Making of thewestern Mind Institute for the Study of Western Civilization Week Two: Israel

The Bronze Age, 3000 BC

Paleolithic Age: 100,000-10,000 BC Neolithic Age: 10,000-3,000 BC Bronze Age: 3,000-500 BC Iron Age: 1,000 - to 0 BC

10,000 BC

Neolithic Revolution From Paleolithic to Neolithic circa 10,000 BC Consensus: gradual evolution from hunter-gatherer to discovery of domestication of plants, animals

Bronze Age, 3000-1000 BC

Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European Language Charioteers

The Bronze Age, 3000 BC

Pontic Caspian steppe region

Indo-European Language distributions at 100 BC

Drawings of Earliest found clay models of wagons. 3500 BC. Hungary

Domestication of Horses, Eurasian Steppe Region, 3700 BC

ARTHUR COTTERELL CHARIOT

SINTASHTA CHARIOT BURIALS DISCOVERED SINCE 1990S

The Sintashta culture (1990s) Widely regarded as the origin of the Indo-Iranian languages. The earliest known chariots have been found in Sintashta burials, and the culture is considered a strong candidate for the origin of the technology, which spread throughout the Old World and played an important role in ancient warfare. Sintashta settlements are also remarkable for the intensity of copper mining and bronze metallurgy carried out there, which is unusual for a steppe culture.

SINTASHTA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE, RUSSIA

The Bronze Age, 3000 BC

The Bronze Age, 3000 BC: Chariots with metal wheels.

The Monteleone Chariot

BY 2000 BC (Time of Abraham) 1.LANGUAGE EVOLUTION 4000-3000 BC 2. THE WHEEL, wagons, animals 3000 BC 3. THE HORSE domesticated by 3700 BC 4. INDO EUROPEANS SPREAD OUT CARRY LANGUAGE WITH THEM 5. CHARIOTS (Bronze Age)

ABRAHAM AND SARAH 2000 BC

WHY IS ABRAHAM IMPORTANT? One God..give up all the other many Gods

God s Covenant with Abraham and his People

WHY IS ABRAHAM IMPORTANT?. One God..give up all the other many Gods 2. END AND HUMAN SACRIFICE

The Age of Heroes 1600-1100 BC The Mycenaean Age Mycenae Settled circa 2000 BC by Indo-European Invaders who settled down.

1200-1100

MOSES AND THE EXODUS (Roselli, Sistine)

The Fall of Troy, 1184 BC The Bronze Age Collapse, The Bronze Age collapse is a transition in the Aegean Region, and the Eastern Mediterranean from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age that historians, such as M. Liverani, S. Richard, Robert Drews, Frank J. Yurco, Amos Nur, Leonard R. Palmer, and others, believe was violent, sudden and culturally disruptive. The palace economy of the Aegean Region and Anatolia which characterised the Late Bronze Age was replaced, after a hiatus, by the isolated village cultures of the Greek Dark Ages.In the first phase of this period, almost every city between Pylos and Gaza was violently destroyed, and often left unoccupied thereafter: examples include Hattusa, Mycenae, and Ugarit.

MOSES AND THE EXODUS (Roselli, Sistine) WAS THE EXODUS PART OF BRONZE AGE COL?

The Island of Delos off the Ionian coast of Asia Minor

THE ANCIENT GREEK RENAISSANCE IN IONIAN GREECE (Asia Minor)

Homer in Smyrna, 800 BC-750 BC

Israel of King David, 1000 BC (1st & 2nd Book of Samuel)

TEL DAN STELE ABRAHAM BIRAN 1993

587 BC, Destruction of Jerusalem

587, Destruction of Jerusalem and the Babylonian Captivity

Alexander the Great, 356-323

Richard Elliott Friedman Prof. of Jewish Studies University of Georgia

Hebrew Bible, The ancient literature of the Jewish people. Composed and edited: 1,000 year period down to late 3rd century BC. History of the relationship between the Jews and their God. REVELATION IN HISTORY Central theme: The COVENANT between God and his special people the Jews. Portrays all the great heroes with unique honesty; good and bad (ex: David)

There were "twenty-four books" since Samuel, Kings etc which we divide into 2 books were one. (now adds up to 33). Most important: the Pentateuch= the 5 scrolls. Five Books of Moses reputed to be written by Moses but now believed to be a compilation (Friedman). Also known as "The Torah" the Law. We now believe the Pentateuch is a compilation of 4 written versions: the "J" Document, the "E" document, the "D(=Deuteronomy) document, and the "P" document (=priestly). The final compilation occured at the time of the exile (time of Jeremiah). Hebrew Bible divided into three sections: 1) The Law (The Pentateuch) 2) the Prophets (Isaiah etc) 3) the Writings (Psalms) Pentateuch in final form by 400 BC, Prophets by 200 BC, Rabbinical Council of Jamnia, 90 AD prompted by Roman destruction of the Temple (Titus) 70 AD fixed the final canonical form of the Hebrew Bible.

Oldest extant edition of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew is the Masoretic (Masorah=tradition) Text finalized in Tiberias in the 9th Century AD. This is still the text that is used today. Masoretic Text and Dead Sea Scrolls. 1947 discovery of Dead Sea Scrolls allowed a test of text This comparison one of most important tests in the ongoing debate about the reliability of the Hebrew and Christian Bibles. The accepted English translation of the Hebrew Bible is that which was prepared by the Jewish Publication Society of America published in 1914. USA & European Bibles used that ed. until the 20th century when new researchers went back to earliest manuscripts. the scrolls provided texts of books of the Old Testament that had been preserved in jars since the time of Christ. Comparison of Dead Sea Scrolls and Masoretic Text? the two texts are almost identical. Dead Sea Scrolls included a whole text of book of Isaiah perfect match.

GREEK BIBLE SEPTUAGINT In the 3rd Century BC in Alexandria at the behest of the Ptolemaic rulers of Egypt, a council was called to produce an acceptable Greek version of the Hebrew Biblical books. The is called the Septuagint Bible for the 70 rabbis and elders who had been called to Alexandria. The Septuagint became the basis for the later Latin Bible (The "Vulgate") produced by Jerome in Bethlehem around 400 AD. Jerome's Vulgate was the basis of all later European Bibles in English or French etc until the 20th century when new researchers went back to earliest Greek manuscripts (Vatican Library and other locations.)

ISRAEL IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE

Gaius Octavius, Augustus 63 BC -14 AD Herod the Great 74 BC - 4 BC

Jesus of Nazareth, 5 BC- 30 AD Augustus 63 BC -14 AD Herod the Great 74 BC - 4 BC

Emperor Titus 39 AD-81 AD Emperor: 79 AD-81 AD

66 AD REBELLION IN JERUSALEM

Titus Directs Conquest of Temple

ARCH OF TITUS THE FORUM ROME

Genesis Chapter 1, King James 1. In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.

2. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.

3. And God said: Let there be light: and there was light. 4. And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness. 5. And God called the light Day. and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day.

GOD CREATES DAY AND NIGHT CREATES DIVISIONS OF TIME CREATES TIME THE CREATION TAKES PLACE IN TIME THE CREATION ITSELF IS BOTH IN TIME AND CREATES TIME

6. And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters. 7. And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: & it was so. 8. And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day.

CREATION LOGICAL STRUCTURED (VS OTHER MID EAST) ACTS STEP BY STEP: LIGHT/SKY/SEEDS CREATURES/ MAN/WOMAN LANGUAGE ECHOES ORDERLY PROCEDURE

9. And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear; and it was so. 10. And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw that it was good. 11. And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon earth: and it was so. 12. And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind: and God saw it was good. 13. And the evening and morning were the third day.

14. And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from night: and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years: 15. And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth: and it was so. 16. And God made two great lights; the greater to rule the day, and the lesser to rule the night; he made stars also. 17. And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon earth. 18. And to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the night from darkness: and God saw that it was good. 19. And the evening and the morning were the fourth day.

15. And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth: and it was so. TIME AND HISTORY RIGHT FROM START CREATION A HISTORICAL STORY 7 DAY STORY CREATION BEGINS TIME IT ALL STARTS NOW NO CYCLES

20. And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven. 21. And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that it was good. 22. And God blessed them saying, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the waters in the seas and let fowl multiply in the earth. 23. And the evening and the morning were the fifth day.

and God saw that it was good. NATURE OF THIS GOD: 1) ALL ALONE NO GOD-FIGHT 2) HIS WORD IS FINAL NO REVERSALS) 3) HE IS TOTALLY FREE ; COULD DO OTHER 4)HE IS "GOOD" SINCE DIDNT HAVE TO (AUGUSTINE)

24. And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so. 25. And God made the beast of the earth after this kind, and the cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good. 26. And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. 27. So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them. 28. And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the fowl of the air and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth. 29. And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of al the earth and every tree in the which is fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you shall be for meat. 30. And to every beast of the earth, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, I have given every green herb for meat: and it was good. 31. And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning was the sixth day.

Chapter 2 1. Thus the heavens and the earth were finished, and all the host of them. 2. And on the seventh day God ended his work which he had made: and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made. 3. And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it: because that in it he had rested from all his work which God created and made.

THE SEVEN DAY WEEK And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it: because that in it he had rested from all his work which God created and made. JEWS AND SEVEN DAY WEEK AND THE SABBATH GENESIS 7 SEVEN DAY WEEK CREATES FRAMEWORK FOR EXPERIENCE CREATION OF WEEK LIBERATES MAN FROM TYRANNY OF SUN FIRST GREAT STEP IN MAN'S LIBERATION, MAN'S FREEDOM MAN-MADE WEEK ALLOWS HOURS HOURS ALLOW MINUTES MINUTES ALLOW SECONDS(= SCIENCE) ALL THIS ORGANIZATION OF TIME IS THE MOST BASIC BUILDING BLOCK FOR ALL WESTERN SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES MOST IMP RESULT OF GEN VISION; WEEK=DIVISIONS OF TIME AND DIV OF TIME ALLOW HISTORY-HISTORY IS THE MOST CHARACTERISTIC HERITAGE TO ALL THE WEST FROM JEWS. HISTORY; GOD'S CREATION ON THE MOVE.

Making of the Western Mind Week Two: Israel Intermission: 15 Minutes Bach, Brandenburg Concerto #4

Making of the Western Mind Week Two: Israel Beginning of Part Two

Cigoli, Abraham and Isaac, oil, Pitti, 1607

Giovanni Lanfranco, 17th C, Abraham and Isaac

Phillippe de la Hire 1640-1718 France

Gregorio Lazzarini 1705