brief Contributors xix Preface xxi Introduction: Facing Our Neighbors: Introducing Religions of the World Lawrence E. Sullivan 1 Chapter 1 Indigenous Religious Traditions Robin M. Wright 31 Chapter 2 Hinduism Julien Ries 61 Chapter 3 Buddhism Julien Ries 79 Chapter 4 Jainism Andrea R. Jain 95 Chapter 5 Sikhism Nikky G. Kaur Singh and Todd Curcuru 109 Chapter 6 Daoism Lawrence E. Sullivan 129 Chapter 7 Confucianism Yong Huang 143 Chapter 8 Shinto Lawrence E. Sullivan 159 Chapter 9 Judaism Lawrence E. Sullivan 177 Chapter 10 Early Christian Foundations Julien Ries 199 vii
viii religions of the world Chapter 11 Roman Catholicism Julien Ries 217 Chapter 12 Orthodox Christianity Olivier Clemént 235 Chapter 13 Protestant Christianity Lawrence E. Sullivan 249 Chapter 14 Islam Julien Ries 265 Chapter 15 Zoroastrianism Anthony Cerulli 283 Chapter 16 New Religious Movements Marie W. Dallam 305 Glossary 325 Credits?? Index 363
Contributors xix Preface xxi Introduction: Facing Our Neighbors: Introducing Religions of the World Lawrence E. Sullivan 1 Chapter 1 Indigenous Religious Traditions Robin M. Wright 31 Introduction 31 Some Common Elements in Indigenous Religious Traditions 33 We Are From the Forest, Earth, and Air : Universal Knowledge 37 Maintaining Life and Health through Ritual 40 Contact, Displacement, Prophecy: Indigenous Religious Traditions over Time 42 Cosmogony: The Primordial Times of Creation 45 Cosmology: Space, Time, and the Orderly Structures of the Universe 48 Beings and Their Relationships 50 Creating the World and the Day: A Baniwa Account from the Northwest Amazon 56 Study and Discussion Questions 59 ix
x Key Terms 59 For Further Reading 59 Suggested Websites 60 Notes 60 Chapter 2 Hinduism Julien Ries 61 Introduction 61 Modern Hinduism 62 Pre-Vedic Religion 65 The Spread of Hinduism 67 The Veda Praise and Cult of the Gods 67 The Brahmana: Salvation through Sacrifice 68 The Upanishads 70 Yoga and Its Techniques of Salvation 71 Bhakti The Religion of Salvation 73 The Bhagavad Gita The Celestial Song 74 Liberation through the Devotion to Krishna 76 Study and Discussion Questions 77 Key Terms 77 For Further Reading 77 Chapter 3 Buddhism Julien Ries 79 Introduction 79 Buddhism Today 80 The Spread of Buddhism 82 Buddha the Founder 82 Humanity, Action, Rebirth, Nirvana 84 The Buddhist Community and the Noble Path of Awakening 85 From the Buddhism of the Shravaka to Mahayana 87 Buddhism in China 89 Tibetan Buddhism and Lamaism 90
xi Buddhism in Japan 92 The Bodhisattva, Savior and Saved 93 Study and Discussion Questions 94 Key Terms 94 For Further Reading 94 Chapter 4 Jainism Andrea R. Jain 95 Introduction 95 Attaining Enlightenment and Release 96 Renouncing Worldly Ways 97 Early Development 97 Divisions and Migrations 98 Teachings 100 Ascetic Ethic 101 Social Ethic 101 Devotional Ritual 103 Jain Renouncers in the World 104 Deep Meditation: Knowing All Conditions 106 Study and Discussion Questions 106 Key Terms 106 For Further Reading 107 Notes 107 Chapter 5 Sikhism Nikky Guninder-Kaur Singh and Todd Curcuru 109 Introduction 109 Celebrating a New Life Phase 110 Art and Ornamentation 111 History 114 Scripture 119 Doctrine 120 Worship 121
xii Rites of Passage 122 Sikhism in a Global World 123 The Opening of the Guru Granth 125 Study and Discussion Questions 126 Key Terms 126 For Further Reading 126 Suggested Websites 127 Chapter 6 Daoism Lawrence E. Sullivan 129 Introduction 129 Dividing the New Fire: Fen-Deng 130 Renewal and Union: Planting and Eating the Elements 132 Change through Time 133 Dao 134 Lao-zi 136 Oppositions and Phases: Yin/Yang and Wu Xing 137 Qi and Wu Wei: Vital Energy and Pure Effect 137 Life-Cycle Rites 138 Ritual Rhythms of the Year: The Calendar 139 Mindful of Little Things : Dao de jing, Chapter 64 140 Study and Discussion Questions 141 Key Terms 141 For Further Reading 141 Chapter 7 Confucianism Yong Huang 143 Introduction 143 Confucius and Confucianism 144 Transformative Encounters with Other Traditions 147 Rules of Ritual Propriety 148 Heaven: Transcendent, Immanent, and Immanently Transcendent 149 Don t Turn the Other Cheek 150 Love Virtue as You Love Sex 151
xiii Derive an Ought from the Is 153 The Political Is Also Personal 154 Love with Distinction (Ai You Chadeng) 155 Cultivating Learning and Friendship: Excerpts from the Analects of Confucius (author s translation) 156 Study and Discussion Questions 157 Key Terms 157 For Further Reading 157 Chapter 8 Shinto Lawrence E. Sullivan 159 Introduction 159 Growing Up with Shinto 160 Invigorating Life 161 Kami: Powers of Life in the World 163 Early Shinto and Its Buddhist Influence 165 Later Influences and Developments 166 Purification 169 Shrines 170 The Ritual Calendar of Matsuri Festivals 171 Transfer of the Sun Deity at Ise 172 A Ritual Prayer 173 Study and Discussion Questions 174 Key Terms 174 For Further Reading 175 Notes 176 Chapter 9 Judaism Lawrence E. Sullivan 177 Introduction 177 Bar Mitzvah: Becoming Subject to the Commandments 179 Israel, the Holy People of God: Biblical Foundations 181 Diaspora 183 Election: God s Chosen People 184
xiv Sources of the Torah: Law, Teaching, and Observance 187 Authority: Prophet, Priest, Teacher 189 Messianism 190 Mysticisms: Merkabah, Kabbalah, Hasidism 191 The Spectrum of Observance 194 The Shema: A Prayer for All Time 196 Study and Discussion Questions 197 Key Terms 197 For Further Reading 197 Chapter 10 Early Christian Foundations Julien Ries 199 Introduction 199 From Apostolic Paschal Community to the First Christian Communities 201 The Rapid Spread of Christ s Message 202 The Conflict between Pagans and Christians 204 The Enculturization of Christianity in the Hellenistic World 205 Christian Society in the Third Century 206 The Cult of the Emperor and the Persecution of the Christians 207 Christian Thought Facing Gnostics and Manichaeans 209 The Development of Christianity in Society in the Fourth Century 210 Constantine and the Conversion of the Empire 212 The End of the Ancient World 213 Study and Discussion Questions 215 Key Terms 215 For Further Reading 215 Chapter 11 Roman Catholicism Julien Ries 217 Introduction 217 Catholicism Today 219 The Making of a Popular Religion The Conversion of Western Europe 221 The Church and the Challenges of History Christianity between Feudalism and Empire 222 Christ Recapitulates the Creation The Great Centuries of Medieval Christianity 224
xv The Dawn of Christian Humanism The Church and the Challenge of Renaissance 225 Missions, Charity, and Mysticism The Church between Reform and Absolutism 226 Enlightenment, Secularization, and Persecution The Church Confronted by Unbelief and Revolution 227 Thought, Presence, and Action Catholicism and Modern Challenges 229 Light for the Church, Hope for the World Vatican Council II 231 A Catholic Teaching for the Modern World 233 Study and Discussion Questions 234 Key Terms 234 For Further Reading 234 Chapter 12 Orthodox Christianity Olivier Clemént 235 Introduction 235 Orthodox Christianity as the Major Religion: Greece 236 Orthodox Christianity in the Minority: Diaspora, the French Example 237 History as Prophecy, Misfortune, and Fundamentalism 239 Theological Foundations 241 The Church as Mystery and Misery 242 The Liturgy, Heaven on Earth 243 The Icon 244 Monasticism and Hesychasm 245 An Excerpt by Father Sergei Bulgakov about His Conversion 246 Study and Discussion Questions 248 Key Terms 248 For Further Reading 248 Chapter 13 Protestant Christianity Lawrence E. Sullivan 249 Introduction 249 People of the Word: Bible, Preaching, and Song 250 The Changing Face of Protestant Christianity 252 No Other Gods before Me : Luther and Zwingli as Leaders of Reform 252
xvi Declare the Good News : The Mission and Method of Calvin and Wesley 254 Justified by Faith 256 The Priesthood of All Believers 257 The Protestant Principle 258 Faith and Order: Denominations, Polities, and the State 259 Radical Reform Sects: Piety, Apocalypse, and Mystical Experiences 260 Knowledge of God and Knowledge of Self Are Connected 262 Study and Discussion Questions 263 Key Terms 263 For Further Reading 263 Notes 264 Chapter 14 Islam Julien Ries 265 Introduction 265 Islam and Muslims Today 266 The Spread of Islam 268 The Prophet Muhammad and the Foundation of Islam 269 The Conquests and the Expansion of Islam 272 The Qur an, the Sunna, and the Sharia 274 Allah, God the Creator, the Judge, the Dispenser of Recompense 275 The Prophets, Jesus Christ, Muhammad 276 The Five Pillars of Islam 277 Islam: Society and Culture 279 Muslim Mysticism: Sufism 280 Study and Discussion Questions 281 Key Terms 281 For Further Reading 281 Chapter 15 Zoroastrianism Anthony Cerulli 283 Introduction 283 Living according to Truth 286
xvii Cornerstone Texts: Avestas and Gāthās 287 Historical Development 289 Zarathuštra 292 Zoroastrian Pantheon 293 Ritual Practice 294 Parsis 299 A View of Creation and Divinity 300 Study and Discussion Questions 301 Key Terms 301 For Further Reading 301 Notes 302 Chapter 16 New Religious Movements Marie W. Dallam 305 Introduction 305 Bearing Witness to Repentance 307 Reporting on the Children of God 308 Changing Approaches to New Religious Movements 310 Joining and Leaving New Religious Movements 312 Does the Term Brainwashing Explain Anything? 314 Charismatic Leaders 315 Communal Living 318 Violence and New Religious Movements 320 Last Chance before Heaven s Gate 321 Study and Discussion Questions 323 Key Terms 323 For Further Reading 323 Suggested Websites 323 Glossary 325 Credits?? Index 363