10th 12th grade 1 year 1 credit APOLOGETICS. Weekly Lesson Schedule. Student Worksheets. Quizzes & Semester Tests. Answer Key

Similar documents
TEACHER GUIDE. Includes Student Worksheets Apologetics. Weekly Lesson Schedule Student Worksheets Quizzes & Semester Tests Answer Keys.

10th 12th grade 1 year 1 credit APOLOGETICS. Weekly Lesson Schedule. Student Worksheets. Practical & Semester Tests. Answer Key

Unless otherwise noted, Scripture quotations are from the New King James Version of the Bible.

Unless otherwise noted, Scripture quotations are from the New King James Version of the Bible.

ISBN: Library of Congress Number: Printed in the United States of America

The. Book for. Volume 7 KEN HAM & BODIE HODGE. 22 Questions from Kids on Evolution & Millions of Years

ISBN: Library of Congress Number: Printed in the United States of America

Unless otherwise noted, Scripture quotations are from the New King James Version of the Bible.

ISBN: Library of Congress Number: Cover design by Left Coast Design Cover illustration by Krieg Barrie/World magazine

Please visit our website for other great titles:

Unless otherwise noted, Scripture quotations are from the New King James Version of the Bible.

In today s culture, where evolution and millions of years has infiltrated. Institution Questionnaire. Appendix D. Bodie Hodge

Master Books is a division of the New Leaf Publishing Group, Inc.

First printing: September 2008

Creation/Evolution: Does It Matter What We Believe?

Please consider requesting that a copy of this volume be purchased by your local library system. Printed in the United States of America

Cover design: Brandie Lucas Interior layout: Diane King Editors: Becky Stelzer, Stacia McKeever & Michael Matthews

For ticket and exhibit information, visit creationmuseum.org. complete with misty sea breezes and rumbling seats

Please visit our website for other great titles:

Reading Roundup! Dedicated to Mervyn Ham. First printing: November 2011

Master Books is a division of the New Leaf Publishing Group, Inc.

In six days, or six billion years?

01. A Brightly-Illustrated & Rhyming Account of Scripture

VIDEO-BASED 10-SESSION BIBLE STUDY

Ken Ham with Cindy malott

Unless otherwise noted, Scripture quotations are from the New King James Version of the Bible.

NIV / NAS. Genesis. It All Begins With STUDENT. Petersburg, Kentucky, USA

Six Days. The Age of the Earth and the Decline of the Church. Ken Ham

Did God Use Evolution? Observations From A Scientist Of Faith By Dr. Werner Gitt

The New DVD STUDY GUIDE. Quick answers to 18 of the most-asked questions from The New Answers Book 3

Biblical answers about Genesis and creation. Pastor Craig Savige Victory Faith Centre

ANSWERING PROGRESSIVE CREATION (1) A. (physicist) & several others are involved in presenting a seminar called Lord, I Believe.

Defending Faith Lesson 6: Evolution and Logical Fallacies, Part 2

Faith and Life Series

wrecking crew apologetics a uniquely middle school approach demolishing arguments against Christianity

[MJTM 15 ( )] BOOK REVIEW

Compiled & edited by Ken Ham & Bodie Hodge

THE BOOK. & Jean Lightner

The Seven C s of History

A nswers... with Ken Ham. s tudy guide. Is Genesis relevant today?

LESSON What did Cain and his descendants live for? -They only lived for pleasure, money, and material possessions.

KIDS QUIZZES BIBLE & GAMES. CRYSTAL BOWMAN & TERI McKINLEY FOR

The heart of Gods plan for mankind GOD'S. Edited by Brian Dowler. Published by 21st Century Christian, Inc.

God says He inspired (God-breathed) every single word of the Bible. Peter explains it this way:

Printed in the United States of America. Please visit our website for other great titles:

Department of Religious Studies REL 2011: Introduction to Religion. Class Time: Saturday 9:30 am- 12:15 pm Semester: Spring 2019 Classroom: PC211

The Story of a Kingdom Chapter 1

Printed in the United States of America. Please visit our website for other great titles:

Biblical School of World Evangelism. Milford, Ohio SYLLABUS. Chronological Bible. Spring 2014 BI 106 (Catalog Number) David L.

Teacher Introduction. About ABC MISSION OVERVIEW

Lesson 35 - The Foundation of Faith

Partnering with parents in raising our next generation of Christian leaders

Keeping Your Kids On God s Side - Natasha Crain

507 Advanced Apologetics BEAR VALLEY BIBLE INSTITUTE 3 semester hours Thomas Bart Warren, Instructor

C. Exam #1 comments on difficult spots; if you have questions about this, please let me know. D. Discussion of extra credit opportunities

God s Message in the Old Testament. Bible Study. for Texas TEACHING GUIDE. Dorothy Wilkinson David Wright BAPTISTWAY. Larry Shotwell BAPTISTWAY

God created all things,

FREE SAMPLE. Based on the Best-selling Annual Bible Commentary KJV & NIV Translations Available Follows the ISSL/Uniform Series

Bible Story Puzzles. Grades 1 3. by Linda Standke and Carol Layton. Carson-Dellosa Christian Publishing

Yeshua In The Covenants: Every Sign Foreshadows His Coming

The Great Story Week 01 From Adam to Noah (Genesis 1-10) Bible Study

For ticket and exhibit information, visit creationmuseum.org. complete with misty sea breezes and rumbling seats

TEACHER GUIDE. Includes Student Worksheets. Weekly Lesson Schedule Student Worksheets Quizzes & Tests Answer Keys. 8th 10th Grade

Scripture quotations marked NKJV are taken from the New King James Version. Copyright 1982 by Thomas Nelson. Used by permission. All rights reserved.

Jason Lisle Ultimate Proof Worldview: a network of our most basic beliefs about reality in light of which all observations are interpreted (25)

Essentials. ESSENTIALS The undeniable landscape of Biblical Christianity

Timothy J. Shrimpton

The Prophetic Creation

Keeping Your Kids On God s Side - Natasha Crain

2014 THE BIBLIOGRAPHIA ISSN: Online First: 21 October 2014

Messianic Publishers, LLC

UNDERSTANDING THE BIBLE

Disproving The Gap Theory. The Language of God in History

Printed in the United States of America. Please visit our website for other great titles:

Syllabus BIB120 - Hermeneutics. By Larry Hovey. BIB120 - Hermeneutics Instructor: Larry Hovey Rochester Bible Institute

8. Evangelism/Apologetic/Philosophical/Occult

Creation 1 World view. Creation 2 Science or history?

Bible. History CONCORDIA S. Teacher Book

TEACHER S GUIDE. 3rd Grade

OUR HEAVENLY FATHER. Quiz and Test Packet. Faith and Life Series 1

Weather & Water Teacher Supplement

Genesis 1:26-31; 2:4-7 English Standard Version September 16, 2018

Digging Up the Past. Introduction... 4

WHAT GOOD IS GOOD DOCTRINE? What Good is the Doctrine of Inerrancy?

CTH 5520: Christian Theology for the Kingdom of God (Cleveland) I. Course Description II. Student Learning Outcomes

Shalom! Thank you for downloading lesson one of Yeshua In The Covenants: Every Sign Foreshadows His Coming

DEALING WITH THE ALLEGED CONTRADICTIONS

Truth and reconciliation

Is Right Always Right?

Philosophy of religion

COURSE SYLLABUS. Course Description

Choice And Consequences Text: Genesis 6-9 Series: Genesis [#5] Pastor Lyle L. Wahl October 28, 2018

Can You Believe In God and Evolution?

Old Testament Overview

ST507: Contemporary Theology II: From Theology of Hope to Postmodernism

1 JUDEO CHRISTIAN ORIGIN STORY 650L

Prehistory Unit Test

REL 011: Religions of the World

COURSE: APOL 697 (2/24 2/28) COURSE TITLE: APOLOGETICS AND THE RISE OF SECULAR HUMANISM FACULTY: DR. CHAD THORNHILL GUEST LECTURER: ALEX MCFARLAND

Monday 11:30 AM - 1:00 PM Eastern, or Wednesday 9:45-11:15 AM Eastern

Transcription:

APOLOGETICS 10th 12th grade 1 year 1 credit Weekly Lesson Schedule Student Worksheets Quizzes & Semester Tests Answer Key

First printing: January 2015 Copyright 2015 by Master Books. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations in articles and reviews. For information write: Master Books, P.O. Box 726, Green Forest, AR 72638 Master Books is a division of the New Leaf Publishing Group, Inc. ISBN: 978-0-89051-839-7 Unless otherwise noted, Scripture quotations are from the New King James Version of the Bible. Printed in the United States of America Please visit our website for other great titles: www.masterbooks.net For information regarding author interviews, please contact the publicity department at (870) 438-5288.

Since 1975, Master Books has been providing educational resources based on a biblical worldview to students of all ages. At the heart of these resources is our firm belief in a literal six-day creation, a young earth, the global Flood as revealed in Genesis 1 11, and other vital evidence to help build a critical foundation of scriptural authority for everyone. By equipping students with biblical truths and their key connection to the world of science and history, it is our hope they will be able to defend their faith in a skeptical, fallen world. If the foundations are destroyed, what can the righteous do? Psalm 11:3 NKJV As the largest publisher of creation science materials in the world, Master Books is honored to partner with our authors and educators, including: Ken Ham of Answers in Genesis Dr. John Morris and Dr. Jason Lisle of the Institute for Creation Research Dr. Donald DeYoung and Michael Oard of the Creation Research Society Dr. James Stobaugh, John Hudson Tiner, Rick and Marilyn Boyer, Dr. Tom DeRosa, and so many more! Whether a pre-school learner or a scholar seeking an advanced degree, we offer a wonderful selection of award-winning resources for all ages and educational levels. But sanctify the Lord God in your hearts, and always be ready to give a defense to everyone who asks you a reason for the hope that is in you, with meekness and fear. 1 Peter 3:15 NKJV Permission to Copy Permission is granted for copies of reproducible pages from this text to be made for use within your own homeschooling family activities or for small classrooms of 10 or less students. Material may not be posted online, distributed digitally, or made available as a download. Permission for any other use of the material needs to be made prior to use by email to the publisher at nlp@newleafpress.net. 3

Lessons for a 36-week course! Overview: This Apologetics in Action PLP contains materials for use with How Do We Know the Bible Is True?, Volumes 1 and 2, and Demolishing Supposed Bible Contradictions, Volumes 1 and 2. Materials are organized in the following sections: Study Guide Worksheets Q Quizzes T Semester Tests Answer Key Features: Each suggested weekly schedule has five easy-to-manage lessons which combine reading and worksheets. Worksheets and quizzes are perforated and three-hole punched materials are easy to tear out, hand out, grade, and store. As always, you are encouraged to adjust the schedule and materials as you need to in order to best work within your educational program. Workflow: Students will read the pages in their books and then complete each section of the course materials. Quizzes to demonstrate understanding of the material and critical thinking skills are given at regular intervals with space to record each grade. Younger students may be given the option of taking openbook quizzes. Lesson Scheduling: Space is given for assignment dates. There is flexibility in scheduling. For example, the parent may opt for a M W schedule rather than a M F schedule. Each week listed has five days, but due to vacations the school work week may not be M F. Please adapt the days to your school schedule. As the student completes each assignment, he/she should put an X in the box. Approximately 30 to 45 minutes per lesson, five days a week Includes answer keys for worksheets, quizzes, and semester tests Worksheets for each chapter Quizzes are included to help reinforce learning and provide assessment opportunities Designed for grades 10 to 12 in a oneyear course to earn 1 apologetics credit Suggested labs (if applicable) About the contributors for How Do We Know the Bible Is True?, Vol. 1 & 2 and Demolishing Supposed Bible Contradictions, Volumes 1 and 2: Ken Ham, founder and president of Answers in Genesis, joins with contributors that include Ray Comfort, Bodie Hodge, Tim Chaffey (Th.M. in theology), Dr. Greg Hall (PhD in higher education administration), Steve Ham, Roger Patterson, Larry Pierce, David Wright, Brian H. Edwards, Dr. Ron Rhodes (Th.D. in theology), Dr. Carl J. Broggi (ThM in theology), Tommy Mitchell (BA in cell biology, MD), John MacArthur, Jobe Martin, Dr. Andrew Snelling (PhD in geology), Dr. Jason Lisle (PhD in astrophysics), Dr. Terry Mortenson (MDiv in systemic theology), Dr. Georgia Purdom (PhD in molecular genetics), and other scientists and apologetics scholars in a collection of questions and answers designed to provide fundamental insight and perspectives on topics related to science and religion. 4

Contents Course Description... 5 Suggested Daily Schedule... 6 Worksheets for Demolishing Supposed Bible Contradictions, Vol. 1... 17 Worksheets for How Do We Know the Bible Is True?, Vol. 1... 65 Worksheets for Demolishing Supposed Bible Contradictions, Vol. 2... 99 Worksheets for How Do We Know the Bible Is True?, Vol. 2... 141 Weekly Quizzes... 181 Semester Essays and Tests... 223 Answer Keys... 229 Course Description Unique biblical studies course for students! Are there really contradictions in the Bible, and can it be relied upon for historical accuracy? What is scriptural authority; does it matter? How does a skeptical world impact your view? The Bible is increasingly under attack from every direction. Whether secular scholars or those in the Church try to tie in evolutionary concepts to match origin explanations that are not biblical, the accuracy and relevance of the Bible is at question. This course covers both volumes of How Do We Know the Bible Is True?, as well as Demolishing Supposed Bible Contradictions. Learn important details that can strengthen your confidence in the Bible s inerrant nature. Discover how the Bible proves itself, and the insight you need to strengthen your faith and defend God s Word! Grading Options for This Course It is always the prerogative of a parent/educator to assess student grades however he or she might deem best. The following is only a suggested guideline based on the material presented through this course: 1. Worksheets within the course are worth 100 points each. 2. Practical and review tests within the course are worth 100 points each. 3. A comprehensive exam can be created by a parent/educator by duplicating several quizzes more than once, if desired or required by state law. To calculate the percentage of the worksheets, quizzes, or final, the parent/educator may use the following guide. Divide total number of questions correct (example: 43) by the total number of questions possible (example: 46) to calculate the percentage out of 100 possible. 43/46 = 93 percent correct. The suggested grade values are noted as follows: 90 to 100 percent = A; 80 to 89 percent = B; 70 to 79 percent = C; 60 to 69 percent = D; and 0 to 59 percent = F. 5

First Semester Suggested Daily Schedule Date Day Assignment Due Date Grade First Semester First Quarter Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Day 9 Day 10 Day 11 Day 12 Day 13 Day 14 Day 15 Day 16 Day 17 Day 18 Day 19 Day 20 Foreword Read Pages 9 10 Demolishing Supposed Bible Contradictions; Vol. 1 (DSBC1) Introduction Read Pages 11 12 (DSBC1) Demolishing Supposed Bible Contradictions 1: Intro Worksheet 1 Page 19 Lesson Planner (LP) Introduction Read Pages 13 14 (DSBC1) DSBC 1: Intro Worksheet 2 Page 20 (LP) Introduction (through Contradictions of Inference) Read Pages 15 18 (DSBC1) DSBC 1: Intro Worksheet 3 Page 21 (LP) Introduction Read Pages 18 22 (DSBC1) DSBC 1: Intro Worksheet 4 Page 22 (LP) Genesis: Meat of the Matter Read Pages 25 26 (DSBC1) DSBC 1: Genesis Worksheet 1 Page 23 (LP) Genesis: Time of Death Read Pages 27 29 (DSBC1) DSBC 1: Genesis Worksheet 2 Page 24 (LP) Genesis: Underneath a Solid Sky Read Pages 30 32 (DSBC1) DSBC 1: Genesis Worksheet 3 Page 25 (LP) Genesis: Full of Meaning Read Pages 33 34 (DSBC1) DSBC 1: Genesis Worksheet 4 Page 26 (LP) Weekly Quiz 1 Page 183 (LP) Genesis: My Three Sons Read Pages 35 36 (DSBC1) DSBC 1: Genesis Worksheet 5 Page 27 (LP) Genesis: Location, Location,... Read Pages 37 38 (DSBC1) DSBC 1: Genesis Worksheet 6 Page 28 (LP) Genesis: The Order of Nations Read Pages 39 40 (DSBC1) DSBC 1: Genesis Worksheet 7 Page 29 (LP) Genesis: A Lot of Relationships Read Pages 41 42 (DSBC1) DSBC 1: Genesis Worksheet 8 Page 30 (LP) Weekly Quiz 2 Page 185 (LP) Genesis: Left in the Dust Read Pages 43 45 (DSBC1) DSBC 1: Genesis Worksheet 9 Page 31 (LP) Genesis: Two Creation Accounts Read Pages 46 47 (DSBC1) DSBC 1: Genesis Worksheet 10 Page 32 (LP) Genesis: By the Light of the Moon Read Pages 48 49 (DSBC1) DSBC 1: Genesis Worksheet 11 Page 33 (LP) Exodus-Deuteronomy: A Time to Kill Read Pages 53 55 (DSBC1) DSBC 1: Exodus-Deuteronomy Worksheet 1 Page 34 (LP) Weekly Quiz 3 Page 187 (LP) 6

Apologetic Worksheets for Use with Demolishing Supposed Bible Contradictions Volume 1

Demolishing Supposed Bible Contradictions 1 Introduction Day 2 Introduction Worksheet 1 Name Essay Summary What is the difference between logical and psychological problems? First Semester/First Quarter 19

Demolishing Supposed Bible Contradictions 1 Introduction Day 3 Introduction Worksheet 2 Name Essay Summary What actually constitutes a contradiction? 20 First Semester/First Quarter

Apologetic Worksheets for Use with How Do We Know the Bible is True? Volume 1

How Do We Know the Bible Is True? 1 What Does Biblical Authority have...? Day 58 Introduction Worksheet 1 Name Short Answers 1. As generations began to reject God s Word as reliable and authoritative, they began to consistently build a secular worldview based on moral. 2. Jesus said, Let your light so shine before men, that they may see your and glorify your Father in heaven. 3. The Grand Canyon was the result of the aftereffects of the of Noah s time. 4. The Church could very well become a in America if God s people don t deal with the foundational nature of the problem that has produced the sad situation in the U.K. today. 5. Creating regarding God s Word has greatly undermined biblical authority in society as a whole, even its churches. First Semester/Second Quarter 67

How Do We Know the Bible Is True? 1 How Do We Know the Bible Is True? Day 59 Chapter 1 Worksheet 1 Name Short Answers 1. The Bible teaches that we are to be ready to give an answer to anyone who asks a reason of the that is within us (1 Peter 3:15). 2. The Bible is remarkably -, despite having been written by more than 40 different writers over a time span of about 2,000 years. 3. Since God upholds the entire universe and since He is beyond time, we would expect that laws of apply everywhere in the universe and at all times. 4. The tools of science allow us to describe the, consistent way in which the universe normally behaves. 5. The worldview delineated by the Bible is the only worldview that can make sense of all those things necessary for. 68 First Semester/Second Quarter

Apologetic Worksheets for Use with Demolishing Supposed Bible Contradictions Volume 2

Demolishing Supposed Bible Contradictions 2 Introduction & Planting Confusion Day 91 Intro & Genesis Worksheet 1 Name Essay Summary On what day were plants actually created? Answering your critics and those seeking truth How can you attempt to consistently attack beliefs rather than the people you are debating? Second Semester/Third Quarter 101

Demolishing Supposed Bible Contradictions 2 Eve s Birth Certificate Day 92 Genesis Worksheet 1 Name Essay Summary Was Eve actually created on day 6? Answering your critics and those seeking truth What was the most difficult conversation you have had or heard about in regard to a critic of the Christian faith? 102 Second Semester/Third Quarter

Apologetic Worksheets for Use with How Do We Know the Bible is True? Volume 2

How Do We Know the Bible Is True? 2 Introduction / Why Are Young People Walking Away? Day 141 Intro & Chapter 1 Worksheet 1 Name Short Answers 1. Consider that most kids in Christian homes attend a state school, where they are being taught the religion of humanism 2. Humanism is when man s opinion rules as the ultimate authority rather than. 3. means to give a defense. 4. Many churches have become more like social, while Bible teaching and apologetics are almost extinct. 5. Many walk away from the Church when they are taught the Bible as a book of stories rather than real history. Second Semester/Fourth Quarter 143

How Do We Know the Bible Is True? 2 Harvard, Yale, and Princeton Once Christian? Day 142 Chapter 2 Worksheet 1 Name Short Answers 1. By the end of the 1800s, the anti- concept that earth s history had occurred over millions of years overtook Yale. 2. The ideas of millions of years and evolution came out of the belief that man s opinions are the ultimate standard God and His Word. 3. A study showed that in America the universities fell first in the area of. 4. Naturalism is the man-made idea that there is no and all things proceed the way they always have. 5. The belief permeated universities by the mid-1800s, setting the stage for Darwin s evolutionary model in. 144 Second Semester/Fourth Quarter

Weekly Quizzes

WQ Demolishing Supposed Bible Contradictions 1 Weekly Quiz 1 For use with Intro & Genesis Total score: of 100 Name Short Answers: (25 Points Each Question) 1. The passage doesn t indicate that Abel of the sacrifice, so there is really no reason to assume he did. 2. Adam and Eve s actions on the day they ate the fruit were what gave them the final sentence. 3. Genesis 1 is perfectly worded for what the author wanted to communicate. It says nothing more than God the sky and its constituent elements. 4. The original Hebrew word for replenish in Genesis 1:28 is male. This word simply means and is translated that way in the King James elsewhere. 183

Semester Essay Tests

ST How Do We Know the Bible Is True? 1 Semester Essay 1 Scope: Volume 1 Total score: of 100 Name Essay Question: (100 Points) In 500 to 1,000 words, discuss several of the issues addressed in the first semester and how they can be helpful in answering the questions and concerns of critics. 225

Answer Keys

Demolishing Supposed Bible Contractions 1 Worksheet Answer Keys Introduction Worksheet 1 If the Bible is true, then certainly it is not a problem for an all-powerful God to make the sun go backward, to walk on water, to make a donkey talk, or to raise the dead. These things may seem counterintuitive, but they are not illogical. They are merely a psychological problem for some. These kinds of assertions need no refutation because they are not logical objections, merely psychological opinions. Introduction Worksheet 2 Most alleged biblical contradictions are not even apparent contradictions because there is no necessary conflict between the two propositions. For example, the statements, Jesus is descended from Adam and Jesus is descended from Noah are not contradictory since both are true. A contradiction is a proposition and its negation (symbolically written, A and not A ) at the same time and in the same relationship. Introduction Worksheet 3 In such cases, it is often helpful to consult several different versions of the Bible to see the range of possible interpretations, or to consult a Hebrew/ Greek lexicon. Recall that we should always attempt to honor the intentions of the author, and in many cases this entails a careful study of the word or phrase in question. It would be disingenuous to accuse the Bible of a contradiction in an English translation when there is no contradiction in the original language. Introduction Worksheet 4 This is because the law of non-contradiction is based on the biblical worldview. When the critic accepts that a contradiction cannot possibly be true, he has implicitly presumed that the Bible must be true. Genesis Worksheet 1 The passage doesn t indicate that Abel ate of the sacrifice, so there is really no reason to assume he did. When God sacrificed animals to cover Adam and Eve s sin, there is no indication that they ate either, and since Abel mimicked what God did, then there is no reason to believe that he would have eaten from the sacrifice. Genesis Worksheet 2 Their actions on that day were what gave them the final death sentence it was coming, and they would surely die as a result of their actions. Therefore, the day in Genesis 2:17 was referring to when they ate (disobeyed), and not the day they died. Genesis Worksheet 3 Genesis 1 is perfectly worded for what the author wanted to communicate. It says nothing more than God created the sky and its constituent elements, while remaining completely silent about what those elements were. Genesis Worksheet 4 The original Hebrew word for replenish in Genesis 1:28 is male. This word simply means fill and is translated that way in the King James elsewhere (e.g., Genesis 1:22). So neither the Hebrew word nor the English word chosen by the King James Version translators meant, at that time, refill. The translators choice of replenish may have been meant to convey something akin to fill up (i.e., to make replete [full] ). Genesis Worksheet 5 Noah was 600 when the floodwaters came on the earth, and two years later Shem was 100. Therefore, Shem had to be born to Noah when he was 502. We are not sure of Ham s exact age in Scripture, but he had to be born after Shem. Thus, Genesis 5:32 introduces us to Noah s sons all together when Noah began having them, and other passages give more detail about their birth order and age. Genesis Worksheet 6 There is no contradiction, but merely a situation of renaming new places, rivers, and people with previously used names. Genesis Worksheet 7 Moses merely put the effect before the cause. Genesis 231