Chapter 22: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections Chapter 23: The Transformation of Europe 1. Why didn't powerful countries like China, India, and Japan take a concerted interest in exploring? In your answer consider financial, societal, and geographic factors. 2. Discuss the implications of the Columbian exchange. What crops and animals were being shipped back and forth? Was there a negative side to this exchange? What would be the long-term consequences? 3. What factors contributed to the dramatic economic growth and the ensuing population growth of Russia in the eighteenth century? 4. Examine the early Portuguese exploration and dominance in trade. What made this dominance possible? Why didn't their early advantage last? 5. What is it about the western Europeans that might explain this period of exploration? Why didn't this exploration happen earlier or elsewhere? 6. Explore the differing approaches to exploration, trade, and colonization of the western European nations. What might explain these differences? How would these different approaches influence the areas being explored and colonized? 7. What role has disease played in world history up through and including the period of the Columbian exchange? Be sure to consider the bubonic plague in China and Europe as well as the smallpox epidemics that struck the Americas. 1
8. Discuss the developments and differences between constitutional states and absolute monarchies. Which of these governmental forms would have the greatest long-term influence? 9. Examine the wars in early modern Europe. What caused most of these conflicts? What were the results of these confrontations? Who won and who lost? 10. Examine the European witch-hunts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. What factors led to this movement? What were the results? Why are they significant? 11. What were the foundations of the Enlightenment? Could there be a disadvantage to the Enlightenment emphasis on reason? What, if anything, was missing from this new intellectual universe? 12. What are some of the social changes that resulted from the growth of capitalism? What groups would have been most threatened by or resistant to these changes? 13. Examine the career of Martin Luther. What were the foundations of his Reformation? What legacy did he leave Europe? Why did earlier reformers not have the same impact? 14. Examine the rise of capitalist thought and practice. What factors led to this rise? 2
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1. Which of the following was NOT one of the main inspirations for European exploration? a. the desire to conquer China and India b. the search for basic resources c. the desire to establish new trade routes to Asian markets d. the desire to spread Christianity 2. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the European interest in finding a maritime trade route? a. that the spread of the bubonic plague made the silk roads more dangerous b. that Mongol domination had caused trade along the silk roads to stop c. the high prices charged by Muslim merchants d. the demand in Europe for items such as Indian pepper and Chinese ginger 3. In their attempt to control the spice trade in the Indian Ocean, the Europeans during the period between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries a. achieved a monopoly. b. used an alliance with southern Indian princes to achieve success. c. were never able to displace the Chinese monopoly. d. met with limited success because of a lack of personnel. 4. The Portuguese dominance of trade was dependent on their ability to a. force the native populations to convert to Christianity. b. form alliances with Chinese princes to take advantage of the large Chinese navy. c. force merchant ships to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties. d. conquer territories and bring them permanently into their growing empire. 5. In the end, Portugal was unable to maintain its early domination of trade because a. it was a small country with a small population. b. a Chinese resurgence of naval exploration forced the Portuguese out. c. a late outbreak of the bubonic plague in the seventeenth century killed half the country's population. d. the Portuguese tired of the expenses of naval exploration and focused on their European land empire. 6. In the long term, the Columbian exchange a. brought a lasting decline in population because of the ravages of diseases such as smallpox. b. had very little influence on world population figures. c. led to economic instability because of a glut of Chinese silver. d. increased world population because of the spread of new food crops. 7. From 1500 to 1800, the largest contingent of migrants consisted of a. enslaved Africans. b. Hindu Indians fleeing religious persecution. c. northern Europeans seeking economic opportunity in the Americas. d. Chinese peasant families fleeing recurring outbreaks of disease. 8. The reconquista came to an end in 1492 when a. Constantinople fell to Islamic forces. b. Jerusalem was recaptured by European forces as part of the seventh crusade. c. the Muslim kingdom of Granada fell to Spanish Catholic forces. d. the silk roads were overrun by Mongol forces. 9. Under Spanish rule of the Philippines, the native population a. was allowed to follow their own religious traditions. b. converted almost exclusively to Islam. c. followed a classical European north-south Protestant-Catholic geographic split. d. was pressured to convert to Roman Catholicism. 9
10. The Catholic church dramatically pushed the sale of indulgences in the sixteenth century because of the a. need to match the resurgence of the Byzantine empire. b. need to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter's basilica. c. need for Henry VIII to pay off the national debt. d. expense associated with translating original Greek classics. 11. Henry VIII's reformation in England a. was based on the ideas of the Anabaptists. b. was much more politically driven than Luther's reformation. c. made far more profound changes in theology than Luther's reformation did. d. ignored Luther and instead pushed for change within Catholic guidelines. 12. The event that inspired Henry VIII to confront the pope was a. Henry's desire to gain a divorce. b. Henry's desire to unify all of Europe for a new round of crusades. c. Henry's belief that the pope was secretly backing the French in the latest war. d. a new English translation of the Bible. 13. Which one of the following was NOT one of the pillars of the Catholic Reformation? a. the philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas b. the Council of Trent c. the religious fervor of the Renaissance popes d. the efforts of St. Ignatius Loyola 14. The explosion of witch-hunting in the sixteenth century was most probably caused by a. a dramatic increase in the practice of demonology. b. the publication of Copernicus's theories. c. the conquest of Spain by Islamic forces. d. tensions between Catholics and Protestants. 15. By 1800, the population of Europe had risen to a. 81 million. b. 80 million. c. 240 million. d. 310 million. e. 350 million. 16. The first great philosophical proponent of capitalism was a. Adam Smith. b. Montesquieu. c. Isaac Newton. d. Francis Bacon. 17. Most Enlightenment philosophers believed a. in a geocentric universe. b. in the notion of progress. c. in a very active God who played a constant role in human affairs. d. that the world would end soon. 18. The most important consequence of the Peace of Westphalia was in a. laying the foundation for English control of most of the world. b. combining the Spanish and French thrones. c. promoting the notion that the European nations viewed each other as sovereign and equal. d. ending the carnage of the Seven Years' War. 10