Do Now: Find your name and your seat DO NOT EAT M&MS (yet) Look over SAQ, we will discuss

Do Now: Find your name and your seat DO NOT EAT M&MS (yet) Look over SAQ, we will discuss

Era of Expansion SAQ a. b. c. Rational child rearing - not too lax or too authoritarian. Everything you do should have a purpose. Less severity in punishing and raising children Education should nurture children s innate qualities and innocence; spread of elementary schools More tender in raising child because children individuals with rights- less restrictive clothing, nursing Let s Look at Unit Calendar a. b. c. Just price : prices have to be fair and can be set by government if necessary because food, especially bread, is a staple in peasant diets. Without fair prices, food cannot be obtained and riots ensue. Colonial products that used to be luxury goods now consumed by all classes because slave labor Tea, sugar, coffee, chocolate Potato high caloric value, not just bread for peasants Consuming these goods social status symbol. Growth in European consumption of goods fueled by colonies as they provide raw materials like cloth and dyes for clothing and growth fashion (mercantilism)

French Revolution 3 Stages

Meeting of Estates General Step 1: Estates summarize their position Step 2: King assembles Estates General for advice to how to solve financial crisis

Order Step 3: Estates share how they want to vote 1st: 2nd: 3rd: Step 4: King shares his ruling on voting reform Source T

Step 5: Severe famine occurs during taxing season Clergy, collect church tithe (take ONE M&M from ONE peasant) Nobles, collect feudal tax dues (take ONE M&M from ONE peasant) Step 5: Third Estate responds to situation

1st Stage: Moderate, Liberal Stage

Third Estate Responds Tennis Court Oath Third Estate adopted title of National Assembly and declared itself representative body of France Majority of clergy joined Third Estate June 20, 1789 Tennis Court Oath, pledging to establish constitutional monarchy

Tennis Court Oath, Jacques-Louis David, 1789 1.Trio represents 3 Estates 2. Wind blows into the Tennis Court, signifying winds of change? Or progress? 4. Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (1748-1836)Revolution, whose revolutionary pamphlet, What is the Third Estate?, arguably did more than any other writing to launch the Revolution. 6. David gives special prominence to Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794), a future leader of the Revolution during its most radical phase 7. Martin d'auch, the lone delegate to the Third Estate who refused to sign the oath..a tribute to freedom of conscience? 9. Allegorical figures: father and his children--personifying people of France. In the lower left an anonymous patriot wearing the liberty cap aids an old man, representing the hopes of past generations being fulfilled.

Storming of Bastille (July 14, 1789) ¼ of Paris unemployed Bread prices so high many left without food Bastille (royal prison) stormed by angry Parisians as literal and symbolic attack on government Goal: get guns

Great Fear (Summer 1789) News of storming Bastille spreads so peasants revolt, burning manor houses and feudal documents Some peasants retake enclosed lands Fear of armies hired by landlords in retaliation and rumor that grain shortage was aristocratic plot to starve people called Great Fear

Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen (Aug. 1789) French version of Declaration of Independence, not a constitution Embodied Ideas of Enlightenment Written by liberals Guaranteed: Freedom of speech, press, religion, property, popular sovereignty Natural rights: liberty, property, security

Revolutionary Women (Oct. 1789) Women s March Financial crisis get worse, unemployment and hunger increases 7,000 women marched 12 miles from Paris to Versailles to demand bread Invaded palace, killed guards, looking for queen King promised bread immediately and to relocate back to Paris Olympe de Gouges Declaration of the Rights of Woman (1791) Argues for women s political equality

England s Response Mary Wollstonecraft - Liberal (natural rights) Edmund Burke - Conservative (inherited rights) Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) Condemned French Revolution s violence and disregard for traditional authority Predicts Reign of Terror France can t go from absolutism to constitutional monarchy (or a republic) so fast A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790) Defend French Revolution and liberalism - people can seize rights quickly vs. gradually A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) First book on liberal feminism women should have rights

Constitution of 1791 (1 of 3 constitutions) Established constitutional monarchy King signed then vetoed key revolutionary decrees Nationalized Catholic Church via Civil Constitution of the Clergy of 1790 Priests elected by voters; oath of allegiance to new government Used property as collateral to back new paper currency assignats Abolished privileges of nobility under ancien regime (feudal tax dues, tax exemptions, church tithes)

King Louis XVI recognizes the National Assembly The Controller-General describes the financial crisis

Causes of French Revolution SAQ A Source 1:Social Causes Rise of bourgeoisie and Enlightenment ideas led to intentional overthrow of Ancien Regime Source 2: Revolution gradually grew more radical because after absolute monarchy overthrown, different people try to fill power vacuum Source 3: $$$ Cumulative debts: War of Austrian Succession through Seven Years War, American Revolution B Source 1: Source B Source C Source E Source I Source M Source L Source U Source T Source V Source U Source X Source 3: Source D Source F Source H Source J Source K Source N Source Q and R Source S C Ancient Regime Source O Source P Source W Different people with different priorities: Peasants want food Bourgeoisie wants abolishment of Ancient Regime National Assembly want to end constitutional monarchy Growing minority want republic So question is who will win out in absence of absolute monarchy (especially when monarchs executed)

Updates 1. Progress Reports: 5 more grades before break 2. Toy Drive 3. Unit 1 Review @ 8:00AM Wednesday email me with questions or topics you want reviewed 4. HW

Liberal Phase of French Revolution (1789-1791) Dominant Class Bourgeoisie Goals Constitutional Monarchy Liberal Reform Abolition of Privilege (ancien regime) Influencers John Locke (Liberalism) Montesquieu (Constitutionalism) Governing Bodies National Assembly Legislative Assembly

Declaration of Rights of Woman A Rational argument: in natural world male and females are equal, humans are the exception 15. Rational argument for equality using economics 17. Locke s natural rights (property) B Rational argument that in natural word male and females are equal, humans are the exception 15. Rational argument for equality using economics C See below

2nd Stage: Radical Stage

France Becomes a Republic A new, more radical government called National Convention elected in September 1792 creating first French Republic (2 of 3 constitutions) Reforms: abolished slavery, primogeniture (inheritance of land to first son), almost all became landowners Threats Domestic: opposition mounted in rural areas such as Vendee region, southwest of Paris Foreign: Everyone against France Solution: Established Committee of Public Safety

National Convention (Sept. 1792) The National Convention established 1792 as Year One of the Republic and created a new calendar with new months, weeks, and days

Okay France, Now Let s Get In Formation Step 4: Robespierre announces a revolutionary plan (1, 2, 3) Step 5: The National Assembly tries the king

Execution of Louis XVI Royal family attempted to flee France (again) but caught and forced back to Paris Incriminating docs showed king negotiating to restore his authority Legislative Assembly (April - August) convict Louis XVI of treason, sentenced to guillotine in January 1793 Marie Antoinette executed in October 1793

Radicalization of Revolution Political Clubs Middle class business and professional men meeting to debate politics (like Enlightenment salons) The Jacobins Most famous and most radical political club whose rallying cry was Liberty, Equality, Fraternity Maximillen Robespierre was Jacobins leader

Jacobins and Women Jacobins suppressed women s role in politics Olympe de Gouges executed for sedition

Sans Culottes Represent the masses, working class Radicalizing force in French Revolution

Reign of Terror (1793-1794) Foreign Threats: National Convention, led by Jacobins, called for drastic measures to save France from enemies of the nation (Britain and Prussia) By 1795, France defeated united European armies Levee en masse (draft of ~1 million soldiers) Domestic Threats: As head of Committee of Public Safety, Robespierre (Step 6) set up courts responsible only to him which tried citizens for treason against the revolution ~20,000 Frenchmen guillotined July 1794: Robespierre guillotined

Charlotte Corday Jean-Paul Marat Jacobin fanatic Editor of newspaper Friend of the People in which he published lists of enemies of the people which were hit lists Corday assassinated Marat in 1793 At trial I ve killed one man to save a hundred thousand Not seen as hero until 19th century

Death of Marat, Jacques Louis David, 1793 Marat is shown holding his murderess s (Charlotte Corday) letter

Memorial to Marat Open wound is reference to Christ, specifically his crucifixion wounds David using revolutionary martyrs to replace the saints/martyrs of Catholicism (which had been outlawed)

Charlotte Corday as Hero Charlotte Corday, Paul Jacques Aimé Baudry

Neoclassicism Return to Renaissance Classical art as a reaction against Rococo and the Revolution Art of the Enlightenment Themes: Rationality and seriousness Embodied revolutionary ideals, especially the idea of republic

Jacques-Louis David s Oath of the Horatii 1784 Oil on canvas (Louvre)

The Intervention of the Sabine Women (1799) Mars Disarmed by Venus and the Three Graces (1824)

Summary of 2nd Stage After execution of Louis XVI, radical Jacobin republic led by Robespierre responded to opposition at home and war abroad by instituting a Reign of Terror, fixing prices and wages, pursuing a policy of de-christianization Revolutionary armies raised by mass conscription sought to bring the changes initiated in France to the rest of Europe Dominant Groups Jacobins, Sans Culottes Goals Egalitarinism Nationalism Cheap Bread Influencers Rousseau (General Will) Governing Bodies National Convention Committee on Public Safety

3rd Stage: Conservative Stage (reactionary)

Thermidorian Reaction and Constitution of 1795 Thermidor 9 (July 27, 1794): new calendar and measures of time 5 man Directory runs France as conservative reaction to Reign of Terror The Constitution of the Year III (Constitution of 1795): bicameral parliament, executive authority exercised by 5 Directors (3 out of 3 constitutions) Great difficulty with France s severe financial crisis inflation, serious food shortages Rely on army, led by Napoleon, for support