Struggling for the Umma Changing Leadership Roles of Kiai in Jombang, East Java
Struggling for the Umma Changing Leadership Roles of Kiai in Jombang, East Java Endang Turmudi Department of Sociology Faculty of the Arts February 1996
Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: anuepress@anu.edu.au Web: http://epress.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Endang, Turmudi. Struggling for the Umma : changing leadership roles of kiai in Jombang, East Java. ISBN 1 920942 42 4 (pbk.) ISBN 1 920942 43 2 (online) 1. N. U. (Organization) - Publishing. 2. Community leadership - Indonesia - Java. 3. Ulama - Indonesia - Java. 4. Islam and politics - Indonesia - Java. 5. Java (Indonesia) - Politics and government. I. Title. 303.34095982 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design by Teresa Prowse Printed by University Printing Services, ANU This edition 2006 ANU E Press
Islam in Southeast Asia Series Theses at The Australian National University are assessed by external examiners and students are expected to take into account the advice of their examiners before they submit to the University Library the final versions of their theses. For this series, this final version of the thesis has been used as the basic for publication, taking into account other changes that the author may have decided to undertake. In some cases, a few minor editorial revisions have made to the work. The acknowledgements in each of these publications provides information on the supervisors of the thesis and those who contributed to its development. For many of the authors in this series, English is a second language and their texts reflect an appropriate fluency.
Table of Contents Foreword ix Preface xi Abbreviations and Glossary xiii Abstract xvii Acknowledgements xix Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Background of the Study 1 1.2. Review of the Literature 4 1.3. The Fieldwork 8 1.4. Source of Data 14 1.5. The Survey 17 1.6. The Importance of the Study 18 1.7. Organisation of the Thesis 19 Chapter 2. Kiai and the Pesantren 21 2.1. Concept and Variation of Kiaiship 21 2.2. The Pesantren Tradition 25 2.3. Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) 29 2.4. Modernisation of the Pesantren 31 2.5. The Main Pesantren Observed 33 Chapter 3. Kiaiship Through the Tarekat Movement 43 3.1. The Nature of the Tarekat Movement 43 3.2. The Tarekat Qadiriyah Wa Naqsyabandiyah 50 3.3. The Jam iyah Ahli Thoriqoh Al-Mu tabaroh An-Nahdliyah: Tarekat Cukir 56 3.4. Other Tarekat Movements 60 Chapter 4. The Social Reality of Kiaiship 67 4.1. The Kiai's Role in the Society 67 4.2. The Underlying Principle of Relationship: Baraka 71 4.3. The Fragmented Organisation of Islam 78 4.4. The Modern Kiai and Santri 84 Chapter 5. The Kiai and the Dynamics of Politics at the Local Level 89 5.1. The Kiai's Politics in the Tarekat 89 5.2. The Followers Perspective 96 5.3. NU at National Politics 102 5.4. Local Political Conflict 104 Chapter 6. Islam and Politics: Implications in Electoral Behaviour 111 6.1. The Islamic Political Party 112 6.2. The Politics of Javanese Muslims 117 6.3. The Penggembosan and Changing Muslims Political Support 128 6.4. New Social Groupings 133 6.5. Islam and Electoral Behaviour 143 iii
Struggling for the Umma: Changing Leadership Roles of Kiai in Jombang, East Java Chapter 7. The Kiai in the Context of Socio-Political Change 149 7.1. Changing Kiai's Islamic Politics 149 7.2. Kiai's Political Influence: Post- Back to Khittah 155 7.3. The Charisma factor 163 7.4. The Kiai's New Relationship with Authority 166 Chapter 8. The Kiai's Effort in Remoulding Relationships with Other Muslim Groups 175 8.1. Differences and Locality 176 8.2. The Conflict Reduced 182 8.3. Reformulation of Ukhuwa Islamiya 190 8.4. Expanding Da wa 196 Chapter 9. Conclusion 201 Bibliography 207 iv
List of Tables 2.1. The Number of Santri Attending Schools within the Pesantren Darul Ulum, 1990 1991 36 2.2. The Number of Santri with their Place of Origin 41 6.1. Percentage of Votes Shared by Political Parties in Jombang in General Elections 121 6.2. Number of Votes of the Major Parties in the 1971 General Election in Jombang 122 6.3. Percentage of Islamic Parties' and PPP's Share of Votes in Various Kecamatan in Jombang 125 6.4. Percentage of the Decline in PPP's Vote Share in Various Kecamatan in the 1987 General Election 127 6.5. Muslim Respondents' Standpoint on Political Manoeuvres of Penggembosan 131 6.6. Percentage of Muslim Respondents' Reasons for their Support for PPP 144 6.7. Percentage of Voting Pattern of Muslim Respondents in the 1977, 1982, 1987 and 1992 General Elections 144 6.7a. Changing Voting Pattern of PPP Respondents 145 6.8. Percentage of the Muslim Respondents' Perspective on the Difference in PPP after 1985, and the Area in which such a Difference Occurs 147 7.1. Number of Respondents in the Four Villages of Three Districts of Jombang to whom Jombang Kiai are Known (The Kiai are Listed in Alphabetical Order) 164 7.2. The Respondents' Views on the Idealised Person to Lead an Islamic Organisation 166 8.1. Percentage of Respondents' Attitude to the Availability of Many Islamic Organisations 192 8.2. Percentage of Respondents' Perspective of the Ideal Society 193 8.3. Perception of Intermarriage Between Members of Various Muslim Groups 194 8.4. Reasons to Accept and Refuse Intermarriage 195 8.5. Percentage of Respondents' Preference as Marriage Partner for their Children 195 v
List of Figures 1.1. Map of East Java 9 1.2. Jombang: Kecematan 10 6.1. Results of the General Election in Jombang 121 6.2. Muslim Support for Political Parties in Various Kecamatan in Jombang in the 1971 General Election 124 6.3. A Tendency of Social Grouping and Support for a Certain Political Organisation among NU Members (Former PPP Supporters) in Jombang 135 6.4. Muslim Political Orientation in Jombang 139 vii