SATYA SHODHAK MOVEMENT OF MAHATMA PHULE AND SHAHU INTRODUCTION: MAHARAJ AND IT S IMPACT ON KARNATAKA SYNOPSIS Mahatma Jyotiba Phule was the father of Non-Brahmin Movement in India. He also greatly contributed to the emergence of independent labour, peasant, dalit and women upliftment movements. Thus his movement was against the practice of untouchability, casteism and caste and class based as well as the gender based discriminations, socioeconomic inequalities and injustice etc., By establishing the Satya Shodhaka Samaj in 1873, he gave organizational structure to his movement. His ideology is found in the following works like Gulamgiri, Rayots Wipcord, Jaati Bhed Vivek Saar, Brahmananche Kasab, Satsar (Part 1&2) etc; and has created mass scale awakening among the Shudras and Ati-Shudra non-brahmins. He opened schools to women, Shudra and untouchable communities in Poona and elsewhere. Even launched movement against widow practice and opened widow rehabilitation centres (Ashramas). He also fought to safeguard the interest of the poor peasants and landless labours. His movement was spreaded to entire Western India and Bombay Presidency which included the Bombay Karnataka also. After Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, Non-Brahmin Movement was led by Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj of Kolhapur. He started the branches of Satya Shodhak Samaj in Kolhapur and other areas. Shahu Maharaj opened the Schools and Hostels to the students of Shudra and Ati-Shudra (Untouchable) castes in Kolhapur State. In 1907 he gave 50% reservation in employment to the Shudra and Ati-Shudra castes of Non-Brahmin communities in his state. He also brought social legislations like prohibhition of practice of widowhood, Devadasi system and against other social evil practices like prohibition of practice of untouchability, mahar vatan and etc. Thus, brought revolutionary transformation amoung the Depressed and the Backward Classes. Even, he also encouraged and financial helped to Dr.B.R.Ambedkar to launch the Dalit Movement and to start the Mook Nayak paper. He presided over the Managaon Parishat of Mahars in 1921. Though Kolhapur State was geographically small in size, but Shahu Maharaja s Satya Shodhak Movement and name fame spreaded beyond Kolhapur State i.e.to of entire Maharastra, North Karnataka and South India. The Satya Shodhak Movement of both Jyotiba Phule and Shahu Maharaj influenced the North Karnataka in particularly, the South India in general. There where branches of Satya Shodhak Samaj at Belgaum, Nippani, Dharwad and Hubli. So also Chatrapati Shahu s Non-Brahmin Movement spreaded to Bombay Karnataka. This movement of Shahu Maharaj in fact was continued part of the Satya Shodhak Movement of Mahatma Phule. In 1920 Satya Shodhak Samaj was transformed into a Political movement known as Non-Brahmin Movement. Thus Non-Brahmin Movement led by Shahu Maharaj posed a challenge to the traditional social order and opposed the Brahminical domination and supremacy. The Non-Brahmin leaders of Bombay Karnataka were so much influenced by Shahu Maharaj that, they invited him to Non-Brahmin Conference at Hubli in 1920. Before this Shahu Maharaj invited Bombay Karnataka Non- Brahmin leaders to Kolhapur and gave financial assistance to start the educations organizations like Schools and hostels. Thus, the Satya Shodhak Movement of Mahatma Jyotiba Phule and Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj greately influenced Karnataka, especially Bombay Karnataka, as a result there was a emergence prominent leaders like Sir Siddappa 1
Kambali, Annasaheb Latthe, Panditappa Chikkodi, P G Halakatti, Menasinakai, Siddappa Hosamani and others. These leaders greatly contributed to the cause of Non-Brahmin movement and their communities like Lingayats, Reddy, Jain, Maratha, Muslim, Kurubas and others came to forefront. So there was much awakening among these communities. Thus, they got strengthened and improved themselves educationally, socially and economically. Thus emergence of Non-Brahmin Movement in Bombay Karnataka prepared the background for the spread of Dr.Ambedkar s Dalit and other Movements in later in this region. Objectives and Scope of the Study: 1. The movement against the caste/varna and gender based discriminations, practice of untouchability and etc got long history. The pioneers of this socio-religious transformation movement were like, Buddha, Mahaveera, Charvaka, Ashoka, Sri Basaveshwara, Chokamela, Kabir, Mahatma Phule and Shahu Maharaj. Their movement provided historical background to the present study. Thu to give a brief historical account of the same is the one of objective of the present study. 2. To study and re-appraise the nature and importance of Satya Shodhak Movement of Mahatma Phule and Shahu Maharaj. 3. To study the spread of Satya Shodhak Movement of Mahatma Phule and Shahu Maharaj to Karnataka and its impact on Bombay Karnataka. 4. To highlight the important non-brahmin leaders of Bombay Karnataka and to assess their role in the Non-Brahmin movement. The scope of Satya Shodhak Movement was wide one,which included entire Western and Southern India in general but the present study highlights the events of Bombay Karnataka. The Nature and Method of Study: The historical, analytical and comparative methods are adopted in this study. By survey method sources are collected and then data analysis, classification, interpretation and synthetic operations are done carefully and finally thesis engineering work done with dividing it into seven chapters. To get unrecorded sources of information i.e oral information the interview method is followed in this study. The interview of the eminent scholars and personalities like Dr.Hari Narke, Takkar Bappa, Rudrappa Chikkodi and some others is also included. Sources of the Study and Review of Literature: Both primary and secondary sources are referred and analysed. Primary Sources Trutiya Ratna(1855), Jaati Bhed Vivek Saar(1865), Chhatrapati Shivaji Bhosle Yanche Pawad(1869), Brahmananche Kasab(1869), Gulamgiri(1873), Shetkaranche Asood(1883), Satsar Part 1&2 (1885), Ishaar(1885), Satya Shodhak Samajokta Mangalashtaka Sarva Pooja Vidhi(1887) and Sarvajanika Satya Dharma etc written by Mahatma Jyotiba Phule. Kolhapur Record Office, Shahu Dapter, Huzur orders files etc., Reports on General Administration of Kolhapur State (1893-1922). Maharastra State Archieves, Bombay files No. 56, (1925) 209, 363(5), (1928) 159, 363-(3), (1925),167,363(4),I.(1926),168,63(4),II, (1926), 328 and 363 (1932). Kulkarni leelamrut (book) Shetkaryanche madhur gayan or agriculturists weed songs(booklet) 2
The following News Papers also referred, Bombay Guardian, Deena Bhandhu, Jnanodhay, The jnan prakash, The Poona Observor, The Radical, Rashtra-veera, Vijay Maratha, Deena Mitra, Purogami, Satya Shodhana, Asmita Darshan, Darpana, Dhooma Ketu, Prabhodhaya, Prabharaka, Shubhodha, Vivida jnana Vistara, Economic & Political weekly. At Pune Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Research Centre, Library of Pune University, Mahatma Phulewadi Museum, Government Press and Ghokhale Institute of Political & Social Studies. At Kolhapur Kolhapur Archives, Government Press, Shahu Palace and Shivaji University Library. At Mumbai Maharastra State Archives Department At Dharwad S S Basavanal Library, K U Dharwad and etc., The above Archives, libraries and institutes are visited and concerned source materials are consulted and used for writing the thesis. Secondary Sources: Even the secondary sources like the related works, Books, Thesis, Articles, Dissertations, Reports and etc., are consulted and made use, they are like., 1. Patil, N.A; Growth of Nationalism in Karnataka (1857 1921) unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Karnataka University Dharwad,1968. 2. Avarngirmath,H.D.; Karnataka Ideology -a Study of Political Idea of Karnataka Movement (1906-1956), Ph.D thesis, Karnataka University, Dharwad, 1982 3. Nandulkar R L, Reformist Movement in Belgaum and Shamarao Desai, Ph.D thesis, Shivaji University, Kolhapur-1987 4. Nalawade M.P.; Shahu Chatrapati: A revolutionary(1874-1922),ph.d thesis,shivaji University, Kolhapur 5. P.S.Charanakar,: The Public Works Department under the Chchatrapati Shahu (1884-1922), Ph.D thesis, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 6. Malagaonkar Manohar,: Chatrapati of Kolhapur, Ph.D thesis, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 7. Nalawade Vijay : Keshavrao Jedhe-A Non-Brahmin Nationalist Political Leader, M.Phil dissertation, Shivaji University, Kolhapur-1984 Maharastra State Gazetteer,Bombay Karnataka State Gazetteer,Bangalore Review of Literature: Already various research works have been carried out on Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj, Satya Shodhak Movement and Non-Brahmin Movements of present Maharashtra and South India. The following are important and noteworthy to mention here and review of discussion of the same are carried out successfully in the thesis. A.B. Latthe: Memories of Shahu Chhatrapati,Vol-I and II.,(1924). A.J. Powar: Rajarshi Shahu Chhatrapati Papers(1884-1894),(1978). Belagali D.N.: Panditappanavaru Chikkodi, (1980). 3
Chandrakant Pokale (Kannada Trans.): Rajarushi Shahu Chhatrapati Obba Samajik Krantikari Raj, Maharashtra Itihas Prabodini, Kolhapur, 2010. Charankar, P.S. The Public Works Department under the Chhatrapati Shahu (1884-1922), Ph.D. thesis, Shivaji University Kalhapur. Dashkin Lelah: The Non-Brahmin Movement in Princely Mysore, (1974). Dr. Vilas Sangave: Rajashri Shahu Chhatrapati Papers(1894-1922), (1978). G.P. Deshapande: Selected Writing of Jotirao Phule, (2002). Gail Omvedt: Cultural Revolt in a Colonial Society: the Non Brahmin Movement in Western India (1873-1930). Gail Omvedt: Jotirao Phule and the Idealogy of Social Revalution in India, (2004). Gore, M.S.: Non Brahman Movement in Maharashtra, (1979). K.L Chanchreek: Social Reform Movement and Jhotibha Phule, (2006). Kanbarkar, R.K: Glimpses of Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj, (2009). Kavlekar, K.K.: Non- Brahmin Movement in Southern India (1873-1949,) (1979). Keer Dhananjay: Shahu Chhatrapati:A Royal Revolutionary, (1976). Malagoonkar Manhar,: Chhatrapatis of Kolhapur, Ph.D. Thesis Shivaji University Kolhapur. N.A. Patil,:Growth of Nationalism in Karnataka 1857-1921, Ph.D. thesis, Karnataka University, Dharwad, (1968). Nalawade,M.P., Shahu Chhatrapati ; A Revolutionary (1874-1922), Ph.D. thesis, Shivaji University, Kolhapur. Nandulkar,R.L,:Reformist Movement in Belgaum And Shamrao Desai, Ph.D,thesis,Shivaji University, Kolhapur, (1987). Police Patil, P.A: Political-Sociology of Bombay Karnataka, Ph.D thesis, Karnataka University, Dharwad Powar, J.B: Chhatrapati Shahu s Life, (2010). S.H.Patil: Community Dominance and Political Modernisation: The Lingayats, (2002). Salunkhe P.B and Mali M.G; Chhatrapati Shahu-the Pillar of Social Democracy, (1994). T.L. Joshi: Jotirao Phule, (1996). V.B. Ghuge: Chhatrapati Shahu Socialist, Economic Policies, 1894-1922, (1975). Plan of Study: Chapter-1: Chapter-2: Chapter-3: Chapter-4: Chapter-5: Chapter-6: Chapter-7: Appendix The Plan of Study is as follows; Chapaterisation Introduction Geographical and Historical Background of the Bombay Karnataka. Rise and Growth of Social Reform Movement in India- A Historical Survey The Life of Mahatma Jyotiba Phule and the Satya Samaj Movement. The Life of Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj and the Satya Shodhak Samaj Movement. Influence of Satya Shodhak Samaj Movement on Karnataka. Conclusion 4
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