to stating where and when contracept~ves could be obtained under lawful circumstances, such as at one of the hospltal Birth Control chnlcs In New York City? Such an exemptlon from the rlgor of Section 1142 could only be based on an inference drawn from the fact that physicians under Sectlon 1145 can lawfully use or apply contraceptlves for the cure or prevention of dxease But Judge Crane In People vs Sanger, 888 N. Y,195, while dscussmg Section 1145, sald, "This exceptlon on behalf of physlclans does not permlt advertisements re- gardmgsuchmatters " Wherearewe? Dld Judge Crane mean to include advertisements or ~nformatlon gwen to dlrect people to lawful chmcsp It would seem strange for the State to say that such chnlcs could be lawfully conducted for the pieventlon and cure of dlsease, but that lnformatlon about them might not be dmemlnated Thls whole questlon of advertismg remains uncertain until tested by a case, or untilthe statute is changed The next sectlon In the Penal Code pertment to our subject 1s one that is seldom mentioned, and often overlooked It 1s Sectlon 1143 entltled "Mallmng or cprrying obscene pnnts and artlcles " Under this section a person who does the followmg commits a misdemeanor (1) depos~ts or causes to be deposited m any post ofice wlthm the state any of the artrcles or thmgs spec~fied m Sect~on 1142 or any c~rcular, book, pamphlet, adverts- Ing or notlce relat~ng thereto, (2) places the same m charge of an express company or common carrler or other person for transportat~on or for any purpose except then destruct~on, (3) know~ngly or dfully recelves the same w~th mtent to carry or convey them In any manner (except In the U S mall), (4) knowmgly or wdfully carrles or conveys the same m any manner (except In the mall) The penalty 1s the same as under Section 1142 If the devll could be caught by a web of words, the draftsman of the statute would bag him Here we have the odd~ty, that under Sectlon 1142 it 1s not unlawful to use contraceptlves or to possess themmth no Intent to dlstnbute, but under Sectlon 1143 ~t is unlawful to carry them m any manner Of course the llmlted exemptlon in Sect~on 1145, accorded to physlclans and those actmg under them, apphes to Sectlon 1143 Sect~on 1144 deals mth the ~ssuance of search warrants to the proper o5cers, the safe-keepmg of the seized artlcles, and their destruction in event of conviction Vanous precedmg references have mentloned Section 1145 of the Penal Law This Important statute 1s closely hnked by judmal lnterpretatlon mth Sect~on 1142 It 1s found under the same chapter subhead, entltled "Article 106 Indecency," under whlch we find Sections 1140 to 1148 m- cluslve, covenng a range of subjects from obscene prints, books and photographs to houses of prosti- tutlon and plmps In thls dlst~ngulshed company we find Sectlon 1145 entltled Physicians' instruments " It reads as follows "An art~cle or mstrument, used or applied by phys~clans lawfully pract~cmg, or by them d~rect~on or prescnpt~on, for the cure or preventlon of d~sease, IS not an artlclc of mdecent or lmmoral nature or use, wlthm th~s artrcle The supplylug of such art~cles to such physlclans or by them dlrect~on or prescnptlon, 1s not an offense under ths artlcle" This exempts physlclans from some, but not all, of the restrlctlons In Sectlon 1142 The scope of the exemptlon 1s ~ndlcated In People vs Sanger, 8% N Y 198, In whlch Judge Crane sald "Thls exceptlon In behalf of phys~c~ans does not perm~t advert~sements regard~ng such matters, nor promiscuous advlce to pat~ents lrrespect~vc of thew condlt~on, but ~t 1s broad enough to proteet the physlclan who m good falth glves help or adv~ce to a marrled person to cure or prevent dweate 'D~sease,' by Webster's International Dlctlonary, IS defined to be 'an alterat~on m the state of the body, or of some of the organs, lnterruptmg or dlsturblng the performance of the vltal funcbons and causmg; or threaten~ng pam and slckness, Illness, slckness, d~sorder "The protection thus afforded the physlc~an would also extend to the drug@, or vendor, actmg upon the physlclan's prescrlptlon or order " The terms of the statute do not limlt the phpslclan to "marned persons" as Judge Crane d ~d In hls rule There 1s no case testing thls preclse point The definlng of the llmits of Section 1145 was not necessary in order to arnve at the decislon m People vs Sanger Consequently thls precedent is not b~n&ng upon the court Future cases in the Court of Appeals may go further The wordmg of the statute "for the cure or preventlon of d~sease" 1s capable of a wide lnterpretatlon

30 One court &d go further Judge Cropsey m People vs Byrne, 99 murc 1, sald "The defendent mamtarns that thls (Sedron 1145) 1s not an exceptron as rt does not pemt phys~clans generally to use artlcles when necessary, hut only to work a cure or prevent a dlsease We read thrs sedron otherwise Under ~t a physrclan would he justified rn prescrlblng the prohhrted artrcles or drugs, rf rn hls oprnlon the health or condrt~on of the patrent requrred rt" (People vs Bryne, N Y L J, Dee 5,1916 ) It 1s under the protection of Sectlon 1145 that all the Blrth Control chmcs In New York State are conducted All nurses and other persons qvmg contracept~ves or lnformatlon under the &rectlon of physlclans lawfully practicing mthln the terms of thls law are protected to the same extent as the physlclan (People vs Slden et als, an unreported case In Magstrate's Court, Second Dist, Manhattan, May 14,1929 ) In the case just named Maqstrate Rosenbluth po~nts out In hls wntten opmon that the prosecutlon rested ~ts case wlthout evldence to challenge the dlagnos~s of the defendant physlclan, and that smce the physlclan sald she acted In good falth on that &agnosls to prevent dlsease, the burden was upon the prosecution to negatlve the good falth of the doctor Mapstrate Rosenbluth further sald "Good or bad falth 1s of the very essence to determine guilt or innocence under the statute " The defendents were discharged There 1s no case arlslng under Sectlon 1145, decldlng whether the burden of showmg bad faith on the part of the doctor was stdl upon the prosecutlon In the event that the accused dld not testlfy By Inference ~t would seem that manufacturers of contraceptive art~cles must necessanly come under the protectmn of Sect~on 1145 along w~th the dmgpsts and vendors mentloned by Judge Crane, as long as the manufactunng 1s solely for the purpose of supplylng these articles to physlclans lawfully practlslng m accordance with the statute Simrlarly ~t would seem that the circulation excluslvely among physicians and medlcal students of medical treatises and books conta~nlng ~nformat~on about contracept~ves would be allowed, for slnce the supplying of ~nstruments and articles to the lawfully practlslng physlcian is not an offence, then supplying ~nformation about then- proper use ought not to be an offence However the fa~lure of Sectlon 1145 to exempt sclentlfic ahd medical treatlses from the provisions of 1142 and 1143 puts the matter in doubt That uncertainty 1s accentuated by the fact that drug manufacturers and dealers in the state of New York do not advert~se contraceptlves nth plain terms and descnpt~on among physlclans, because such advertisements are not considered free from the ban of the state and federal law It is hard to dlstlngulsh In pnnciple between a medical book contalnlng formulas for contraceptlves and an advertisement descnbmg a contraceptwe compound when both thmgs are d~rected &- cluslvely to physlclans The physician 1s exposed to a speclal tnbunal and penalty ~f he m any manner or by any ways or means whatsoever undertakes or engages to vlolate Sectlon 1142 of the Penal Law Under Sectlon 1264 (2e) of the Educat~onal Law (a part of what 1s commonly known as the Me&cal Pract~ce Act) the Education Department after due heanngs may revoke hls hcense for so domg Sectlon 1142 of the Penal Law 1s &stmctly specified in thls part of the Education Law, but no reference 1s made to the existence of Sect~on 1145 In the hght of Judge Crane's remark about advertlslng of contraceptlves not bemg permlss~ble, and the couphng of advertlsmg m the same clause mth the holdlngout of representations and descnpt~ons concerning contracept~ves, ~t does seem as though the physlcian 1s far from bang fully protected by Sect~on 1145 from a zealous enforcer of Sect~on 1142 Such confus~on m crlmlnal law 1s worse than confound~ng, and exposes reputable doctors to undue nsk In them lawful practice under Sectlon 1145 unless they know the fine dlstlnct~ons of the law In 1929 the Remer bill was Introduced Into the Legislature to amend Sectlon 1145 of the Penal Law mth the follomng wordmg "An artrcle or instrument, used or applred by physrcrans lawful practrcrng, or by their dlrectron or p~escrrptron, for the contraceptaua treatwant of manurd peraont or for the cure or preventron of disease " (Matter In rtalrcs new The remainder of the bill followed the present wordrng of Sectton 1146 ) Thls was the onlv amendment offered to the statutes whlch touched upon the prevention of conceptlon The mvolved wordmg of the present statutes, them conflicts In meanlng and amb~gult~es In word and In mtent, leavmg so much to inference and judlclal mterpretatl&, create, especially In the case of crlmlnal laws hke these, a real need and reason for amendment

31 It is suggested that the follomng matters should be considered In draftlng the amendments Under Section 1145, the good falth of the physicians should be deemed established mthout evldence until the prosecution clearly negat~ves ~t BARGAINS The nght to eve information directing persons to lawfully conducted Birth Control chnics should After takang znvento y, roe find that be made clear and secure roe can offer the follomng books at Scient~fic, didactic and medical treatises and the half pnce or less to readers of the hke. and book reviews of the same. should be at least REVIEW Thzs offer es made for a partially exempt from the sweeplng provisions of short tzme ody - take advantage Seetlon 1142 and 1143 A suggestion as to a way of zt at once to do this can be found In th; &eption placed m Section 1142 (a) The nght of reputable drug PROCEEDlNGS OF THE SIXTH manufacturers and dealers to advertise contracep- INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE tives among physlclans should be clearly estab- Formerly hshed Volume 1-rtrcles by lnternatlonal Advice and mformatlon m addition to treatment leaders - S a n g e r, Russell. mlght be specifically allowed with reference to mar- Schwmmer, Hiure, Stoecker. ried persons (See 1142 (a) for the suggestion ) cond~hons In Russia. China, Hungary, Norway, etc - $.SO Section 1264 (2e) of the Education Law ought at least to include a reference to Sectlon 1145 of Volume 11--Overpopulat~on ~ts efthe Penal Law It might be better to repeal sub- fects on chlld labor. poverty. division (2e) of Section 1264 as being unnecessary raclal character, c~v~luat~on Conin view of other subdlvislons where convlct~on for vlncing arguments for Blrth Conany felony or misdemeanor is ground for proceed- trol by such authont~es as E M - East. Owen R Love~oy. Rayings to revoke a doctor's hcense mond Pearl 50 The very list of suggestions indicates the d&- cultles mvolved m amending the law Of course the deleting of all reference to prevention of concep- WHAT EVERY GlRL SHOULD KNOW (cloth) 75 t~on in Section 1142 of the Penal Law would solve all the ambiguities and difficulties WHAT EVERY GlRL SHOULD KNOW (paper).20 If ~t is deemed wise to llnut contraceptive care to physicians' prescnptlons, a separate and new WOMAN, MORALITY A N D statute can be written, to be passed at the same BIRTH CONTROL -10 tlme that all reference to prevention of concept~on AN OUTLINE OF MARRIAGE ass taken out of Sectlon GREAT THOUGHTS ON BIRTH CONTROL 05 THE BIRTH CONTROL REVIEW and THE AMERICAN BIRTH CONTROL LEAGUE, Inc have moved to 152 Madmon Avenue, New York Oty (32nd Street and Madlson Avenue) (Bwunrm ) We have opened a new and larger readingroom and trust that our frlends wrll make use of thls when In the nerghborhood LORD BUCKMASTER ON BIRTH CONTROL - 05 BIRTH CONTROL LAWS - THEIR UNWISDOM. INJUS- TICE. AND INHUMANITY.05 BARGAINS

32 50,000 People Have Read This Amazing Book What's In your B~ble? You may belleve that you know every he of ~t But do you? Read th~s amazlng book by Joseph Lewis, and l~ke thousands of others you will rush to your Bible to find out whether the startling facts he reveals have been h~d~ng In ~ts pages where you never dreamed they could possibly be Was $2.50-Now only $1 Rcnd These Enthuslsstic Endorsements -WUI.m I Bieldlnr Celsbmled Author mm Pahe md Bob Inr CIWU.tt.cked the Blhla on the mound that It wu L. credrbls as blatory Mr Lmls drnounen it.a Immamal h lu LLlCblDe -New York Sun HE BIBLE UNMASKED" "T 1s one of the most amazmg Marl Coupon at Once books ever puhhshed One fa- These almost lncredlble stones mous crlt~c who saw ~t sa~d "If have been taken word for word IS the most dar~ng exposure of modern fimn " Other crmcs who saw advance coples actually begged Joseph Lew~s not out of the B~ble Thelr true meaning. the~r true sense, 18 revealed to you In "The B~ble Unmasked " You wlll be startled to prlnt the book But the au- and amazed But you can never thor lns~sted that the TRUTH forget the real truth as you now he told, and not a h e or word see ~t exposed for the first tlme was omltted or changed And ~t 18 for th~s very reason Thousands of people have that more than 50,000 men and gladly pald $2 50 for thls amazwomen have accla~med The Ine book But for a short tlme Blble Unmasked" as one of the oniy, and whrle the present supmost valuable books they ever plv lasts. YOU MAY GET IT read Thev found facts wh~ch AT T H E SPECIAL REmade them- exclalm In wonder, DUCED PRICE of onlv $1 plus "Can THAT be rn mv B~hle?" only 15c for packmg and malirng It made them hurry to the~r pascharges Accept th~s blg savtors and prlests for explanations rng whde you have the chance Read thls Book that startled That 1s why YOU ALSO will 50,000 people Mad the COUwant to read thls amazlng vol- PON at once ume You will delrght In ~ts Freethought Press Assn dynamic exposure of thlngs wh~ch p e r L a p s you never dreamed were In the Scrlotures A Challenge to the World Thls rndom~tably darlng book 1s a challenge to the world Mmlsters must read ~t to defend themselves Rellg~ous bell ever^ w~ll be shocked at what they have h~therto blindly grven to the~r chddren as examples of morallty and honesty Thrnklng men and women wrll be happy to welcome thrs latest step of advanced thought So great has been the demand for thls book, and so w~despread the controversy caused by its publlcatlon, that ~t IS now In ~ts e~ghth large prlntlng to satlsfy the rnsrstent requests You will know why when you read the partla1 list of chapters Dept. BUI, 260 W 64th St, N Y Partial List of chapters Abram and Sad 1- and HIS WUa ncbekah h t and His Lhaughters Jaeob Leah and Rachel Joseph and Potiphar s Wife Judah anc His Daughter In-law T- The 19th Chapter of Judges King David of Israel and His Wives The Story of Ruth King Solomon sad His Songs The Book ef EEther The New Testament The Virgin Bbth The Vlrgin Birth Acmrdins to St Luks Elirsbeth Angel Gabriel and Zecharias =cording to the Gospel of St Luks Jesus and The Sinner The Olnd el Sclsnea - ( A s&.l mmbhatlon oller of Mr bbmehm the lmthln~a ~ranklln the Freethinker lellsmn the I Ireethlnker t080ther dlh CODY 01 Mr -13 elwuent dl0 addrsasa on LhmIn the 8oldlef and Gems fmm llmsrsu rill be #ant lor i only SOc rddltialul If rulted put + In Musm and add 6Oe to row I