New England: The Pilgrims Land at Plymouth

New England: The Pilgrims Land at Plymouth

Depicting the Pilgrims as they leave Holland for new shores, "The Embarkation of the Pilgrims" can be found on the reverse of a $10,000 bill. Too bad the bill has not been printed since 1946.

Chase served several important roles in the mid-19th century: He was once Ohio's governor and senator, and he served as the Chief Justice of the U.S. as well as Abraham Lincoln's Secretary of Treasury. His job at the Treasury is the reason his face adorns the $10,000 bill, as he was in charge of the Treasury when the federal government started issuing greenback notes in 1861. Because of the role he played in the introduction of modern banknotes, he was honored in 1928 by having his portrait put on the $10,000 bill.

What a $10,000 bill is worth today: There are estimates that fewer than 350 $10,000 bills remain in circulation today. Further, there are only eight known 1928 bills known to still exist, two of which are owned by museums. This has vastly inflated the value of the bill. The bill is a true collector's item, and those collectors are willing to pay dearly for the few remaining $10,000 bills still in circulation. In some cases, a pristine $10,000 bill can be worth upwards of $140,000 on the open market. Meanwhile, bills in poor condition can still fetch $30,000. Suffice it to say, finding one of these is like finding a rare treasure.

Puritans: Those in England who favored John Calvin s Reformation ideas for the Church in England Congregations should choose their own leaders, elders, and ministers, not kings or bishops Against Henry VIII s establishment of the Church of England or Anglican Church with its adherence to Catholic rituals Want to purify Church in England of all Catholic elements Separatists: Group of Puritans who broke away from the Church of England to form their own congregations King James I viewed this as a challenge to his authority and imprisoned Separatist leaders The group fled to Holland to escape persecution: Pilgrims

1617: Pilgrims decided to leave Holland and sail to America Lack of employment opportunities/segregated from others Children were losing their English identity First went back to England to join another group of Separatists Their first vessel the Speedwell had to turn back. Took on water. Twice! 1620: September, 102 passengers set off on the journey to America on the Mayflower: about half Separatists and half business venturers. Trip took 65 days (a bit over 2 months) Most of the food ran out Many fell ill, one died. William Butten (Button). He was the first Mayflower passenger to die, dying at sea November 6, 1620, just 3 days before the coast of New England was sighted. Severe storm blew the ship off course. Originally headed to Virginia. Encountered Cape Cod, but using Capt. John Smith s Map of New England landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts.

Built a Common House Modest homes of frame construction and thatched roofs Plague killed all but 50 settlers. The rest might have died had it not been for the Native American, Squanto

Governor William Bradford wrote of Squanto: "The settlers, as many as were able, then began to plant their corn, in which service Squanto stood them in good stead, showing them how to plant it and cultivate it. He also told them that unless they got fish to manure this exhausted old soil, it would come to nothing, and he showed them that in the middle of April plenty of fish would come up the brook by which they had begun to build, and taught them how to catch it, and where to get other necessary provisions; all of which they found true by experience..."

The Founding of Massachusetts Economic depression struck England s wool industry King Charles I s taking of the throne in England These two things led to a large number of Puritans willing to leave England for America John Winthrop Wealthy attorney Stockholder in the Massachusetts Bay Company The company had received a royal charter in March 1629 to create a colony in New England. Decides to create a refuge for Puritans in America 900 Puritans in England set out for America in 11 ships March 1630

Charter Of Massachusetts Bay 1629 The charter of Massachusetts Bay represents still another way in which self-government was established in the English colonies of North America. In this case, the Massachusetts Bay Company, a joint-stock company resident in England, whose membership included merchants and landed gentry, received a charter from the Crown. The government of the company and the extent of its authority were clearly stated in the charter, with an unstated premise that the management of the company and thus the charter itself would remain in England. However, a group of Puritans within the Massachusetts Bay Company adopted a pledge known as the Cambridge Agreement, in which they stipulated that they would not only migrate to the New World but also carry the charter with them. This last step was taken to assure those Puritans in the company who settled in New England that they would retain control of company management. By bringing the charter to America, the Puritans took the first step in transforming Massachusetts Bay from a trading company into a commonwealth, because the charter became the constitution of the colony.

Winthrop delivered his famous sermon A Model of Christian Charity on the voyage to America Within the year 17 ships had brought another 1000 settlers to Massachusetts Towns were founded Boston became the colony s capital The Great Migration As a result of England s worsening economy, a mass migration of people left England for America By 1643 an estimated 20,000 settlers had come to New England Massachusetts Bay Company Charter: Defined the colony s government Stockholders called: freemen As a group called: General Court Made laws and elected the governor

Winthrop lied and locked the Charter in a chest so none of the freemen stockholders could see it. Told the settlers that only governor and his assistants could make laws This worked for 4 years Settlers got frustrated with not having a voice in governing the colony 1634: Settlers demand to see the Charter Learn the General Court is supposed to make the laws General Court became a representative assembly Decided: Elections to be held each year Freemen of each town to elect up to 3 deputies to send to the General Court Laws passed requiring everyone to attend church Government collected taxes to support the church Regulated behavior Gambling, blasphemy, adultery, drunkenness were illegal Severe punishment-flogging

Puritan Massachusetts suffered from religious intolerance Sought to suppress religious beliefs other than their own Roger Williams 1631 Arrived in Boston Strict separatist with no tolerance for puritans who remained part of the Anglican Church Great Supporter of the Native Americans Believed the land belonged to them alone His constant criticism of Puritan churches got him thrown out of Massachusetts. Purchased land from the Narragansett people and founded the colony of Providence (later Rhode Island) Government had no authority in religious matters All religious beliefs tolerated

Massachusetts Church vs. Rhode Island s Church Massachusetts: John Winthrop Rhode Island: Roger Williams Religiously intolerant Puritan Remained in the Anglican Church Theocracy (Church and State are one.) Respect King s authority Religiously tolerant Strict Separatists No affiliation with Anglican Church King could not give Native American land away Deny King s authority

Thomas Hooker: The Father of Connecticut Prominent British American colonial clergyman known as the father of Connecticut. Seeking independence from other Puritan sects in Massachusetts, Thomas Hooker and his followers established one of the first major colonies in Hartford, Connecticut. A staunch supporter of universal Christian suffrage (voting rights independent of church membership). Hooker was a renowned theologian and orator who greatly shaped the early development of colonial New England. Sought a more-universal suffrage and told the Connecticut General Court in 1638 that the people had the God-given right to choose their magistrates/judges.

Thomas Hooker His view was advanced for his time Led some historians to call him the father of American democracy Hooker had no intention of separating church and state. He declared that the privilege of voting should be exercised according to the will of God. He was active in formulating the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) which later helped shape aspects of the Constitution of the United States of America. I

Replicas of the 1636 church and house built by Reverend Thomas Hooker, the founder of Hartford. The replicas were constructed on the state capitol grounds for the Connecticut Tercentenary Celebration, 1935

Anne Hutchinson Arrived in Boston 1634 around the time Roger Williams was causing problems in Massachusetts Devout Puritan, intelligent, charismatic, widely admired but was thrown out of Boston because: Held prayer meetings in her home: Discussed sermons and compared ministers Claimed to know which ministers were saved and which were not. Attacking authority of ministers 1637: Questioned by the General Court of Massachusetts Claimed God spoke to her directly Contradicted Puritan belief that God only spoke through the Bible. Leaves and founded Portsmouth, Rhode Island

2nd of 13 children Anne married the merchant William Hutchinson in 1612 She also had 13 children In 1642 when William Hutchinson died, his widow and the six youngest children moved to New York where all but one daughter were killed in an Indian raid in 1643. Captain John Mason & Sir Ferdinando Gorges: The Founding of New Hampshire The land that became New Hampshire was originally given to both Mason and Gorges as a land grant from the Council for New England Named after Mason s homeland in Hampshire, England Established two fishing communities, now the towns of Rye and Dover. Fish, whales, fur and timber natural resources for the colony.

Sir Ferdinando Gorges Captain John Mason

Sir Ferdinando Gorges British proprietary founder of Maine Promoted, unsuccessfully, the colonization of New England Colourful military career in his early life and was knighted (1591) Gorges life was dominated by attempts to gain royal sanction for various settlement schemes in North America He himself never traveled there. He felt that colonizing should be a royal endeavour and that colonies should be kept under rigid control In 1620 Gorges succeeded in obtaining a charter to develop the Council for New England a proprietary grant He was the recipient of several land grants most importantly the charter for Maine in 1639.