The Late Middle Ages Social and Political Breakdown (1300 1453) Sep 10 6:34 AM 1
Black Death, 1348 1350 precursor: overpopulation & malnutrition agricultural improvements increase food supply European population doubles, 1000 1300...outstripping food production 1315 1317: crop failures produce worst famine of Middle Ages Black Death, 1348 1350 2
Bubonic plague ( Black Death ) > followed trade routes from Asia into Europe, > probably via fleas on rates from Black Sea area > popular remedies: relevant medical knowledge absent aromatic amulets temperance & moderation promiscuity & abandon flight & seclusion self flagellation Sep 10 6:34 AM 3
Black Death (cont.) economic consequences dramatic labor shortage climbing wages for laborers & artisans falling agricultural, climbing luxury prices noble landowners hardest hit attempts to freeze wages & force peasants to stay on land peasant revolts cities (artisans) benefit from demand for luxury goods political/social consequences: artisan guilds win some political power kings take advantage of weakened nobility & church BD, cont 4
Hundred Years War (1337 1453) Edward III pays homage to his feudal lord Philip VI of France. Legally, Edward was a vassal of the king of France. nominal cause: English king Edward III s claim on French throne, thwarted by accession of first Valois king, Philip VI (r. 1328 1350) larger cause: English French territorial, commercial, & cultural rivalry French weakness: larger & wealthier, but more internal discord 100 Years War 5
Hundred Years War (cont.) First phase (under Edward III) Flanders allies with England, recognizing Edward as king of France, 1340 English seize Calais, 1346 English rout near Poitiers, 1356; French king John II taken captive 1360 treaty: John II ransomed, English claims in France recognized, Edward renounces claim to French throne Second phase (Treaty of Troyes) English war effort flags due to peasant revolts recommences with English victory at Agincourt, 1415 Duchy of Burgundy joins English Treaty of Troyes, 1420: named English Henry V successor to French Charles VI, but both soon die 100 Years War 6
Third phase (Joan of Arc) French teenage peasant Joan of Arc declares call from God to deliver besieged Orléans from English tired English repulsed, followed by string of French victories Joan captured 1430, tried & burned as heretic at Englishheld Rouen English forced back, conclude war with Calais as only French possession (1453) THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR late 1330s until 1453 English territorial gains up to the sudden and decisive turning of the tide of battle in favor of the French by the forces of Joan of Arc in 1429. A contemporary portrait of Joan of Arc (1412 1431). 100 Years War 7
Hundred Years War (cont.) Summary: 68 years of peace, 44 of war France devastated But national feeling awakened English & French peasants suffer most from taxes & services Sep 10 6:54 AM 8
A contemporary portrait of Joan of Arc (1412 1431). Anonymous, 15th century. Joan of Arc. Franco Flemish miniature. Archives Nationales, Paris, France. Photograph copyright Bridgeman Giraudon/Art Resource, NY Sep 10 6:34 AM 9
Late Medieval Church Papal monarchy established by Pope Innocent III...strengthened the church politically, but weakened it spiritually undermined popular support Innocent s successor s: tightened & centralized church legal proceedings elaborated clerical taxation broadened papal powers of appointment Demise of Hohenstaufen Dynasty (HRE) took away the enemy of church, made it vulnerable... Sep 10 6:35 AM 10
Pope Boniface VIII (r. 1294 1303), depicted here, opposed the taxation of the clergy by the kings of France and England and issued one of the strongest declarations of papal authority over rulers, the bull Unam Sanctam. This statue is in the Museo Civico, Bologna, Italy. Statue of Pope Boniface VIII. Museo Civico, Bologna. Scala/Art Resource, NY Sep 10 6:34 AM 11
Boniface VIII (r. 1294 1303) vs. Philip the Fair (r. 1285 1314) French & English kings raise taxes on clergy; Boniface decrees new taxes need papal consent French king Philip the Fair cuts off flow of money to Rome; Boniface concedes Boniface issues Unam Sanctam (1302), as confrontation with Philip ramps up, asserting subordination of temporal to spiritual power French army assault & molest Boniface, who later dies result: popes never again seriously threaten European rulers Sep 10 6:35 AM 12
Avignon Papacy (1309 1377) Pope Clement V moves papal court here to escape strife of Rome; French dominate the College of Cardinals >to get needed revenue, papal taxes go up, and sale of indulgences begins >Pope John XXII (r. 1316 1334) most powerful Avignon pope Sep 10 6:35 AM 13
John Wycliffe (d. 1384) and John Huss (d. 1415) Lollards: > followers of Wycliffe, English spokesman for rights of royalty against popes >challenged indulgences, papal infallibility, transubstantiation anticipates Protestantism Hussites: followers of Huss, rector of University of Prague similar to Lollards A portrayal of John Huss as he was led to the stake at Constance. After his execution, his bones and ashes were scattered in the Rhine River to prevent his followers from claiming them as relics. This pen and ink drawing is from Ulrich von Richenthal s Chronicle of the Council of Constance (ca. 1450). Sep 10 6:35 AM 14
Great Schism (1378 1417) 1377 Pope Gregory XI brought the papacy back to Rome Urban VI (Italian) and Clement VII (French) rival popes; England & allies support Urban, France & allies support Clement Conciliar Theory: idea that a representative council could regulate actions of pope Council of Pisa (1409 1410): deposed Urban & Clement (who refused to step down), elected Alexander V three contending popes Council of Constance (1414 1417): provides for regular councils every few years Council of Basel (1431 1449): height of conciliar government of church; negotiated directly with heretics (Hussites) Results of conciliar movement: greater religious responsibility to laity & secular governments Sep 10 6:35 AM 15
Justice in the late Middle Ages. Depicted are the most common forms of corporal and capital punishment in Europe in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. At top: burning, hanging, drowning. At center: blinding, quartering, the wheel, cutting of hair (a mark of great shame for a freeman). At bottom: thrashing, decapitation, amputation of hand (for thieves). Herzog August Bibliothek Sep 10 6:34 AM 16
The Delights and Dangers of the Medieval Bath Among commoners in the early European Middle Ages, bathing was rare. The well to do bathed more often, acquiring wooden or metal bathtubs, and treated bathing as an hospitable act. By the twelfth century, sociable public baths existed in many towns and were frequented by both men and women. Although both Church and state tried to keep the baths moral (separate baths for single men and women respectively, mixed bathing only for the married, clear distinctions between bathhouses and whorehouses), the public perception of such baths in the late Middle Ages suggests that promiscuity and adultery were commonplace. That is certainly the conclusion drawn in this Burgundian manuscript, c. 1470, which presents a bath that is said to be fit for a cardinal or a king, who is seen standing at the door. AKG London Ltd. Sep 10 6:34 AM 17
Mongol Rule in Russia (1243 1480) Mongols, or Tatars, sweep through China, Islamic world, & Russia, 13th c. Ghengis Khan (1155 1227) invades Russia, 1223 Russian cities become tribute paying principalities of part of Mongol Empire known as the Golden Horde Russians impressed into Mongol military service, women taken as wives/concubines, some sold into slavery partial Islamization of Russian society 1380: beginning of Mongol decline in Russia; ends 1480 under Ivan the Great Sep 10 6:35 AM 18