By the sword and the compass, more and more and more and more. I and my companions suffer from a disease of the heart which can be cured only by gold. Spain was in search of the 3 G s... God, Gold and Glory
In 1519 Cortes led an expedition to the Yucatan peninsula Needed a labor source to work the mines in Cuba Wanted to investigate the rumors of a wealthy empire His conquistadors had superior military technology Crossbows, swords, guns and canons Montezuma, Aztec leader failed to stop the Spanish Cortes recruited the enemies of the Aztec to band against the mighty empire Montezuma was concerned that Cortes was a deity- Quetzalcoatl 1519 Cortes organizes an attack and makes it into the city of Tenochtitlan
Larger then any European city Used canoes to traverse throughout Large double pyramids Priests with blood matted hair Statues of their gods Display of skulls Places for human sacrifice Spanish were amazed at the technology displayed by the Aztecs
Cortes and his men gained access to the city because Montezuma saw it was useless to fight against Spanish technology After entering the city Cortes will decide to take Montezuma prisoner- Montezuma did not resist realizing this was futile. Cortes demanded and received large quantities of gold The priests, angered at their loss of power, organized an attack against the Spanish in 1520. This will lead to... The death of Montezuma Terrible loss of life, 4,000 Aztecs and 450 Spanish Noche Trieste- The Sad Night Spanish try to sneak out of the city
In 1521 Cortes will return to attack Tenochtitlan but after the smallpox virus has already raged through the people In 1521 Cortes captures Tenochtitlan and claims it and its wealth for Spain Cortes orders a new city to be built over Tenochtitlan- It will be named Mexico and become the capital of the colony New Spain
Hidalgos were low ranking nobles. They will build the society of the America s. Encomienda System: Make the land profitable Pass a portion of the profit onto the governor Protect the Natives Convert the Natives to Christianity Many married the Natives and created a large population of Mestizos Council of the Indies Advisors to the King Watch over the colonies and manage local affairs Establish a court system, Audiencia Create Viceroyalties as leaders in America
Explored and named what is today Florida Was actually looking for the Fountain of Youth- a myth told by the natives in the Caribbean He was driven from Florida by the local natives First European on what is present day USA
Spanish build St. Augustine as the French get closer Built in 1565 First permanent European settlement in what was known as USA While the Spanish and French are watching each other the English begin to colonize
Failure to find gold or wealth slowed settlement 1598 first settlers migrate north of the Rio Grande Spanish built Presidios- forts to protect settlers and serve as trading posts- El Camino Real Catholic Church became the primary force of settlement by building missions Colonization slowly increases and eventually it reaches what is today California New Mexico
The priests and friars took different approaches to converting the natives in their areas. In California: Natives were forced to live in villages near the missions In New Mexico: The priests initially adapted their efforts to fit into the lifestyle of the Pueblo natives As the priests tried to change some of the Pueblo religious practices the natives were beaten and whipped This will lead to the uprising led by Pope` in 1680 17,000 warriors destroyed most of the missions in New Mexico killing hundreds of Spainards Took the Spanish 10 years to regain control of region Bartolome` de Las Casas: God will wreak His fury...
King Phillip vs. Queen Elizabeth Catholic vs. Protestant England needs bases in the Caribbean King Phillip is very angry with Queen Elizabeth because of the Privateers and the stealing of Spanish gold! King Phillip decides to do away with Queen Elizabeth and Protestantism once and for all. He commissioned the building of the mighty Spanish Armada Protestant Wind and Privateers in 1588 Spain entered a downward spiral that they would never recover
Section 2
Established initially by English Merchants in search of new markets for their goods and a profit from the colony Decide to establish a colony in America To get people to move there they offer free land after seven years of work for the colony- Indentured Servants 1607 the first English will arrive in Virginia, named after the Virgin Queen, Elizabeth. They name their colony Jamestown in honor of King James
Discovered the Outer banks of what is today North Carolina Knighted by Queen Elizabeth I 1585 Settles Roanokesettlers return home as life was too hard 1587 he attempts to do it again. He returns home and is caught up in the war with Spain Returns in 1590 and colony is gone- Lost Colony
1606 King James I grants a charter to establish a colony in Virginia December 1606, 3 ships set sail for the New World Colonists land and name the James River Name their settlement Jamestown 13 Col
They choose a poor location Most settlers were towns people Could not (would not) fish, hunt or farm Upper class refused to do manual labor Constant arguing and bickering By the end of 1608 there were only 53 colonists still alive If not for two men the colony would have collapsed and all would have died
Former Captain in the army Began trading with the Native Americans Made it so all had to work if they wished to eat Established discipline that saved the remaining colonists
Openly traded with the settlers Showed them how to farm and what crops to grow Taught them to hunt the woods Fed the settlers during the winter Father of Pocahontas
Daughter of Powhatan Lore has it that she saved Capt. John Smith s life Was often an envoy between the natives and the colonists of Jamestown Will marry John Rolfe who is responsible for bringing a tobacco that Europe wanted to Jamestown
Colonists first start stealing from the natives Natives attack the colonists Capt. John Smith has left for England, he has a wound that needs better attention No leadership leads to desperation in the colony Winter of 1609-10 is known as the starving time In the spring there are only 60 settlers left Leave Jamestown to settle other towns along the James River John Rolfe saves the colony with a blended form of tobacco
To get more settlers to move to Jamestown the Virginia Company introduced some major new reforms. Right to elect their own assembly that would propose laws Elected Representatives were called Burgesses The Assembly was called the House of Burgesses The establishment of the Headright System 50 acres of free land for those that paid their passage to America 50 more acres for every passage purchased for someone over 15 years of age 50 more acres for each passage purchased for servants
By 1622 there were more than 4,500 settlers in Virginia First slaves came to the region in 1619 Increase in population scared the natives They attack and kill over 350 settlers King takes over as a Royal colony
Most were poor tenant farmers of England Sell their labor for a chance at land Colonists would pay their passage in exchange, usually 4-7 years Owner must provide food, shelter and clothing Impact of Headrights System
The first legislature anywhere in the English colonies in America was in Virginia. This was the House of Burgesses, and it first met on July 30, 1619, at a church in Jamestown. Allowed for a representative form of government in the new colonies We could get use to this!
Uneven distribution of wealth will lead to rebellion 13 Col
Sir William Berkeley and Nathaniel Bacon are cousins Berkeley controlled the legislative assembly He exempted himself and his friends from paying taxes Ruled that voting rights were for landowners only Established peaceful relations with the natives of the region Indentured Servants that wanted to claim their land had to move inland The native Americans were being encroached upon. Planter Elite did not want the natives angered 1675 war erupted between Backcountry Farmers and the Susqushannock Governor Berkeley would not sanction any further action
Nathaniel Bacon was a well to do planter that had just bought a large tract of land on the edge of the frontier He will organize a militia and attack the Natives As a result he becomes very popular Gov. Berkeley wanted to calm the situation so he tried to get Bacon on his side by overturning previously established laws relinquishing him and his friends from paying taxes and allowing all free men to vote This did not work, Bacon, after defeating the Natives will turn his militia on Jamestown
July 1676 Bacon returns to Jamestown and seizes power Gov. Berkeley will flee the community and war breaks out between him and Bacon In October of 1676 Bacon dies in the swamp from fever and the rebellion dies down The Planter Elite will decide to reduce their dependence on Indentured servants and increase their slave holdings
With slavery there will be no need for land for the Indentured to gain There will be no need to retrain workers England gets into the Slave trade with the Royal African Company The colony of Pennsylvania was allowing anyone to own land
Section 3
Development of the Anglican Church In 1527 he wants an annulment Pope hesitates and this angers the King He breaks with the church and forms the Church of England Very similar to the Catholic practices
A split takes place in England between those that wanted to maintain Catholic traditions and those that wanted to purify the church of catholic practices Heavily influenced by John Calvin... The leadership of the church should be in the hands of the congregation
1603 No changes will be made to the Anglican Church Many of the puritans are willing to leave England First seek refuge in Netherlands Eventually they will make their way to America
They were Separatists, they wanted a complete break from the Anglican Church Viewed by the King as a challenge to his authority- he will therefore persecute them One group fled to Holland and became known as Pilgrims Unhappy in Holland in 1617 they decide to immigrate to America 1620 they join others from England and set sail for Virginia- they have a land charter
They will be blown off course- suppose to land in Virginia Arrive in Plymouth- had previously been mapped by Capt. John Smith Set to work on board writing the Mayflower Compact Once off the boat they immediately got to work building their community
Plaque swept through leaving only 50 survivors Native American Squanto helped them survive Where and how to set their corn Where to fish How to get other food from the land Negotiated a peace treaty between Pilgrims and Wampanoag One year later they have a three day celebration to honor the blessings that had been bestowed on them The basis of our present Thanksgiving holiday
Under the leadership of John Winthrop the elders wanted to establish a representative form of government No other religions other than Puritan Passage of strict laws Harsh punishments for offenders Banned/Banishment of Heretics
In 1635 he is ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for preaching against the Puritan beliefs He was a staunch separatist He bought land south of MBC and founded Providence N.E.
Banished from MBC for heresy Settles what became Portsmouth Later Newport and Warwick will join Portsmouth and Providence to form Rhode Island Religious Tolerance Government had no authority in religious matters
Believed all men should be allowed to vote, not just church members the foundation of authority is in the consent of the governed. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut the first written constitution of the colonies N.E.
New Hampshire Captain John Mason Fishing and Fur trade Massachusetts will challenge the land grants and lose Very profitable colony because of trade Maine Sir Fernando Gorges His family will eventually sell their rights to the land back to Massachusetts and it will stay a part of their colony until 1820.
Two Massachusetts traders were killed by the Pequot A war will break out between the Pequot and the settlers Under the leadership of Capt. John Mason the Pequot are close to wiped out Eventually the government will re-settle the Pequot survivors near Mystic River
Will become the bloodiest war in New England history to that point Metacom, Chief of the Wampanoag Metacom is preparing for a war he feels is inevitable It all starts with a hanging...
Spring of 1675 Plymouth colonists capture, take to court and execute by hanging three Wampanoag warriors The executions set off a retaliation by young Wampanoag warriors attacking isolated homesteads, looting and burning Became a civil war among the Native Americans Native American allies to the colonials teach them guerilla tactics August of 1676, Metacom is killed. The war is over 1,000 English colonists and 3,000 Indians died Most Native Americans leave New England as a result
Section 4
After breaking the bonds of colonialism from Spain the Dutch start making a lot of money Their location in Europe is ideal! They start shipping all across the globe and got involved in the slave trade They hire explorers to make land claims for them Henry Hudson- North America Also had land claims in South Africa, Asia and the Pacific 1614 they start the colony New Netherland Bought Manhattan Island for $24.00 Allowed for a VERY diverse culture Focused economically on the fur trade Had problems with the Natives
Hudson River was named in his honor Dutch will seize New Sweden (Delaware) by force Swedish brought over the log cabin He will die at sea as his crew mutinied and left him and his son adrift
King Charles II wanted to unite the Southern and New England colonies New Netherlands was in the way- it was a wedge between the New England and Southern colonies 1664 his brother the Duke of York sailed three war ships into the harbor and demanded its surrender The colonists convince the governor to surrender to the English
The Duke of York will give land to George Carteret and Lord Berkley they will settle what became New Jersey Both were advisors and friends to the King Very good land because of access to the sea and New York as well
Land will be granted to William Penn His father loaned the King money and as a repayment he asked for a land grant He wanted to practice his religion- Quakers The colony will become a Holy Experiment Established good relations with the Natives
William Penn felt the Natives were treated unfairly throughout the colonies Treaty between him and the Lenni Lanape created 70 years of peace Capital, Philadelphia will be built on land ceded by the natives City of Brotherly Love
The three lower counties will make up what became Delaware Originally settled by the Swedish Taken by the Dutch Then claimed by England M
Had been a well respected member of Parliament Converted to Catholicism Ends his political career King Charles I grants him land northeast of Virginia Established as a haven for persecuted Catholics 13 Col
13 Col
North Carolina was slow to develop because of not having an easily accessible port North Carolina was mostly inhabited by farmers moving down from Virginia Tobacco and Deer skins were the primary money makers
Very accessible harbor in Charles Town, today (Charleston) A variety of crops/goods will come from here Deer skin for leather Indigo Rice Native American Slaves Henry Laurens (1742-1792) Laurens was one of the wealthiest rice planters and slave dealers in colonial South Carolina
1720 Asked King George II to allow him to settle land that became Georgia primarily with debtors in prison There would be no alcohol or slaves allowed Many different groups came to Georgia 1740 s lifted restrictions