Does Democratization Imply Islamization?

Does Democratization Imply Islamization? Lessons from Democratic Indonesia, the World s Largest Majority-Muslim Country By Anies Anies Baswedan Baswedan President of Paramadina University Jakarta, Indonesia 2011 FSI- Humani@es Center Int nt l Visitor For Presentation only. Do not cite and circulate

Brief Background Popula@on of + 237 million people. Popula@on aged under 30 is 126 million. Eligible voters (aged 17 & over) is 165 million people. More than 300 ethnic groups, more than 700 spoken languages. Na@onal Language is Bahasa Indonesia. It was agreed & adopted as common language in 1928, 17 years prior to independence. 17,508 islands, about 5,000 of which are inhabited (5 of 10 world s largest islands are in Indonesia) Unitary State with 33 Provinces, 497 Districts/Municipali@es. Democra@za@on and Decentraliza@on Program begin in 1998/1999. General Elec@on (concurrent) to elect member of the House of Representa@ves at three level: na@onal, provincial and district. All serve a 5- year term. Direct presiden@al elec@on begin in 2004 and direct local major/gubernatorial elec@on begin in 2005. All serve a 5- year term. 2

Pancasila Pancasila is the philosophical founda@on of the Indonesian State. It comprises of 5 principles held to be inseparable and interrelated. Pancasila 1. Belief in the one and only God. 2. Just and civilized humanity 3. The unity of Indonesia 4. Democracy guided by the inner wisdom in the unanimity arising out of delibera@ons amongst representa@ves. 5. Social Jus@ce for all of the people of Indonesia

A Na1on to be Watched GDP: $540 Billion (current US$), 1,3 Trillion (PPP) (largest in Southeast Asia) Economic (Market) Promoter of Democracy Food Supply GDP by sector: Agriculture 16,5%; Industry 46,4% and Service 37,1% GDP Growth 6%. Environment (Forest & Biodiversity) Indonesia Global Security GDP per capita $2,050 (Current US$) or $4,300 (PPP) Brain power and Workforce Energy Supply Commodities Supply Size, location, its natural resources, its population, its political development, and its unique history, Indonesia has a potential to play strategic role in the world. It is an emerging player in the global stage 4

Popula@on by Religious Affilia@on Population Place of Worship % Population Ratio* Islam 210,950,000 109,094 88.8% 51.7 Christian 13,540,000 25,877 5.7% 191.1 Catholic 7,130,000 6,355 3.0% 89.1 Hindus 4,040,000 24,441 1.7% 605.0 Buddhist 1,430,000 2,943 0.6% 205.8 Confusius 240,000 150 0.1% 62.5 Others 240,000 50 0.1% 20.8 237,570,000 * Ratio: Number of worship place per 100,000 population for each religious group

Classical View about Muslim in Indonesia For analytical purpose Indonesian Muslim Santri (Devout/ Prac1cing) Abangan (Syncre1st/ non- prac1cing) Tradi1onalist Non- tradi1onalist During the post independent period un@l early 1980s, this classifica@on was powerful to explain paeern of Muslim in Indonesia, especially in Java. Today, the difference between each cluster is less clear. Convergence between these clusters has been taking place.

Poli1cal Milestones 1945 1949 1955 1959 1965 1998 1945-1949: Independence War 1949-1955: State Forma@on / Government Consolida@on 4 6 32 13 Democracy Guided Democracy New Order (Authoritarian) Democracy (post- reform) Pancasila was the only ideology for all. View about Secular State & its relationship with freedom to practice religion. Economic Development Formation of New Middle Class (Muslim, apolitical & modern life style) Islamic Media and Programs Literatures Life Style Muslims Aspirations were accommodated by secular political parties (government s party). Recruitment of previously leaders of Islamic Organization into secular parties.

Transformation of Indonesian Muslim Voters Behavior 1955 1999 2004-2009 Islamic Parties [Masyumi, NU, PSII] Secular- Nationalist [PNI, PKI] Ideological reason (differences in viewing the relationship between the State and Islam) Non-ideological reason Islamist [PBB, PPP, PK] Islam-Inclusive [PAN, PKB] Secular-Inclusive [Golkar] Secular-Exclusive [PDIP, PKPI] Islamist [PBB,PPP, PKS, PBR] Islam-Inclusive [PAN, PKB] Secular-Inclusive [Golkar, PD, Gerindra, Hanura] PDIP PDK PKPB PNBK PDS Parties that have unconditional support toward non-religious based state is the largest block, obviously and the strongest

Transformation of Political Islam in 1955, 1999, 2004 and 2009 Elections

Challenges: Can Islamiza@on of the society lead into Islamiza@on of the State? Can the Islamist - advoca@ng for a Syariah based State- win the support of Indonesian Muslim? Can district laws based on Syariah be the new avenue for Islamiza@on of the State? What is the future of a Pancasila State in Indonesia? What is the future of democracy in Indonesia? Recent communal conflicts of inter- religious groups?

Some Lessons Learned: Experience in the prac@ce of democracy is necessary. Democracy must deliver. Presence of Freedom of Expression. Civil Society has been highly exposed to the new idea of a secular state. Law enforcement must accompany democra@za@on.

Religion- influenced Local Regula@ons Issued Each Year (1999-2007) Source: Understanding Islam in Indoneia, Robert Pringle, 2010

Reasons for Elec@ng Leader at the local Elec@on

Islam, Pancasila and Democracy Agree with the view: (%)

Islam, Pancasila and Democracy Agree with the view: (%)