T h e A r t i o s H o m e C o m p a n i o n S e r i e s Unit 10: Colonies in the New World, Part II T e a c h e r O v e r v i e w The two colonies farthest south were North Carolina and South Carolina. In 1733 James Oglethorpe, a brave English soldier, who afterward became General Oglethorpe, came over here to make a new settlement. This new one, which made just thirteen in all, was called Georgia in honor of King George the Second, who gave a piece of land for it, on the seacoast, below South Carolina Penn belonged to a religious society called the Society of Friends; today they are generally spoken of as Quakers. They are a people who try to find out what is right by asking their own hearts. They believe in showing no more signs of respect to one man than to another, and at that time they would not take off their hats even to the king himself. Penn wanted the land which had been given him here as a place where the Friends or Quakers might go and settle. A little later the whole of what is now the state of New Jersey was bought by Penn and other Quakers for the same purpose D. H. Montgomery Reading and Assignments Based on your student s age and ability, the reading in this unit may be read aloud to the student and journaling and notebook pages may be completed orally. Likewise, other assignments can be done with an appropriate combination of independent and guided study. Statue of James Oglethorpe in Augusta, GA Key People and Events General James Oglethorpe William Penn In this unit, students will: Complete two lessons in which they will learn about General James Oglethorpe and William Penn. Read selected chapters from Amos Fortune, Free Man. Complete literature assignments including an author profile for Elizabeth George Speare. Learn about Subject and Verb and complete corresponding grammar exercises. Visit www.artioshcs.com for additional resources. Unit 10: Colonies in the New World, Part II - Page 1
Leading Ideas History is HIS Story. God s story of love, mercy, and redemption through Christ. He made known to us the mystery of his will according to his good pleasure, which he purposed in Christ, to be put into effect when the times reach their fulfillment to bring unity to all things in heaven and on earth under Christ. Ephesians 1:9-10 God s providential hand governs and times all events and provides for his Creation according to His plan and purposes. The God who made the world and everything in it is the Lord of heaven and earth and does not live in temples built by human hands. And he is not served by human hands, as if he needed anything. Rather, he himself gives everyone life and breath and everything else. From one man he made all the nations, that they should inhabit the whole earth; and he marked out their appointed times in history and the boundaries of their lands. God did this so that they would seek him and perhaps reach out for him and find him, though he is not far from any one of us. Acts 17:24-27 L i t e r a t u r e, C o m p o s i t i o n, a n d G r a m m a r Amos Fortune, Free Man by Elizabeth Yates Literature for Units 10-14 We will read Amos Fortune by Elizabeth Yates while discussing the experience of the life of a colonial slave. We will be exploring several small creative writing formats that will be assembled into a larger project. Amos Fortune, Free Man chronicles the experience of a young African Prince who is captured by slave traders, taken to America, and sold into slavery. Through his journey of both heartache and triumph, Amos proves himself to be a God-fearing, honorable, respected citizen, despite the injustices that have been thrust upon him. Be Sure to Notice This piece of literature is a biography, which means that it is an account of a person s life, written as accurately as possible by someone else. Unlike our first two books of the year, which have both been historical fiction, most of the details in this book will be historically accurate. Elizabeth Yates was awarded the Newbery Medal for this biography. Throughout his journey, Amos lives in many different locations. It would be beneficial for you to plot his journey on a map. Unit 10: Colonies in the New World, Part II - Page 2
Context Resources You will find additional context resources within the resources section of the Artios Home Companion website. The years of active slavery were a deep, troublesome, and complex time in our nation s history. It can be difficult for students to understand when it seems so far from what you know and experience every day. Take some time to explore the resources provided on the website so that you can better understand the times in which Amos was living. Unit 10 - Assignments Literature Begin by completing an author profile for Elizabeth George Speare. You will find an Author Profile Page within the Resources section of the website. You can find information about the author through various Internet sources, as well as on the book itself; make sure you get a parent s permission before accessing the Internet. Read the chapters entitled Africa 1725, The Middle Passage, and Boston 1725-1740 in Amos Fortune, Free Man. Composition To begin, create a K-W-L chart. At the top of a piece of paper or poster board, write Know, Wonder, and Learn. Under the Know section, spend several minutes brainstorming, and record as many pieces of information about slavery that you already know. Spend a few more minutes brainstorming, and write down some questions you have, or things you d like to learn, about slavery under the Wonder section. Keep this K-W-L chart to use at the end of this unit. As we move through this unit, we will be responding to images of colonial slavery in different creative ways. When you view each of these pieces, you should resist the urge to research what others have already said about this image, and instead allow it to inspire your own thoughts. Begin by viewing Colonial Slavery Image 1, which can be found under the Resources section of the website. Spend several minutes in silence, examining the details, and allowing your mind to consider what might be happening in this picture. Now, pull out a piece of paper and cover up the picture. Imagine that you are a 10- year-old child witnessing this scene in real life. You run home and explain to your mother what you have seen. Write as detailed a description as you can; feel free to include information that your mind imagines might have happened just before or after this image takes place. Try to include some sensory descriptions. What do you think you would have heard? Seen? Smelled? Touched? Tasted? You should also try to use dialogue, which is a conversation between two or more people, so that it sounds like a young child talking to his mother. We show that words are dialogue by using quotation marks, which look like this: I am using my own words. Unit 10: Colonies in the New World, Part II - Page 3
On a separate day, go back and spend a few more minutes examining the image, and then cover it up again. Re-read the conversations that you wrote, and try to add more details to make your writing sound both realistic and thorough. Usually we edit our work soon after we ve written it, but for this project, you should just place this writing in a folder and hold onto it until the end of our unit. Grammar Read the notes on Subject and Verb, beginning on page 4. Complete the corresponding exercises on the Artios Home Companion website. G r a m m a r N o t e s f o r U n i t 10 U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n : w w w. a n a l y t i c a l g r a m m a r. c o m Subject and Verb In this unit we re really going to get into diagramming. We re going to learn about the subject and verb, which is something every sentence MUST HAVE, or else it s not a sentence. The subject is a noun or pronoun - we ve already learned about those. The verb is a new kind of word. This new kind of word is called an ACTION VERB. An action verb is a word that EXPRESSES MENTAL OR PHYSICAL ACTION. What is mental action? What is physical action? When you worry, aren t you doing something? When you think, aren t you doing something? When you believe, aren t you doing something? This is easier. When you jump, search, carry, run, or sit, you re doing something. A verb has to have a SUBJECT. The subject is the noun or pronoun that is DOING THE ACTION OF THE VERB. HOW TO FIND THE SUBJECT: Look at the following example: ART ADJ N PP ART N PP ART ADJ N T h e w h i t e h o r s e ( i n t h e l e a d ) r a c e d ( a c r o s s t h e f i n i s h l i n e ). First, you mark all the nouns, pronouns, articles, adjectives, and prepositions in the sentence. Put parentheses around the prepositional phrases. Then you look at the words left over for a word that expresses mental or physical action. Mark that word with a V. In the sentence above, that word would be raced, wouldn t it? Now ask yourself, Who or what raced? The horse, right? So horse is the subject of raced. Now go back and write an A in front of the V over raced because we know that it is a real action verb with a subject. HANDY HINT: The subject will NEVER be inside a prepositional phrase. DIAGRAMMING THE SUBJECT AND VERB: Every diagram starts with a BASE LINE which contains the subject and verb. Here s what the base line of the sentence above would look like. Unit 10: Colonies in the New World, Part II - Page 4
DIAGRAMMING ARTICLES AND ADJECTIVES: Now we want to put the articles and adjectives that go with horse into our diagram. The diagram below will show you how to do that: Articles and adjectives always go on slanted (diagonal) lines. The slanted lines are connected to the word the articles and adjectives modify. If there is more than one modifier under a noun or pronoun, the diagonal lines go in the same order as the modifiers in the sentence. DIAGRAMMING PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES: You already know how to do this. Now all you have to know is that the diagram for the prepositional phrase is attached to the noun or pronoun that it modifies. This is almost always the noun or pronoun right in front of the prepositional phrase. The prepositional phrase will answer the question Which? about that noun. In the sentence we have been diagramming, the prepositional phrase in the lead tells us which horse, right? DIAGRAMMING COMMANDS: There is a certain kind of sentence called a COMMAND or REQUEST. It s a sentence like Brush your teeth, or Listen to me, please! It s not hard to find the verbs in those sentences. They are brush and listen, right? But, if you ask who or what brush? or who or what listen? where s the answer? It s there, but you can t see it! If I were to look at you and say, Brush your teeth! who s going to do the brushing? You are! The subject of a command or request is an understood you. You can t see it, but it is understood that the subject is you. Look at the diagram. The you is in parentheses to show that it is understood. Unit 10: Colonies in the New World, Part II - Page 5
L e s s o n O n e H i s t o r y O v e r v i e w a n d A s s i g n m e n t s General James Oglethorpe The two colonies farthest south were North Carolina and South Carolina. In 1733 James Oglethorpe, a brave English soldier, who afterward became General Oglethorpe, came over here to make a new settlement. This new one, which made just thirteen in all, was called Georgia in honor of King George the Second, who gave a piece of land for it, on the seacoast, below South Carolina D. H. Montgomery Key People and Events General James Oglethorpe Reading and Assignments General James Oglethorpe Read the article: General James Oglethorpe, pages 7-9. After reading the article, summarize the story you read by either: Retelling it out loud to your teacher or parent. OR Completing an appropriate notebook page. Either way, be sure to include the answers to the discussion questions and an overview of key people, dates, and events in your summary. Be sure to visit www.artioshcs.com for additional resources. Discussion Questions 1. At the beginning of 1733, how many English colonies were there in America? 2. What did General James Oglethorpe do? 3. Why was the new settlement called Georgia? 4. Describe what happened to a friend of General Oglethorpe s. 5. What did he wish to do for the poor debtors? 6. What is said about the settlement of Savannah? 7. What about the German emigrants and Ebenezer? Unit 10: Colonies in the New World, Part II - Page 6
8. What about raising silk? 9. What good work did the people of Georgia do? 10. What about Georgia powder during the Revolution? 11. What is said of General Oglethorpe in his old age? Adapted from the book: The Beginner s American history by D.H. Montgomery General James Oglethorpe (1696-1785) came over here to make a new settlement. This new one, which made just thirteen in all, was called Georgia in honor of King George the Second, who gave a piece of land for it, on the seacoast, below South Carolina. Map of the Southern Colonies The twelve English colonies in America; General Oglethorpe makes a settlement in Georgia We have seen that the first real colony or settlement made in America by the English was in Virginia in 1607. By the beginning of 1733, or about a hundred and twenty-five years, eleven more had been made, or twelve in all. They stretched along the seacoast, from the farthest coast of Maine to the northern boundary of Florida, which was then owned by the Spaniards. The two colonies farthest south were North Carolina and South Carolina. In 1733 James Oglethorpe, a brave English soldier, who afterward became General Oglethorpe, What was it that led General Oglethorpe to make this new settlement? General Oglethorpe had a friend in England who was cast into prison for debt. There the unfortunate man was so cruelly treated that he fell sick and died, leaving his family in great distress. The General felt the death of his friend so much that he set to work to find out how other poor debtors lived in the London prisons. He soon saw that great numbers of them suffered terribly. The prisons were crowded and filthy. The men shut up in them were ragged and dirty; some of them were fastened with heavy chains, and a good many actually died of starvation. General Oglethorpe could not bear to see strong men killed off in this manner. He thought that if the best of them those who were honest and willing to work could have the chance earning their living, they would soon do as well as any men. It Unit 10: Colonies in the New World, Part II - Page 7
was to help them that he persuaded the king to give the land of Georgia. Building the city of Savannah; what the people of Charleston, South Carolina, did; a busy settlement; the alligators General Oglethorpe took over thirtyfive families to America in 1733. They settled on a high bank of the Savannah River, about twenty miles from the sea. The general laid out a town with broad, straight, handsome streets, and with many small squares or parks. He called the settlement Savannah from the Native American name of the river on which it stands. alligators. They climbed up the bank from the river to see what was going on. But the boys soon taught them not to be too curious. When one monster was found impudently prowling round the town, they thumped him with sticks till they fairly beat the life out of him. After that, the alligators paid no more visits to the settlers. The Blazed Trees Savannah, as General Oglethorpe Laid It Out In 1733 The people of Charleston, South Carolina, were glad to have some English neighbors south of them who would help them fight the Spaniards of Florida, who hated the English, and wanted to drive them out. They gave the newcomers a hundred head of cattle, a drove of hogs, and twenty barrels of rice. The emigrants set to work with a will, cutting down the forest trees, building houses, and planting gardens. There were no idlers to be seen at Savannah: even the children found something to do that was helpful. Nothing disturbed the people but the Arrival of some German emigrants; Ebenezer; blazing trees After a time, some German Protestants, who had been cruelly driven out of their native land on account of their religion, came to Georgia. General Oglethorpe gave them a hearty welcome. He had bought land from the Native Americans, and so there was plenty of room for all. The Germans went up the river, and then went back a number of miles into the woods; there they picked out a place for a town. They called their settlement by the Bible name of Ebenezer, which means The Lord hath helped us. There were no roads through the forests, so the new settlers blazed the trees; that is, they chopped a piece of bark off, so that they could find their way Unit 10: Colonies in the New World, Part II - Page 8
through the thick woods when they wanted to go to Savannah. Every tree so marked stood like a guidepost; it showed the traveler which way to go until he came in sight of the next one. Trying to make silk; the queen s American dress The settlers hoped to be able to get large quantities of silk to send to England, because the mulberry-tree grows wild in Georgia, and its leaves are the favorite food of the silkworm. At first it seemed as if the plan would be successful, and General Oglethorpe took over some Georgia silk as a present to the queen of England. She had a handsome dress made of it for her birthday; it was the first American silk dress ever worn by an English queen. But after a while, it was found that silk could not be produced in Georgia as well as it could in Italy and France, and so in time cotton came to be raised instead. Keeping out the Spaniards; Georgia powder at Bunker Hill; General Oglethorpe in his old age The people of Georgia did a good work in keeping out the Spaniards, who were trying to get possession of the part of the country north of Florida. Later, like the settlers in North Carolina and South Carolina, they did their part in helping to make America independent of the rule of the king of England. When the war of the Revolution began, the king had a lot of powder stored in Savannah. The people broke into the building, rolled out the kegs, and carried them off. Part of the powder they kept for themselves, and part they seem to have sent to Massachusetts; so that it is quite likely that the men who fought at Bunker Hill may have loaded their guns with some of the powder given them by their friends in Savannah. In that case the king got it back, but in a somewhat different way from what he expected. General Oglethorpe spent the last of his life in England. He lived to a very great age. Up to the last he had eyes as bright and keen as a boy s. After the Revolution was over, the king made a treaty or agreement, by which he promised to let the United States of America live in peace. General Oglethorpe was able to read that treaty without spectacles. He had lived to see the colony of Georgia, which he had settled, become a free and independent state. Summary In 1733 General James Oglethorpe brought over a number of emigrants from England, and settled Savannah, Georgia. Georgia was the thirteenth English colony; it was the last one established in this country. General Oglethorpe lived to see it become one of the United States of America. Unit 10: Colonies in the New World, Part II - Page 9
L e s s o n T w o H i s t o r y O v e r v i e w a n d A s s i g n m e n t s William Penn Penn belonged to a religious society called the Society of Friends; today they are generally spoken of as Quakers. They are a people who try to find out what is right by asking their own hearts. They believe in showing no more signs of respect to one man than to another, and at that time they would not take off their hats even to the king himself. Penn wanted the land which had been given him here as a place where the Friends or Quakers might go and settle. A little later the whole of what is now the state of New Jersey was bought by Penn and other Quakers for the same purpose D. H. Montgomery Key People and Events William Penn Reading and Assignments William Penn Read the article: William Penn, pages 11-14. After reading the article, summarize the story you read by either: Retelling it out loud to your teacher or parent. OR Completing an appropriate notebook page. Either way, be sure to include the answers to the discussion questions and an overview of key people, dates, and events in your summary. Be sure to visit www.artioshcs.com for additional resources. Discussion Questions 1. To whom did King Charles the Second owe a large sum of money? 2. How did he pay his debt? 3. What did the King name the country? 4. What does the name mean? 5. What was found there? Unit 10: Colonies in the New World, Part II - Page 10
6. Describe the Friends or Quakers. 7. What did Penn want the land here for? 8. How were the Quakers then treated in England? 9. What did Penn do in 1682? 10. What city did Penn begin to build here? 11. What does Philadelphia mean? 12. What did Penn and the Native Americans do? 13. What did the English general do about the great elm in the Revolution? 14. Describe Penn s dinner with the Native Americans. Did they trouble the Quakers? 15. Describe the growth of Philadelphia. 16. What was done there in the Revolution? 17. Describe Penn s last days. Where is he buried? Adapted from the book: The Beginner s American History by D.H. Montgomery William Penn (1644-1718) that he had none left to pay his just debts. Penn knew this; so he told His Majesty if he would give him a piece of wild land in America, he would ask nothing more. William Penn at the Age of 22 King Charles the Second gives William Penn a great piece of land, and names it Pennsylvania King Charles the Second of England owed a large sum of money to a young Englishman named William Penn. The king was fond of pleasure, and he spent so much money on himself and his friends Map of the Northern Colonies Unit 10: Colonies in the New World, Part II - Page 11
Charles was very glad to settle the account so easily. He therefore gave Penn a great territory north of Maryland and west of the Delaware River. This territory was nearly as large as England. The king named it Pennsylvania, a word which means Penn s Woods. At that time the land was not thought to be worth much. No one then had discovered the fact that beneath Penn s Woods there were immense mines of coal and iron, which would one day be of greater value than all the riches of the king of England. William Penn s religion; what he wanted to do with his American land Penn belonged to a religious society called the Society of Friends; today they are generally spoken of as Quakers. They are a people who try to find out what is right by asking their own hearts. They believe in showing no more signs of respect to one man than to another, and at that time they would not take off their hats even to the king himself. Penn wanted the land which had been given him here as a place where the Friends or Quakers might go and settle. A little later the whole of what is now the state of New Jersey was bought by Penn and other Quakers for the same purpose. We have seen that neither the Pilgrims nor the Catholics had any real peace in England. The Quakers suffered even more still; for oftentimes they were cruelly whipped, thrown into dark and dirty prisons where many died of the bad treatment they received. William Penn himself had been shut up in jail four times on account of his religion; and though he was no longer in such danger, because the king was his friend, he wanted to provide a safe place for others who were not so well off as he was. Penn sends out emigrants to Pennsylvania; his conversation with the king Penn accordingly sent out a number of people who were anxious to settle in Pennsylvania. The next year, 1682, he made ready to sail, himself with a hundred more emigrants. Just before he started, he called on the king in his palace in London. The king was fond of joking, and he said to him he should never expect to see him again, for he thought the natives would be sure to catch such a good-looking young man as Penn and eat him. But, Friend Charles, said Penn, I mean to buy the land of the [Native Americans], so they will rather keep on good terms with me than eat me. Buy their lands! exclaimed the king. Why, is not the whole of America mine? Certainly not, answered Penn. What! replied the king; didn t my people discover it? And so haven t I the right to it? Well, Friend Charles, said Penn, suppose a canoe full of [Native Americans] should cross the sea and should discover England, would that make it theirs? Would you give up the country to them? The king did not know what to say to this; it was a new way of looking at the matter. He probably said to himself, These Quakers are a strange people; they seem to think that even American natives have rights which should be respected. Penn founds the city of Philadelphia; his treaty with the Native Americans; how the Native Americans and the Quakers got on together When William Penn reached America, in 1682, he sailed up the broad and Unit 10: Colonies in the New World, Part II - Page 12
beautiful Delaware River for nearly twenty miles. There he stopped, and resolved to build a city on its banks. He gave the place the Bible name of Philadelphia, or the City of Brotherly Love, because he hoped all of its citizens would live together like brothers. The streets were named from the trees then growing on the land, and so today many are still called Walnut, Pine, Cedar, Vine, and so on. Penn Making the Treaty with the Native Americans Penn said, We intend to sit down lovingly among the Native Americans. On that account, he held a great meeting with them under a wide-spreading elm. The tree stood in what is now a part of Philadelphia. Here Penn and the red men made a treaty or agreement by which they promised each other that they would live together as friends as long as the water should run in the rivers, or the sun shine in the sky. Nearly a hundred years later, while the Revolutionary War was going on, the British army took possession of the city. It was cold, winter weather, and the men wanted firewood; but the English general thought so much of William Penn he set a guard of soldiers round the great elm, to prevent anyone from chopping it down. Not long after the great meeting under the elm, Penn visited some of the natives in their wigwams. They treated him to a dinner or shall we say a lunch? of roasted acorns. After their feast, some of the young natives began to run and leap about, to show the Englishman what they could do. When Penn was in college at Oxford, he had been fond of doing such things himself. The sight of the Native American boys made him feel like a boy again; so he sprang up from the ground, and beat them all at hop, skip, and jump. This completely won the hearts of the red men. From that time, for sixty years, the Pennsylvania settlers and the Native Americans were fast friends. The natives said, The Quakers are honest men; they do no harm; they are welcome to come here. In New England there had been, as we have seen, a terrible war with the natives, but in Pennsylvania, no Native American ever shed a drop of Quaker blood. How Philadelphia grew; what was done there in the Revolution; William Penn s last years and death Philadelphia grew quite fast. William Penn let the people have land very cheap, and he said to them, You shall be governed by laws of your own making. Even after Philadelphia became quite a good-sized town, it had no poorhouse, for none was needed; everybody seemed to be able to take care of himself. When the Revolution began, the people of Pennsylvania and of the country north and south of it sent men to Philadelphia to decide what should be done. This meeting was called the Congress. It was held in the old State House, a building which is still Unit 10: Colonies in the New World, Part II - Page 13
standing, and in 1776 Congress declared the United States of America independent of England. In the war, the people of Delaware and New Jersey fought side by side with those of Pennsylvania. William Penn spent a great deal of money in helping Philadelphia and other settlements. After he returned to England, he was put in prison for debt by a rascally fellow he had employed. He did not owe the money, and proved that the man who said he did was no better than a thief. Penn was released from prison; but his long confinement in jail had broken his health down. When he died, the Native Americans of Pennsylvania sent his widow some beautiful furs, in remembrance of their Brother Penn, as they called him. They said that the furs were to make her a cloak, to protect her while passing through this thorny wilderness without her guide. About twenty-five miles west of London, on a country road within sight of the towers of Windsor Castle, there stands a Friends meetinghouse, or Quaker church. In the backyard of the meetinghouse William Penn lies buried. For a hundred years or more there was no mark of any kind to show where he rests; but now a small stone bearing his name points out the grave of the founder of the great state of Pennsylvania. William Penn s Grave at Jordan s Meeting-House, England Summary Charles the Second, king of England, owed William Penn, a young English Quaker, a large sum of money. In order to settle the debt, the king gave him a great piece of land in America, and named it Pennsylvania, or Penn s Woods. Penn wished to make a home for Quakers in America; and in 1682 he came over, and began building the city of Philadelphia. When the Revolution broke out, men were sent from all parts of the country to Philadelphia, to hold a meeting called the Congress. In 1776, Congress declared the United States independent. Unit 10: Colonies in the New World, Part II - Page 14