The kernel s limits to growth
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1 The kernel s limits to growth (Linaro Connect 2017) Jonathan Corbet LWN.net corbet@lwn.net
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3 Quite frankly, this particular discussion (and others before it) has just made me irritable, and is ADDING pressure. Instead, I'd suggest that if you have a complaint about how I handle patches, you think about what I end up having to deal with for five minutes. Go away, people. Or at least don't Cc me any more. I'm not interested, I'm taking a vacation, and I don't want to hear about it any more. In short, get the hell out of my mailbox. Linus Torvalds
4 Quite frankly, this particular discussion (and others before it) has just made me irritable, and is ADDING pressure. Instead, I'd suggest that if you have a complaint about how I handle patches, you think about what I end up having to deal with for five minutes. Go away, people. Or at least don't Cc me any more. I'm not interested, I'm taking a vacation, and I don't want to hear about it any more. In short, get the hell out of my mailbox. Linus Torvalds, September 1998
5 Development process scalability
6 More recently 2.2.0: : :
7 More recently 2.2.0: : : The fun of those days Massive backporting of 2.6 patches to 2.4 Vendor Frankenstein kernels Lots of out-of-tree code shipped Painful upgrades
8 So what did we do? The upstream first rule
9 So what did we do? The upstream first rule Distributed source-code control
10 So what did we do? The upstream first rule Distributed source-code control (...actually, any source-code control...)
11 So what did we do? The upstream first rule Distributed source-code control (...actually, any source-code control...) The new release model
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13 So what did those changes do for us?
14 Recent releases Version Date Days Mar May Jul Oct 2 70 Dec Feb Devs 1,537 1,678 1,582 1,597 1,729 1,672 Changesets 12,080 13,517 12,283 13,382 16,216 13,029
15 Recent releases Version Date Days Mar May Jul Oct 2 70 Dec Feb Devs 1,537 1,678 1,582 1,597 1,729 1,672 Changesets 12,080 13,517 12,283 13,382 16,216 13,029 Since 4.5: 79,000 changesets from 4,100 devs
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17 The Linux kernel is everywhere
18 We would appear to be on a roll...
19 We would appear to be on a roll... So why am I worried?
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23 Roads and bridges Nadia Eghbal We are not paying sufficient attention to the needs of our maintainers
24 Unpaid maintenance? Maint. support v % Red Hat 11% Linux Foundation 10% Intel 8% Linaro 8% Google 4% Samsung 4% 3% IBM 2% SUSE
25 Unpaid maintenance? Maint. support v % Red Hat 11% Linux Foundation 10% Intel 8% Linaro 8% Google 4% Samsung 4% 3% IBM 2% SUSE Core maint support 30% Google 21% Red Hat 9% SUSE 7% consultants 6% Facebook 6% Intel 4% Huawei 3% Linutronix (0.7% Linaro)
26 Work nobody will pay for Much core-kernel work Documentation Configuration system Debloating Security...
27 Security worries We have no security officer no security training no security documentation
28 The year in CVE numbers CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE [...]
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33 Security shows a big hole in our maintainer model
34 What is maintainership?
35 How does one become a maintainer? Maintainers tend to get to be maintainers because they were good at something else, and not good enough at hiding from the "maintainer" role. There is a paradox here as a maintainer must be good at saying "No", but if they were they might never have agreed to become a maintainer. Neil Brown
36 How does one stop? I m trying to appear to be an incompetent maintainer so that someone will offer to take over. It isn t working yet. Neil Brown
37 How does one stop? I m trying to appear to be an incompetent maintainer so that someone will offer to take over. It isn t working yet. Neil Brown I have decided to fall back on the mechanism by which I ended up being maintainer in the first place. I will create a vacuum and hope somebody fills it. Neil Brown
38 What is a maintainer s authority? You should always be able to handle other people changing files in your area at any point in time. Kernel maintainership is not no one else can ever touch this! type of development. Greg Kroah-Hartman
39 What is a maintainer s authority? You should always be able to handle other people changing files in your area at any point in time. Kernel maintainership is not no one else can ever touch this! type of development. Greg Kroah-Hartman It is *my* prerogative to say no to anything in arch/arm, and I really don t have to give reasons for it if I choose to. Russell King
40 A bunch of little fiefdoms
41 What are a maintainer s responsibilities? I can t take patches without a changelog text, and neither should any other maintainer. Greg Kroah-Hartman
42 What are a maintainer s responsibilities? I can t take patches without a changelog text, and neither should any other maintainer. Greg Kroah-Hartman (536 no-changelog patches were merged for 4.10)
43 What are a maintainer s responsibilities? Review the code Mentor developers Respond quickly to patches Check code provenance Respond to regressions Route fixes to -stable Represent the subsystem to the world Resist company pressure Keep Linus happy [...]
44 Patch management Not dropping patches through the cracks Proper Git repository practices Informing contributors about actions Avoiding / handling conflicts...
45 Speaking of patch management Kids these days do things differently. Photo: Lars Plougmann
46 Our maintainers are getting older
47 Back to the point We don t define the maintainer role well We don t document how to fill it We don t train future maintainers
48 Back to the point We don t define the maintainer role well We don t document how to fill it We don t train future maintainers How much more can we scale in this mode?
49 Some other concerns
50 Review bandwidth The big problem is this, we really only have a very small group of people reviewing code in the kernel community. Greg Kroah-Hartman
51 Review bandwidth The big problem is this, we really only have a very small group of people reviewing code in the kernel community. Greg Kroah-Hartman, 2006
52 Review bandwidth The big problem is this, we really only have a very small group of people reviewing code in the kernel community. Greg Kroah-Hartman, 2006 I am worried that the number of patches posted to linux-mm grows over time while the number of reviewers doesn t scale up with that trend. Michal Hocko, 2017
53 Wolfram Sang: the number of reviewers is not scaling with the number of contributors.
54 As a consequence Maintainers burn out and fall behind
55 As a consequence Maintainers burn out and fall behind Unreviewed code gets in
56 I m seriously grumpy about this engineering trainwreck, which has seven SOBs from [$COMPANY] developers for 50 lines of code. And none of them figured out that this is broken. Impressive fail! Thomas Gleixner
57 As a consequence Maintainers burn out and fall behind Unreviewed code gets in Long-term API problems
58 Review bandwidth is a problem for all projects
59 We work hard to encourage contributions Perhaps we should do more to promote code-review skills?
60 Out-of-tree code
61
62 Out-of-tree code consequences Bugs and security issues Inability to run mainline kernels Maintainer stress Maintainers pulled out of the community
63 More recently 2.2.0: : : The fun of those days Massive backporting of 2.6 patches to 2.4 Vendor Frankenstein kernels Lots of out-of-tree code shipped Painful upgrades
64 My fancy new phone
65 How much more can we grow with this much energy being directed away from our community?
66 Complexity
67 So what can we do?
68 Recognize maintainership as an activity needing support
69 Document what it means to be a maintainer
70 Create training and mentoring for new maintainers
71 Move away from the single-maintainer model (explore group maintainership)
72 Teach code-review skills and encourage their use
73 Pay more attention to our unmaintained dark corners
74 Think about our next generation of tools
75 Don t assume our process-scalability problems are behind us
76 Thank you
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