NORTH AFRICA & SOUTHWEST ASIA
Setting the Boundaries North of Sub-Saharan Africa From Atlantic Ocean to Afghanistan/Pakistan Region defined by Climate Culture Petroleum
SW Asia = The Middle East Crossroads Europe Asia Africa Known for Religion Oil
Environment Eurasian Plate Arabian Plate African Plate
Environment Seas
Environment Climate
Environment Desert Sahara Desert North Africa Record Temp = 136 F Arabian Desert Peninsula
Sahara Environment Sand Dunes 15% Rocky Desert 85% Xerophytic Vegetation Dry-adapting Spaced far apart
Environment Water Most deficient in N Africa & SW Asia
Areas with Water Mediterranean Climate Rainy Winter Mediterranean coast above 32 N
Water Mountains Atlas Mtns Yemen Highlands Taurus Mtns Zagros Mtns
Mountains Atlas Mountains 13,000 Morocco
Water Exotic Rivers Nile Tigris Euphrates
Water Irrigation Rivers Nile Tigris & Euphrates Oases Groundwater
Oasis Morocco
Water vs. Population
Population 1. Egypt 80 mln 2. Iran 75 mln 3. Turkey 75 mln
Big Cities 15+ Million Cairo, Egypt 10+ Million Tehran, Iran Istanbul, Turkey 5+ Million Baghdad, Iraq Algiers, Algeria Alexandria, Egypt
Rural Settlement Pastoral Nomadism Camels & Tents Irrigated Agriculture Exotic Rivers Nile River Valley Mesopotamia Tigris & Euphrates Oases Damascus, Syria
Culture Hearths (Origins) Agriculture Domestication of Wheat & Barley 10,000 years ago Fertile Crescent Mesopotamia Israel Fig. 8-3: The Fertile Crescent was the site of early city-states and a succession of ancient empires.
Culture Hearths (Origins) Cities Trade Centers Mesopotamia 3500 BCE Egypt Nile 3000 BCE
Origin for 3 Religions Judaism Abraham Christianity Jesus Christ Islam Muhammad Born ~ 600 CE Makkah (Mecca)
Diffusion of Islam Islam Religion spread by Military Conquests Caravan Traders Most of SW Asia & N Africa by 750 CE Turkey by 1100 CE
Religions Islam 90+%... Sunni Muslims Most Countries Shiite Muslims Iran, Iraq
Languages Arabic South of Taurus & Zagros Mtns
ARABIC HEBREW Israel
Languages Mountainous North Turkish Farsi (Persian)
Turkish
Colonialism & Borders Basis for Countries Today
Colonialism France The Magreb Morocco Algeria Tunisia The Levant Eastern Mediterranean Syria Lebanon (coast)
Colonialism France Algiers, Algeria Capital Independent 1962
Colonialism Britain North Africa Egypt & Sudan Ottoman Empire Palestine Trans-Jordan Mesopotamia Kuwait Arabian Peninsula Aden & Oman
Palestine (Britain) British Mandate 1922-1948 Zionism Law of Return Jews immigrated after 1922 Both Jews & Muslims believe Palestine is theirs Promised Land for Jews Arabs lived there 700-1900s CE Conflict over ownership
Partition of Palestine 1947 UN plan Divide Palestine Jewish state ( Israel ) Arab state ( Palestine ) Not accepted by Arabs
Birth of Israel Israel attacked by surrounding Arab countries Arabs lost Territory expanded Territory later returned Gaza Egypt West Bank Jordan 1956 War
Israel 1967 War Israel won & occupied Golan Heights Syria Water Source Gaza Strip Egypt West Bank Jordan Biblical Sites Old Jerusalem
Old Jerusalem Jewish Capital Solomon s Temple Destroyed twice West Wall remains Dome of the Rock Holy for Muslims Muhammad rose
West Bank Self Rule? Local Control Palestinians Increased violence Jewish Settlements Security Wall
West Bank Settlements Jewish areas Nice new houses Palestinian areas Old homes Poor Services
Iraq & Ethnicity Iraq Population Shiite Arab 60% Southeast Sunni Arab 20% West Sunni Kurd 17% North
Samarra Shiite Shrine Located in Sunni Iraq Bombed 2008 Being rebuilt by both Sunni & Shiites
Population Total Pop. ~ 60% Urban
Population Social Fertility Rate (Family Size) = 3.0
Population Fertility Fertility (Average # Children for each Women) Replacement = 2.1 World = 2.5 USA = 2.0 N Africa & SW Asia = 3.0 Highest 5.5 Yemen Lowest in 1.8 Iran
Economic Development Income (GNI) per person World range $47,000 USA $ 2,000 Sub-Saharan Africa Highest $100,000 Qatar(estimate) $ 27,000 Israel $ 23,000 Saudi Arabia
Economic Development Income (GNI) per person World range $47,000 USA $ 2,000 Sub-Saharan Africa Middle $14,000 Turkey $11,000 Iran Poor $ 5,000 Egypt $ 2,000 Yemen
Economic Development Oil 2/3 of World s Reserves 21% Saudi Arabia
Economic Development Natural Gas Reserves 40+% Persian Gulf 15+% Iran & Qatar
Oil City-States Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 1972 1984
Oil City-States Dubai, United Arab Emirates 1991 2005
Dubai, UAE Burj Khalifa Tallest Building in World Finished 2010 2,717
Burj Khalifa Formerly Burj Dubai 1,000 taller than next 2 x Empire State Building
Hub of Middle East Dubai, UAE A Global City Finance Travel Shopping Leisure More Tolerant
Dubai, UAE A Global City Mall of the Emirates Indoor Skiing
Economic Development Diversified Developed Economies Israel High-Tech Industries Entrepreneurial
Egypt Largest Population ARAB Country Early Ancient Civilization 3000 BCE Giza
Egypt Water & People Nile River Water Supply Floods Fertile Silts deposited 95% of Population... River & Delta
Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser Benefits: Hydropower Water Control Year-round Irrigation More Crops Negatives: Silt trapped Artificial fertilizer Mediterranean sea fishing
Egypt Economy 40% are in Poverty Live on < $2 per day Agriculture Small Farms Cotton Rice Corn Wheat
Egypt Economy Industry Textiles Services Tourism Shipping
Egypt Trade Crossing Suez Canal Built 1860s British/French 1956 Tolls
Egypt Cities Cairo Capital Largest City 15+ mlnpop.
Egypt Cities Alexandria Originally Greek #2 Pop. City Seaport
Iran Origins Named after Aryans (Nomadic Herders) Persian Empire 1 st large Empire
Iran Ancient Religion Zoroastrian Religion ~ 1000 BCE Monotheistic Fighting Evil with Good Thoughts, Words, Deeds Influenced Christianity & Islam Final Judgment, Heaven & Hell Virgin Birth of Savior, Resurrection Tolerant & Just Rulers
Iran Persia Cyrus the Great Tolerance & Equality Banned Slavery Ended 334 BCE Alexander the Great Invaded from Macedonia
Iran Persia Reunited 700 years later Persian civilization advanced Science Architecture Music Art Literature
Iran Invasions Annexed by Arabs 7 th century Persians became Muslim Persians advised Arab Kings Persia did not Arabize Kept own culture Farsi language Adopted Arabic script Qom Shiite
Iran Invasions On Silk Road Trade Route Between China & Mediterranean Genghis Khan invaded 13 th century Persia destroyed 90% of population died
Iran Modern History Shah Pavlavi 1925-1979 Monarchy Modernization = Westernization Secularization Islam suppressed Gap grew between Rich & Poor
Iran Modern History 1978-79 Revolution University student demonstrations Populist Nationalist ShiaIslamic Islamic Republic Theocracy Mullahs Supreme Leader
Iran Today 2/3 of Pop. born since 1979 Revolution More now educated, including women Not all Persian 51% Persian 24% Azeri Mousavi 7% Kurd 3% Arab 15% others
Iran Environment Mountains Zagros Mtns Southwest Elburz Mtns North Iran Plateau Eurasian Plate Dry (No Pop.) Arabian Plate
Iran Tehran So. slope of Elburz Mtns 4,000 Capital 10+ mln
Turkey Strategic Location Black Sea & Mediterranean Sea Dardanelles Bosporus Istanbul
Turkey Spans 2 Continents
Turkey Istanbul Previously named Byzantium (Greek) Constantinople (Roman) Center for Christianity until 1400s
Turkey Ottoman Empire 1400s-1920s Islamic
Modern Turkey Muslim Population Secular Government since 1920s Ataturk Military Now Islamic Party
Turkey Ankara Capital since 1920s Central Location On Anatolian Plateau Steppe Good Soil Agriculture +++
Turkey Economy Diversified Economy Agriculture Cotton& Tobacco Wheat & Fruits Textiles & Chemicals Tourism Financial Center Istanbul
Turkey Integration? Wants to join European Union Europe or Asia? Muslim