LEADERSHIP REFLECTED BY ROBINSON CRUSOE IN DANIEL DEFOE S ROBINSON CRUSOE JOURNAL ARTICLE Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra (S.S.) BY: Thoriq Hidayat Haryati Sulistyorini ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF HUMANITIES DIAN NUSWANTORO UNIVERSITY SEMARANG 2014
PAGE OF APPROVAL TITLE : LEADERSHIP REFLECTED BY ROBINSON CRUSOE IN DANIEL DEFOE S ROBINSON CRUSOE STUDENT NAME : THORIQ HIDAYAT STUDENT ID : C11.2010.01153 This journal article has been approved by Advisor, English Study Program, Faculty of Humanities, Dian Nuswantoro University on 3 November 2014. Adviser Haryati Sulistyorini, M.Hum.
LEADERSHIP REFLECTED BY ROBINSON CRUSOE IN DANIEL DEFOE S ROBINSON CRUSOE Thoriq Hidayat, Haryati Sulistyorini Dian Nuswantoro University ABSTRACT This thesis is entitled Leadership Reflected by Robinson Crusoe in Daniel Defoe s Robinson Crusoe, has an objective to analyze the leadership which is reflected by Robinson Crusoe. The method used is descriptive qualitative method, to analyze and describe Robinson Crusoe s leadership, while library research method is used to gain any references dealing with the object of analysis. Structural approach is used to analyze structural elements like character, conflict, and setting, while sociological approach is used to analyze and describe problems dealing with the object of study. The result of analysis shows that Robinson Crusoe as the main character is described as a person who is ambitious, lucky, creative, hard worker, and religious. He belongs to round dynamic character since he has more than one specific traits and he also changes from the beginning till the end of the story. Crusoe also experiences internal conflict which leads him into the slavery, feeling lonely, pensive about his condition, imagines if he doesn t has anything, good and bad side, afraid of a footprint of man, and also external conflict against Pirates, Cannibal, Cannibals 2, and Wolves. Setting in this novel is divided into setting of place, Hull City, Port of Sallee, Brazil, Desolate Island, setting of time 1 st September 1651, 1 st September 1659, 19 th December 1686, and setting of social on high social class. Finally, leadership as reflected by Robinson Crusoe is mental and physic reaction, consistence with his establishment, has a great intention to do his job, prepares everything he needs as a leader, and also has a good social interaction. Keywords: Leadership, Robinson Crusoe, Sociological Approach, Structural Approach 1
INTRODUCTION An organization needs a leader which has a role to manage and organize the people he or she leads. A good leader must be able to conduct the organization well besides he or she has to be able to understand what the organization wants. According to Chester Barnard (1938) in his book Organization Theory, Leadership is an ability of a superior to influence the behaviour of subordinates and persuade them to follow a particular course of action. Leadership has close relationship with society and social interaction. A leader in an organization is a part of a society who must be able to interact with people he leads well. To run this smoothly, it s needed a good social interaction to maintain a communication among the leader and society. Kathleen M. Carley (2001) in his book Diffusion Processes and Fertility Transition; Selected Perspectives said, social interactions is a cyclical process that starts with action (what occurs during an interaction), followed by adaptation (what happens to the individual and society as a result of interactions) and motivation (who interacts with whom), and eventually returns to action. It means that in a leadership as a leader is not only needed to run the social interaction well, but he also has to be able to motivate and give an action in every single part of the organization s activities. Defoe s Robinson Crusoe is a novel tells us about leadership which is reflected by Robinson Crusoe as the main character. Here, Crusoe is told as a person who has a great will to choose his life. He chooses himself to be a sailor meanwhile his parents wants him to be a lawyer. He opposed his parents who asked him to work to satisfy his passion about oceans. He stranded all alone in un-inhabit island for 28 years which was changing his lifestyle till he met people who finally he led to escape from the island. Defoe s Robinson Crusoe also gives us a reflection how to be a good leader, whether in a group of society or for ourselves. By reading this novel, we will also get knowledge about how to lead, to manage and to interact with the society surround us. This novel published in 25 April 1719 and had The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, Of York, Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an un-inhabited Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself as an original title. A great leadership story of a sailorman in unstables experiences, cast away in Isolate Island among 28 years and forces him to survive against the habitats. He tries to become the leader that was only leads himself, till led all of his men that he met on the story. He survives and escapes from the island with big treasure. Although, he has a promise for write down his story life in the next book. What is being discussed in this research is a leadership system itself. In other words a person will change depends on the place that he belongs. Someone could become worse or better depends on how they deal with it. Crusoe who is stranded in un-inhabit island which is changing his lifestyle and his mindset thus forced him to take decisions well and quickly so that people who are with him are willing to make him a leader. The researcher will discuss how Robinson Crusoe survives and become a leader for himself and his men based on the story. 2
The researcher examines this problem because the leadership in our society still have unstable problem solving, like the way in decision making. Sometimes we find there is a leader who cannot decide what is to be decided, or what is to be done. This research examines how to be a good leader. Daniel Defoe s Robinson Crusoe gives readers an example relates to the object of the study about leadership. Based on previous explanation, finally the researcher chose Leadership Reflected by Robinson Crusoe in Daniel Defoe s Robinson Crusoe as a title of this thesis. RESEARCH METHOD Data and Subject The data of this study were Daniel Defoe s Novel Robinson Crusoe. Units of Analysis. The researcher focused on the intrinsic elements and extrinsic elements. The intrinsic element includes characters and conflicts, and the extrinsic elements includes sociology especially leadership. Technique of Data Collection and Analysis On getting the data, this thesis needs many materials to strengthen his research. Because of that it takes the data from the library which is library research. Library research is a method of collecting data by reading books and other references, which are related to the topic. This method was used complete the data needed for this research. On conducting the research, the researcher did two steps. First step he reads the novel. On it he got the interesting topic that want to discuss and will be analyzed. The second step, the researcher collected the data by highlighting quotation which is related to the topic from this novel. The researcher applied reading book also, which are related to the topic. The researcher uses the structural approach since the researcher analyzed about the general description of Crusoe and focuses on round and dynamic character, conflict such as internal and external conflict. According to Semi, structural approach is the basic assumption that literary work as a creative work has full autonomy, which has to be seen as a figure, which part from the outside of intrinsic element. Structural approach is the basic assumption that literary work as a creative work has full autonomy, which has to be seen as a figure, which part from the outside of intrinsic element. It is including the general description of the main character and the supporting character then the conflict which the main character had faced. Kenneth Burke (1971) in his book Literature as Equipment for Living said, Sociological Criticism is literary criticism directed to understanding (or placing) literature in its larger social context; it codifies the literary strategies that are employed to represent social constructs through a sociological methodology. 3
Sociological criticism analyzes both how the social functions in literature and how literature works in society. In this thesis sociological approach is used to analyse how Robinson Crusoe s leadership solves his problems and survives him from the wild, and how it connects to the real world. FINDING AND DISCUSSION Finding General Description of Robinson Crusoe as the Main Character Ambitious Crusoe is an ambitious person, because as a good leader, he must has a great ambition to fulfill the goal. Without the ambition, a leader is equal to his men which is only doing the order and doesn t know what exactly the goal he wants. In fact, the leader must knows what exactly his wants for the good to him and a people he leads. A Lucky Person Crusoe brings luck to his side and makes it stays around him. Wherever he goes, he is always lucky even when he shipwrecked in the desolate island by himself. As the leader who needs a lucky factor, because leader creates a strategy for the team and the strategy is going to success if he has a lucky factor Creative Crusoe is creative, since he is a creator that able to make everything by limited tools, and he also does everything by himself. Sometime he uses the mathematic to help him perfect his creature. Crusoe is not only a creator, but also an analyzer. He analyzes the season and compares it to season in the Europe. He divides season per season to prepare himself start planting or hunting. So, Leader must be creative. It makes him find a way in a desperate conditions, he also can uses anything useless around him become a useful thing that help him to prepare a strategy Hard Worker Crusoe is a hard workers, he struggles to the limit of the body when doing something, like a leader who must works hard to reach the goals of the team. Leader must be struggle than his men, because he is the leader, the head of the team. An organization or team will be success if the leader works hard Religious Crusoe is so religious, it seems in every breath he always remembers to God. Religious is out of context of leadership, but a good leader who has a good religion will be able to lead people well. Religious brings the leader to reach the goals on the right way. The leader who has no religion will reach the goals in the wrong way, because there is nothing guide him like religion 4
Robinson Crusoe as Round and Dynamic Character Crusoe belongs to round character because his personality is complex. He is ambitious, lucky, creative, hard worker, and religious which indicate him as a round character. Crusoe belongs to dynamic character because he has any changes at the end of the story. In the first he was a person who studied a law which is ordered by his ancient father. At the end Crusoe didn t become a lawyer, he is a married man and has three children. After his wife passed away and his nephew comes from Spain, he continues his journey to the sea. Internal Conflict Crusoe against himself (becoming a slave) Crusoe captured by the moor and he becomes a slave. Now he is thinking about his father words that said he will become miserable if he goes to sea. He thinks no one can relieve him and this is the worst time in his life. Crusoe is planning to escape from the slavery, but there is nothing to support his plan. He has nobody to communicate with, No fellow slave, no Englishman, Irishman, or Scotchman but himself. For two years He only imagines this plan but never does it Crusoe against himself (feeling lonely) Crusoe has a normal live in Brazil, he has a plantation and makes a great money. But he feels empty. He has nobody to converse with. He feels like a man who cast away in the desolated island himself. Crusoe against himself (pensive about his condition) Someday Crusoe is walking in shore bringing a gun. He was very pensive about his present condition, for he is in the desolate condition. He prays and remembers about the other ship s crew that they didn t survive and he himself lost. He gets mad and pointes to the sea and tells every evil there and it can t be worse. Crusoe against himself (imagines if he doesn t has anything) He says aloud to himself and thanks he has everything he needs. He imagines if he didn t has any gun, ammunition, tools to make anything, clothes, bedding, tent, and any manner of cover. He imagines to life without a gun when his ammunitions was spend, or even when he has no more strength and health anymore. Crusoe against himself (good and bad side) He analyzes himself between bad and good part of him. When his bad part says anything which makes him down, he finds the good part of him which helps him rise again. His bad part says he is cast upon horrible desolate island and void of all recovery, and he is singled out and separated from the world to be miserable, he is also divided from mankind and human society, he has no clothes to cover him, he also has no defense to resist any violence of man or beast, even has no soul to speak and relieve him, when his good says that he is alive and not drowned when all his 5
ship s company was, he is singled out but to be spared by death and that miraculously saved him from the death, even he didn t starve and perishing on a barren place affording no sustenance, he is on the hot climate so if he has clothes he could hardly wear them, he is also cast on the safe island where is no beast there, not like on the coast of Africa and he thank he didn t shipwrecked there, and God sent him ship near him that he gets anything that will supply him even as long as he lives. Crusoe against himself (afraid of a footprint of man) When he saw a footprint on his island he becomes frightened. He didn t sleep cause of his fear, even he is embarrassed with his own frightful though that he imagines himself. He thinks that it is devil join him in that supposition, because he thinks how could human comes into this place. He thinks what marks were there of any other footstep. Then he thinks that is Satan who turns himself to human shape upon him that has no manner to leave the print of foot behind him. He considers that devil tries to terrifying him by this footprint, because he lives quietly in that island. External Conflict Crusoe against Pirates Crusoe prepares to fight the pirates who certainly come up in a few hours. He is crowded with his ship s crew as much canvas as their yard would spread. They fight. Pirates attacked them again and they try to defend themselves. The pirates entered sixty men to their ship who immediately cut and hack the sails and rigging. They cleared their deck twice with small shot, half pies, and powder chests. Crusoe against Cannibals Crusoe knocks the cannibals down with stock of his piece. He was loath to fire because he wouldn t have the rest of cannibal friends hear that. It happen when Crusoe tries to save a man that will be named Friday later. Crusoe against Cannibals 2 Crusoe finds other cannibals landed on his island. So he and Friday manage to take them down. He orders Friday to shot them. For Friday takes his aim better than Crusoe. The result is Friday kills two of them and wounds three more, but Crusoe only kills one and wounds two. The cannibals feel chaos, they who survive jumped and didn t know where exactly they run because they didn t know where their destruction came. At last the result is three of the first shot were killed, the next two killed and two other killed by Friday on the boat. Two wounded finally killed by Friday in the wood, and three other killed by Spaniard. Then four killed of the wound by Friday. But four other escaped in the boat. Crusoe against Wolves In the journey by the land, Crusoe and his men meet the wolves. He ordered his men to take aim at them. But the enemies came like devils behind pushing on those before. 6
At last they kill around sixty of them, and killed many more. The battlefield being cleared, they made forward again because the enemies comes so and so. They heard the howl wolves in the wood several times and saw them fancied. Crusoe never feels the danger like that where he fights above three hundred of roaring wolves and have no shelter to hide. Crusoe promises that he will never cross mountain again, he prefers to go a thousand leagues by sea than cross the mountain again. Setting of Place Hull City The place where Crusoe and his family lived before Crusoe goes to the surprising adventure. His family didn t come from there but foreigner of Bremen. Port of Sallee Sallee is the port belonging to the moors where Crusoe brought there as a slave after losing a fight to pirates Brazil After escaping from the slavery, Crusoe goes to Brazil where he starts his plantation business. Desolate Island After Crusoe leaves Brazil, he gets the shipwrecked and castaway in the desolate Island where all his ship s crew didn t make it. He knows it is a desolate Island when he climbs a hill to look around and found the island is barren and uninhabited because he saw nothing Setting of Time 1 st September 1651 For the first time Crusoe starts his adventure in the 1 st September 1651 where he goes to board a ship leaving his family without any blessing neither family nor God 1 st September 1659 Crusoe leaves His nice life on Brazil to continue his voyage at 1 st September 1659. It is exactly the same as a date where he left his family in Hull city in order to acts the rebel to their authority and to fulfill his stupid interest. 19 th December 1686 Crusoe leaves his miserable island in 19 st December 1686 after twenty-eight years, two months, and nineteen days stay in it. The same date when he escapes from the slavery from Sallee 7
Setting of Social High social class When the first time Crusoe lives in the desolate island, he search on the wrecked and found a carpenter s chest, and he feel that it is more valuable than a shipload of gold. That s why Crusoe feels that he is a man on a high social class since that he has something that more valuable than shipload of gold Crusoe feels that he is wealth. He has a tent as a best place for him where his wealth is lays very secure there After Crusoe leaves the island, he is a master all on a sudden of above five thousand pound sterling money, and has an estate in England. His plantation produces around a thousand pound sterling for a year. And now, Crusoe feel scarce knew to understand, he didn t know how to enjoy his present condition. Discussion Leadership as Reflected by Robinson Crusoe Crusoe is a leader by Transactional Leadership. He is used the behaviorist psychology by giving their men reward or punishment based on how they behaves. The first is Xury when Crusoe asks him to promise to faith or thrown to the sea. Second is the Spaniard that will be brought while they swear first to stand by him and defend him. Third is Crusoe makes a deal with the captain, He wants to help the captain to recovers his ship with two conditions. If it recovers, it should be wholly directed and commanded by him in everything, or the captain would live and die with him in the island. He is a leader by Transformational leadership also where the Captain and the other member call Crusoe as the Governor of the island. He mobilizes Friday and teaches him everything he needs to know until Friday understands everything Crusoe s teach. Crusoe is also has almost Traits and Skills that support his leadership also and help him to escapes of the island, then bring things his men need after He leaves the island. Crusoe is also complete the Adair s Leadership Model where he direct the job through teamwork and support anything his team need, and coordinate them as a team whole, then make the job done Culture In sociology criticism, Culture is the basic of the criticism. It contain complex aspect of sociology includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, behavior, even mental and physic reaction. There are four elements of Culture i.e. Attitudes, Rules Norms Ethical codes Values, Theory of planned behavior, and Institutional Theory. Crusoe s culture shows us that he is good leader. It seems when he doesn t give many choices to the moors. He makes the moors to do his order by decisive way. A leader must decisive to control his men. Crusoe also shames if he goes back home because everybody thinks that Crusoe isn t a wise man for doesn t consistent with his establishment. A leader must has a shame, it makes him to his job perfectly and avoid 8
him makes a mistake which will make him ashamed. From the beginning Crusoe is only satisfied with nothing but going to sea, he has a great intention to do that. Like a leader who must has a great intention to do his job for he will does his job superfine. Crusoe always brings weapon every day. One day he forgets to bring it and he feels in danger. It means that as a good leader, Crusoe must have a good plan for what he will do. Everything must be done must be in a well prepared and a well planned. Social Interaction Social Interaction is a part of the sociology criticism. It is a cyclical process that start with action, followed by adaptation, and motivation, and eventually return to action. Within a represented literary action, characters are themselves perceiving, judging, and manipulating one another Crusoe has a good social interactions, he uses it to complete his leadership skill. Like the first time he meets Friday where Crusoe uses his social interaction skill to makes Friday becomes his slave. After Friday swearing to become slave, Crusoe smiles and encourages him, then Crusoe takes him up. Other example is when he manipulates enemies to stay in his island and not follow him to England. The enemies believe Crusoe and stay at the island where in the next time Crusoe shows his leadership by brings their necessities on the island CONCLUSION The main character of Daniel Defoe s Robinson Crusoe is Robinson Crusoe himself. He is described as a leader who is ambitious, lucky and creative in many ways. His ambition shows up when he wants to go to sea. His inclination leads him strongly against his will and commands of his father and also the comrade who asks him to back home. His luck comes to his side and never leaves him because wherever he goes, he is always lucky for he always finds everyway which makes him survive even when he shipwrecked in the desolate island himself where his creativity supports him to survive. Crusoe also described as a hard worker man and has a good religion. He is struggles to his limit when doing everything and never leaves the God because in every breath he always remembers to God. Crusoe belongs to round and dynamic character for he has complex personality and has changing in the end of the story. His personality can be seen in the paragraph above. In the beginning he is a boy who studies law becomes the sailor who leaves his family after his wife passed away in his old age. As the main character, Crusoe experiences both internal and external conflicts. He experiences a lot of internal conflict which leads them to be a slave. It causes him feeling lonely, feeling pensive about his condition because of the first week in the island. Since he experiences his internal conflict, he also becomes someone who always thanks to all his need for he imagines if he doesn t has anything. Crusoe is also able to analyze himself from good and bad things. Besides that, Crusoe also experience internal conflict which makes him afraid of a footprint of 9
a man in the island. Robinson Crusoe also experiences external conflict against Pirates, Cannibal, Cannibals 2, and Wolves. Setting in this novel is divided into setting of place where he experiences Conflicts and does his activities. First is a place around Hull City where he lives with his family before he goes to sea. Second is Port of Sallee where he is be brought there as a slave. Then Brazil where he starts his plantation there, and the Desolate Island where he stranded there himself. Which setting of Time found are 1 st September 1651 is the date where Crusoe goes to journey at the first time, then 1 st September 1659 when he leaves Brazil where he has a good life, and at 1 st September 1651 when he leaves his island after twenty-eight years. Setting of Social described by Robinson Crusoe is a high class. When the first time he finds a carpenter s chest and feels that it is more valuable than a shipload of gold. He also feels that he is wealth for he puts them securely in the tent. Also after Crusoe left the island and back to Brazil, he finds that his plantation is doing well and sudden he becomes the master of a thousand pound sterling and has an estate in England. Leadership of Crusoe in this novel is described that Crusoe s leadership is mental and physic reaction, consistence with his establishment, has a great intention to do his job, prepares everything he needs as a leader, and also has a good social interaction. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ackerman, Nathan W., M.D. 1958. The Psychodynamics of Family Life USA: Basic Books. Adair, John. 1973. Action Centred Leadership. New York: McGraw-Hill. Barnard, Chester Irving. 1938. Organization Theory. New York: Oxford University. Bennedict, Ruth. 1973. Pattern of Culture. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1973. Bennett, Andrew and Nicholas Royle. 2009. An Introduction to Literature, Criticism and Theory: Pearson/Longman. Boas, Franz. 1911. The mind of primitive man. New York: The Macmillan Company. Brown, A. 1995. Organizational Culture. London: Pitman Burke, Kenneth. 1971. Literature as Equipment for Living. Critical Theory Since Plato. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Carley, Mary. 2001. Diffusion Processes and Fertility Transition; Selected Perspectives. Washington DC: National Academy Press. Endraswara, Suwardi. 2003. Metodologi Penelitian Sastra. Yogyakarta : Pustaka Widyagama. Heifetz, Ronald A. 2009. Leadership Without Easy Answer. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Madden, Frank. 2002. Exploring Fiction. USA: Longman, Inc. Nurgiyantoro, Burhan. 2002. Teori Pengkajian Sastra Fiksi. Yogyakarta : GM University Press. 10
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