World Civilizations The Global Experience AP Seventh Edition Chapter 22 The Muslim Empires
Figure 22.1 Babur superintending the planting of gardens in India. The rulers of each of the three great Muslim empires of the early modern era were lavish patrons of the arts and splendid architecture.
Chapter Overview I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders II. The Shi'a Challenge of the Safavids III.The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India
TIMELINE 1250 C.E. to 1525 C.E.
TIMELINE 1550 C.E. to 1700 C.E.
The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders Mid-1200s, Mongols defeat Seljuks Ottomans emerge dominant Into Balkans, 14th, 15th centuries Mehmed II 1453, take Constantinople Expansion Middle East, north Africa, Europe Dominate Mediterranean
Map 22.1 The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires For several centuries the three great Muslim empires dominated the central trading and transit zones of Afro-Eurasia.
Map 22.2 The Expansion of the Ottoman Empire Because they were a sea as well as a land power, the Ottomans were able to conquer and rule the lands of the eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea region for half a millennium.
The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders A State Geared to Warfare Military dominant Turkic horsemen become warrior nobility Janissary infantry Conscripted youth from conquered peoples Control artillery and firearms
Figure 22.2 An illuminated French manuscript from the 15th century shows the Ottoman siege of Constantinople in 1453. The Muslim capture of the great eastern bastion of Christian Europe aroused fears throughout the continent, resulting in demands for new Crusades to recapture the city. The advance of the Ottomans in the east also provided impetus to the overseas expansion of nations such as Spain and Portugal on the western coasts of Europe. Both of these Catholic maritime powers saw their efforts to build overseas empires as part of a larger campaign to outflank the Muslim powers and bring areas that they controlled into the Christian camp. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP Seventh Edition
The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders The Sultans and their Court Use factions against each other Vizier Oversees large bureaucracy Succession No clear rules
The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders Constantinople Restored as the Link among Asia and Europe, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea Commercial center Government control of trade, crafts Artisan guilds Turkish prevails as ;amgiage
Figure 22.3 Built in the reign of Suleyman I in the 1550s and designed by the famous architect Sinan, the Suleymaniye mosque is among the largest domed structures in the world, and it is one of the great engineering achievements of Islamic civilization. The pencilthin minarets flanking the great central dome are characteristic of Ottoman architecture, which was quite distinct from its Safavid and Mughal counterparts.
The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders The Problem of Ottoman Decline Strong until late 1600s Decline Extended Infrastructure insufficient Dependent on conquest End of conquest brings deficiencies Regional leaders divert revenue Sultans less dynamic
The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders Military Reverses and the Ottoman Retreat Janissaries Conservative Stop military, technological reform Lepanto, 1571 Defeated by Spain, Venice Turks lose control of eastern Mediterranean
The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders Military Reverses and the Ottoman Retreat Portuguese outflank Middle East trade Sail around Africa into Indian Ocean Victories over Muslim navies Inflation Caused by New World bullion Comes at same time as loss of revenue from control of trade
Figure 22.4 The clash of the galley fleets at Lepanto was one of the greatest sea battles in history. But despite devastating losses, the Ottomans managed to replace most of their fleet and go back on the offensive against their Christian adversaries within a year. Here the epic encounter is pictured in one of the many paintings devoted to it in the decades that followed. The tightly packed battle formations that both sides adopted show the importance of ramming rather than cannon fire in naval combat in the Mediterranean in this era. This pattern was reversed in the Atlantic and the other oceanic zones into which the Europeans had been expanding since the 14th century.
The Shi'a Challenge of the Safavids Safavid family Sufi preachers, mystics Sail al-din Leads revival "Red Heads" 1501, Ismâ'il takes Tabriz Named shah Chaldiran, 1514 Safavids defeated by Ottomans
Map 22.3 The Safavid Empire Surrounded by rival empires and nomadic peoples, Safavid Persia proved less enduring than its two Muslim rivals.
The Shi'a Challenge of the Safavids Politics and War under the Safavid Shahs Tahmasp I Becomes shah Abbas I "the Great" (1587 1629) Height of Ottoman Empire Persians as bureaucrats
The Gunpowder Empires and the Shifting Balance of Global Power Mongols' innovation of gunpowder Spread to Europe and Middle East Military technology contributing to social and political change Defensive fortifications Control over populations Reduced use in China, Japan Nomadic difficulty administering peasants leads to decline in technologies
The Shi'a Challenge of the Safavids State and Religion Adopt Persian after Chaldiran Also Persian court traditions Imams, successors of Ali Shi'ism modified Spreads to entire empire Mullahs
The Shi'a Challenge of the Safavids Commercial Revival, Elite Affluence and the Art of the Mosque Abbas I supports international trade, Islamic culture Building projects Textiles
The Shi'a Challenge of the Safavids The Splendors of Isfahan Safavid capital Mosques, offices, arches Gardens, reflecting pools Bright colors contrast desert climate
Figure 22.5 Occupying one side of the great square of the Safavid capital at Isfahan, the blue-tiled Shah Mosque was one of the architectural gems of the Early Modern era worldwide.
The Shi'a Challenge of the Safavids Society and Gender Roles: Ottoman and Safavid Comparisons Commonalities Warrior aristocracies Move to rural estates after conquest Threat to central power Imperial workshops Artisans patronized
The Shi'a Challenge of the Safavids Society and Gender Roles: Ottoman and Safavid Comparisons Commonalities International trade encouraged Women lose freedom Subordinate to fathers, husbands But still active in trade and some moneylending
The Shi'a Challenge of the Safavids The Rapid Demise of the Safavid Empire Abbas I Removes heirs Weak grandson inherits Decline begins Internecine conflict, outside threats 1772, Isfahan taken by Afghanis Nadir Khan Afshar Shah, 1736
The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India Babur Driven from Afghanistan Invades India, 1526 Turkic Panipat, 1526 Defeats Muslim Lodi dynasty
The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India Babur Khanua, 1527 Defeats Hindu confederation 1530, death Succeeded by Humayn Flees to Persia Mughal rule restored by Humayn by 1556
Map 22.4 The Growth of the Mughal Empire, from Akbar to Aurangzeb Although in its later phase the Mughal empire occupied much of South Asia, the cost of wars of expansion contributed in major ways to its rapid decline from the late 17th century.
The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India Akbar s Religious Syncretism, Hindu Allies, and a Multicultural Empire Akbar Humayn's 13-year-old son Reconciliation with Hindus New religion, Din-i-Ilahi Blend of Islam and Hinduism Toleration
The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India Social Reform and Attempts to Recast Gender Relations Women Position improved Widows encouraged to remarry Child marriages discouraged Sati prohibited Purdah (seclusion) undermined by women's market days
Figure 22.6 This engraving from a late 16thcentury German traveler's account of India shows a European artist's impression of an Indian widow committing sati. Not surprisingly, this practice of burning high-caste widows in some parts of India and among certain social groups on their deceased husbands' funeral pyres often was described at great length by European visitors in this era. There was some disagreement in their accounts as to whether the women went willingly into the fire, as some early authors claimed. Later inquiries in the British period revealed that some of the widows had been drugged and others tied to the funeral pyre. It is likely that many simply caved in to pressure applied by their dead spouse's relatives and at times even their own children.
The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India Mughal Splendor and Early European Contacts Death of Akbar Reforms don't survive Empire strong Cotton textiles to Europe Especially among laboring and middle classes Mughal emperor Aurangzeb
Visualizing the Past Art as a Window into the Past: Paintings and History in Mughal India
Visualizing the Past Art as a Window into the Past: Paintings and History in Mughal India (Padshahnama: Europeans bring gifts to the Shah Jahan. The Royal Collection 2009. Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II.)
The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India Wonders of the Early Modern World: Artistic Achievement in the Mughal Era Jahangir and Shah Jahan, 17th century Continue toleration Less energetic Support arts Taj Mahal
Figure 22.7 Perhaps no single building has come to symbolize Indian civilization more than the Taj Mahal. The grace and elegance of the tomb that Shah Jahan built in his wife's honor provide an enduring source of aesthetic delight. The white marble of the tomb is inlaid with flowers and geometric designs cut from semiprecious stones. The windows of the central chamber, which houses the tombs of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal, are decorated with carved marble screens, which add a sense of lightness and delicacy to the structure.
The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India Court Politics and the Position of Elite and Ordinary Women Nur Jahan Wife of Jahangir Head of powerful faction Mumtaz Mahal Beloved wife of Shah Jahan
The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India Court Politics and the Position of Elite and Ordinary Women Ordinary women Position declines Child marriage Sati spreads among upper classes Other of Akbar's reforms die out
The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India The Beginnings of Imperial Decline Aurangzeb Succeeds Shah Jahan Programs Rule all India Cleanse Islam of Hindu taint
The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India The Beginnings of Imperial Decline Aurangzeb 1707, controls most of India Expensive, distracting Other developments disregarded Revolt Autonomy of local leaders Hindus excluded from high office Non-Muslims taxed Marattas and Sikhs challenge rule