CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR IN NOVEL LIFE OF PI PUTU ALDI KRISNA ARSANA 1201305041 ENGLISH DEPARTEMENT FACULTY OF ARTS UDAYANA UNIVERSITY DENPASAR 2016
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Almighty God Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa for giving me power and blessing to finish this paper. And also, I would like to say my thanks to my first and second supervisors: Drs. I Wayan Suardhana, M.Hum and Putu Lirishati Soetama, S.S., M.Hum. for their time, suggestion, and patient during the writing of this paper. My thanks and appreciations are also addressed to Prof. Dr. Ni Luh Sutjiati Baratha as the Dean of Faculty of Arts, Udayana University, I Gusti Ngurah Parthama, S.S., M. Hum. as the head of English Department, Yana Qomarina, S.S., M.Ling as my academic supervisor and all the lecturers that had guided me from the beginning of first semester and all the staff of Faculty of Cultural Science who always help me arranged or collected some documents. I also gave a lot of thanks to my mother Putu Sarini, my father Rudi Sunardi and my brother Setya Andika. They always support and pray for my success in writing this paper. For my best friend Aditya Teja, Ruud Surya Diputra, Dodi Aryawan and Widhyani Dewi Jayanti, Thank you for the advise and spirit. And also for my beloved one Made Yuni Swari, she also supports me during the process of writing this paper. I realize that this paper is far from being perfect. Therefore, I hope there are some suggestions and corrections from the reader to improve my ability in learning conceptual metaphor. I also hope this paper will give benefits to the readers of this paper in understanding conceptual metaphor. Denpasar, April 2016 Putu Aldi Krisna Arsana
ABSTRACT Metaphor is very common in daily conversation. People often used metaphor to give style in their works and to explain something abstract. But, some metaphors are often considered as non metaphor because it is very often used so that it looks like it is literal. Conceptual metaphor concerns in the change of something abstract or concrete into another concept. So, the reader can comprehend the change of the concept or understand some aspects of it or see it as entity or substance. This undergraduate thesis is entitled Conceptual Metaphors in Novel Life of Pi. The problems of study in this writing are identifying the type of conceptual metaphor and the construction of the metaphor found in this novel, and the aims of the study are to identify the type of metaphor and to explain the construction of the metaphor. The data were collected through library research with documentary method by reading and underlining the metaphor or metaphorical expression found in the source novel. The collected data were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively to determine ontological and structural types of conceptual metaphor found in this novel based on the Lakoff and Johnson Conceptual Metaphor theory written in 1980. Furthermore, Pragglejaz method is a method to identify metaphor in a discourse. It is used to identify the construction of the metaphor found in the novel. The metaphorical expression is constructed to figure out the change of the concept in the metaphor. Therefore the data can be identified accordingly. The result of the analysis shows that the types of metaphor which are structural metaphor and ontological metaphor were found and also the construction shows the change of the concept of the metaphor. The ontological metaphor consists of four sub types which are quantifying, referring, personification, and container metaphor. However, the use of the ontological type of metaphor dominated the data found in this novel because it is very common in daily conversation. It is often used to project something abstract in term of something concrete to make it easier to understand its concept. The structural metaphor is limited because it is the most complex type of metaphor. Keywords: Conceptual Metaphor, Structural Metaphor, Ontological Metaphor,
ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS Abbreviations: SIM = Simulation MOD = Modifier REF = Referring P1 = Proposition 1 P2 = Proposition 2 P3 = Proposition 3 LoP = Life of Pi Symbols: Σ = Target domain or source domain. α = Close comparison of source domain. F = Close comparison of target domain. > = Is viewed in term of / become(s)
TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... ii ABSTRACT... iii ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS... v CHAPTER I INRODUCTION... 1 1.1. Background of the Study... 1 1.2. Problems of the Study... 3 1.3. Aims of the Study... 3 1.4. Scopes of Discussion... 4 1.5. Research Methodology... 4 1.5.1 Data Source... 4 1.5.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data... 4 1.5.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data... 5 1.5.4 Method and Technique of Presenting Data Analysis... 6 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE, CONCEPT AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK... 10 2.1. Review of Literature... 10 2.2. Concept... 12 2.2.1. Metaphor... 12 2.2.2. Conceptual Metaphor... 13 2.2.2.1 Ontological Metaphor... 13 2.2.2.2 Structural Metaphor... 14 2.2.3. Pragglejaz Method... 14 2.3. Theoretical Framework... 15 2.3.1. Types of Conceptual Metaphor by Lakoff and Johnson. 15 2.3.1.1 Ontological Metaphor... 16 2.3.1.2.1 Quantifying... 16
2.3.1.2.2 Referring... 17 2.3.1.2.3 Container Metaphor... 17 2.3.1.2.4 Personification... 18 2.3.1.2. Structural Metaphor... 20 2.3.1.3 Metaphor and Cultural Coherence... 23 2.3.2 Construction of Metaphor by Pragglejaz Method... 25 2.3.2.1 The Five Step Method of Pragglejaz... 25 CHAPTER III ANAYSIS OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR... 31 3.1. Biography of Yann Martel... 31 3.2 Synopsis of Life of Pi Novel... 33 3.3. The Analysis of Types of Conceptual Metaphor... 36 3.3.1. Ontological Metaphor... 36 3.3.1.1 Quantifying... 36 3.3.1.2 Referring... 38 3.3.1.3 Container Metaphor... 42 3.3.1.4 Personification... 45 3.3.2. Structural Metaphor... 48 3.4. The Analysis of the Construction of the Metaphor... 51 3.4.1 Ontological Metaphor... 51 3.4.1.1 Quantifying... 52 3.4.1.2 Referring... 58 3.4.1.3 Container Metaphor... 63 3.4.1.4 Personification... 68 3.4.2. Structural Metaphor... 72 CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION... 79 BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX