1 Origins and meaning Key concepts Creation ex nihilo means creation out of nothing. Before God created the universe, nothing existed. Only God can create out of nothing. Omnipotence is the belief that God is all powerful. Catholic beliefs about the origin of the universe and the concept of creation Catholic beliefs about creation l Christians refer to the act of God bringing the universe into being as creation. Nothing existed before God created it. l Only God creates, because he is omnipotent or all powerful. l This idea of creating out of nothing is called in Latin, creation ex nihilo. l This belief can be found in the Bible. It can also be found in the writing of St Augustine. Source of wisdom and authority You, O Lord [ ] made something in the beginning, which is of yourself, in your wisdom, which is born of your own substance, and you created this thing out of nothing. You created heaven and earth but you did not make them of your own substance. If you had done so, they would have been equal to your only-begotten Son, and therefore to yourself, and justice could in no way admit that what was not of your own substance should be equal to you. (St Augustine, Confessions xii, 7) Activity Read the extract from St Augustine. What does it tell us about God and his role in creation? How does this agree with Genesis? Differing Christian attitudes to the creation story The story of creation was written thousands of years before modern science existed. Christians understand the story in different ways, depending on whether they interpret the Bible text literally or nonliterally. Some Christians take a fundamentalist approach. They believe that the account of creation as it appears in the Bible is an accurate account of what happened this belief is known as creationism. They believe that the creation of the world and everything in it took place in six calendar days, exactly as the book of Genesis says. This stems from the view that the Bible is the inspired word of God, which is never mistaken. WJEC Eduqas GCSE: Religious Studies Route B 1
Theme 1 Origins and meaning Some Christians think that the creation story is not meant to be taken literally. Some try to harmonise the scientific and biblical accounts, claiming that each day of the creation story is actually billions of years. Catholics read the stories of creation in a symbolic way, believing that they reveal some important things about the nature of the world and humanity. Although the two accounts of creation in Genesis have different details, they share the same truths. Jewish belief In Jewish belief, God is the creator and source of all life. Each week Jews celebrate the Sabbath, recalling that God made the world in six days and rested on the seventh. Jews share the two stories of creation with Christians as these stories are in Genesis, which is also the first book of the Torah, the Jewish holy book. Some Orthodox Jews believe these stories are true accounts. They were revealed to Moses by God. Others, like Reform Jews, think that the creation accounts are stories which shouldn t be taken as historical facts. Some Orthodox Jews have difficulties accepting modern scientific ideas. They reject evolution and the Big Bang theory. Others believe that God started the universe through the Big Bang and has guided the creation of life through evolution. They still have faith in God as a sustainer and provider. 1 What is meant by creation ex nihilo? 2 What is a creationist? 3 Explain how creationists and Catholics differ in their ideas about the creation of the world. 4 Explain the similarities and differences between Jewish and Catholic. 2 answers at www.hoddereducation.co.uk/myrevisionnotes
The origin of the universe The big bang theory l The branch of science which studies the origins of the universe is called cosmology. l The current scientific thinking about the creation of the world is that it was caused by the big bang. l This claims that all matter was originally concentrated into a tiny point which, as a result of a massive explosion in space 13.7 billion years ago, expanded into the universe and is still expanding today. l This explosion, or big bang, caused particles and atoms to be formed. This led to the formation of stars and planets. l This theory has led some people, such as Stephen Hawking, to doubt the existence of God completely, saying that we can explain how the world without the need for a creator God. l Powerful telescopes can detect evidence of background radiation which is thought to be left over from the initial expansion at the start of the universe. 1 Origins and meaning The Catholic view of the big bang theory l Catholics are happy to accept the big bang, as this theory supports their belief that God created the universe out of nothing. l Many Christians accept the scientific explanations, but say that we must understand Genesis symbolically, not as a scientific explanation of the beginning of the world, but as a theological statement about the world s relationship to God. l In fact, the big bang theory was put forward by a Catholic priest, Father Georges Lemaitre. l Science explains how the universe came about and Genesis explains why the universe began. Is there a conflict between science and religion? Many people think that science and religion are in conflict over the origins of the universe. This is not the case. There is only a problem if a person chooses to interpret the Bible literally. For creationists they are very critical of scientific ideas because they appear to contradict the truth that God has formed all life through his own power. Even if the scientific view is correct in saying that the universe began with a big bang, have they really solved the question of where does the universe come from? It is reasonable to ask what caused the big bang. Christians would argue that this is God. 1 What is the Big Bang? 2 Explain Catholic views on the Big Bang. 3 Explain why a creationist might have a problem with the Big Bang theory. WJEC Eduqas GCSE: Religious Studies Route B 3
Theme 1 Origins and meaning The theory of evolution and Catholic beliefs about creation Key concept Evolution is the process of mutation and natural selection which leads to changes in species over time to suit particular environments. Scientific theories of evolution l According to science, life came about as a result of a process known as evolution. l This idea was proposed by Charles Darwin. l This is the idea that organisms gradually change and develop into new species by a process known as natural selection. l Certain characteristics help animals to survive. As they breed and pass these traits on over generations, it leads to new species developing. l This is a process which takes millions of years to come about. l The theory of evolution is supported by fossil record, which reveals that a large number of species have died out. l DNA research shows that there are many similarities between species. 4 Richard Dawkins l A modern supporter of this view is Richard Dawkins. l Dawkins is an atheist and believes evolution does away with the need for God and the belief that humans have souls. l Dawkins argues that each living organism s body is just a survival machine for its genes and does not serve any other purpose. l Humans are just a genetic mutation and are just advanced animals. The Catholic view of evolution l Some Christians do not accept the theory of evolution; they see it as an attack on their faith, especially if they read the Bible literally. l Catholics do not interpret the Bible literally. Genesis needs to be understood symbolically. l Pope John Paul II restated the view of pope Pius XII that there is no conf lict between evolution and the teaching of the Christian faith. l What is important to Catholics is not whether God chose to create through the process of evolution over many millions of years, but that in Genesis, God created with purpose (purposeful creation) and so everything that exists is part of His loving plan. l This is what is important for Catholics to understand; not how it happened but why it happened. The Pope s message sees no conflict between evolution and Catholic belief: 1 In a few sentences, explain what evolution means. 2 What scientific evidence supports the theory of evolution? 3 Describe Catholic attitudes to evolution. 4 Explain how Richard Dawkins views challenge Catholic beliefs. answers at www.hoddereducation.co.uk/myrevisionnotes Source of wisdom and authority In his encyclical Humani generis (1950), my predecessor Pius XII has already affirmed that there is no conflict between evolution and the doctrine of the faith regarding man and his vocation [ ] Taking into account the scientific research of the era, and also the proper requirements of theology, the encyclical Humani generis treated the doctrine of evolutionism as a serious hypothesis, worthy of investigation and serious study. (Pope John Paul II s message to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences: on evolution, 22 October 1996, paragraphs 3 4)
Catholic views on the origin and sanctity of human life Sanctity of life l Most people, religious or not, would accept that human life is special and should be cared for. l Catholics believe each person is unique because God made them. l The creation of humans was unlike the rest of creation because they were made in a unique way and in the image of God. The Latin term for in the image of God is imago Dei. l The Catholic Church teaches that all human life is sacred and that everyone has a right to life which should be protected and valued at every stage. Saint Catherine of Siena the image of God (imago Dei) The above source contains a conversation between a soul and God. The her she refers to is the soul. The soul is made in the image of God. Key concept Imago Dei means in the image of God. It means that the belief that human beings are uniquely a reflection of God s personhood. Unlike the other animals, human beings are rational, free and moral. St Catherine had a deep faith. She spent her life with outcasts and sinners showing them that they were created and loved by God. She has two important messages from her writing: l Humans come from God in the same way that children come from their parents or your reflection in the mirror shows you: Her dignity is that of her creation, seeing that she is in the image of God. l Love God creates out of love. The fact that humans are made with dignity and in God s image shows how much he loves them. You are taken with love for her, for by love indeed you created her. Source of wisdom and authority Her dignity is that of her creation, seeing that she is the image of God, and this has been given her by grace, and not as her due. In that same mirror of the goodness of God, the soul knows her own indignity, which is the consequence of her own fault. What made you establish man in so great a dignity? Certainly the incalculable love by which you have looked on your creature in yourself! You are taken with love for her; for by love indeed you created her, by love you have given her a being capable of tasting your eternal Good. (St Catherine of Siena, specifically The Dialogue of St Catherine of Siena, A treatise of discretion ) 1 Origins and meaning Jewish beliefs about the sanctity of life For Jews, God is creator, he alone gives and takes life. Genesis (the first book of the Torah) teaches that humans are created in the image of God (Genesis 1: 26 27) and life is precious. In the Tenakh there are references to a relationship with God even before birth (Psalm 139) and Jeremiah (1). The Ten Commandments, believed to have been given to Moses, also forbids the taking of a life. 1 What is the meaning of imago Dei? 2 Explain what St Catherine of Siena s writings say about the idea of imago Dei. 3 Explain whether Jewish beliefs about the sanctity of life are similar to Catholic beliefs. WJEC Eduqas GCSE: Religious Studies Route B 5
Theme 1 Origins and meaning The abortion debate Abortion is the deliberate ending of a pregnancy. Different views on abortion Abortion has been widely debated since it was legalised in Britain in 1967. Those against abortion think it is morally unacceptable to kill unborn babies. Others argue if a baby is going to be born with a severe illness or disability it would be kinder to permit an abortion. A key question in the debate is, when does a person become a person? Some argue from the moment of conception. Therefore, terminating a pregnancy is the same as murder. Others would argue a person only begins when they are first aware of their own existence or when independent life is possible. Therefore, terminating a foetus is not the same as murder. The debate splits broadly into two camps: The Catholic Church and abortion l The Catholic Church is against abortion in all circumstances. l Catholics believe human life is sacred. l The Catholic Church teaches that life begins at conception. l It is God who gives life at this moment and it is the start of a human being s relationship with God. l Abortion is therefore seen as murder, a great moral evil, which is against one of the Ten Commandments: Do not murder. l The foetus has a right to life and termination is a great moral evil. l Instead of having an abortion the Church would encourage those in this situation to give a child up for adoption. l If a mother s life is in danger during the pregnancy (for example ectopic pregnancy) then action to save the life of the mother even if it threatens or destroys the life of the unborn child is acceptable. The intention is to save the mother, the effect on the child is a side effect. This is known as the Principle of Double Effect. Pro-life The idea that abortion is always wrong and every human (including embryos) has a right to life. Pro-choice The idea that a woman should be able to choose what happens to her own body. This includes choosing to end a pregnancy. Other Christian views on abortion There is no single view on abortion in Christianity. Some fundamentalist Christians think abortion is never acceptable. Most Christians agree that it is not a good thing, but sometimes it is the lesser of two evils. Some situations where abortion might be the best course of action are: l If the pregnancy is the result of rape, an abortion might be the best option for the quality of life of the woman. l If continuing the pregnancy might be dangerous to the woman s physical or mental health, then abortion should be allowed. l if the child is likely to be severely disabled and so effect its quality of life. 6 1 Explain the Catholic approach to abortion. 2 Explain why some Christians think abortion is the lesser of two evils. 3 Explain the difference between pro-life and pro-choice. answers at www.hoddereducation.co.uk/myrevisionnotes
Humanist views on abortion There is not one single humanist view on abortion. Humanists value happiness and personal choice. In making a decision they would look at the evidence, consequences and rights and wishes of everyone involved. Life is not sacred but is worthy of the highest respect. Generally, they would take a pro-choice stance and many humanists campaigned for abortion to be legalised in in the 1960s so that unsafe, illegal abortions shouldn t take place. At the heart of the debate is whether the rights of the foetus outweigh the rights of the mother. Quality of life would be seen as more important than preserving life at all costs. They believe that abortion is often the most morally acceptable choice to make. Ultimately, it is a personal choice which should be made considering all the facts and consequences. A humanist s view about sanctity of life Peter Singer l Peter Singer is a humanist and has some controversial ideas in relation to abortion and the value of life. l He argues that even though all human life has value, it is not of equal value. l If person has no ability to think, relate to others or experience then their life has limited value. l Therefore, embryos and new-born babies, are all examples of biological but non-human persons. l Therefore, it is morally acceptable to take the lives of these nonhuman persons if it will bring about less suffering and greater happiness. l This not only applies to abortion, but also euthanasia (allowing someone suffering from a serious illness to die). Braindead person has no real value and therefore euthanasia is acceptable. Speciesism l Singer argues a conscious animal such as a dog, has more mental capacity and is more of a person than a baby or an elderly person with dementia. l Singer argues that animals have similar responses to humans, in that they feel pleasure and pain and therefore their interests must be taken in to account. l Therefore arguing that human life is more important than any other type of life is wrong. This is the same as being racist. It is discriminatory and speciesist. 1 Origins and meaning Catholic response to Singer s views Catholics would argue that humans remain a person whether they are conscious or not, even when they are asleep, in a coma or haven t yet been born. Catholics would agree that animals should be treated with care and looked after. As stewards of creation they have an obligation to do this. However, humans were made in the image and likeness of God, therefore they have a dignity which animals do not have. 1 Explain what Catholics believe about the sanctity of life. 2 Explain how a humanist might disagree with the Catholic view on the sanctity of life. 3 What is meant by speciesism? WJEC Eduqas GCSE: Religious Studies Route B 7