- Codependence of Church and State - One king, one faith, one law = one state - Challenge to this: rise of Protestantism - 1555 = Peace of Augsburg - No religious tolerance - State organization = unity of religion and governance
- John Calvin and Calvinism in France - Huguenots - Death of King Henry II (r. 1547-1559) - Ascension of Francis II (r. 1559-1560) - Guise family = HUGELY Catholic - Rivalry with the Protestant Condés family - Charles IX (r. 1560-1574) - Mother-Regent = Catherine de Medici - 1562 = Civil War in France - Protestants vs. Catholics
- 1563 = Guise patriarch assassinated - International involvement - August 1572 = St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - Catherine de Medici planned a conciliatory wedding - 24 August = day of the wedding, Huguenot leaders killed
- Huguenots look for ways to justify rebellion against the King - Rejection of divine right - Charles IX dies; Henry III (r. 1574-1589) becomes King - Henry of Navarre (a Protestant!) next in line - Catholic League forms, pledges allegiance to the Church - December 1588 = Henry III orders the murder of Guise family members - 1589 = Catherine de Medici dies; Henry III assassinated
- Everyone is dead, except... - Henry of Navarre = rightful heir to the French throne - 1594 = Henry of Navarre publicly converts to Catholicism - Becomes Henry IV (r. 1589-1610) - 1598 = Edict of Nantes - Establishes religious tolerance for Huguenots in France - 1610 = Henry IV assassinated - But, generally, France is peaceful again
- 16 th -century Spain was awesome - King Philip II (r. 1556-1598) ruled Spain, the Netherlands, colonial holdings, Portugal, parts of Italy, etc. - Staunch Catholic - Worked to curb growing influence of Ottoman Empire
- 16 th -century Spain was awesome - King Philip II (r. 1556-1598) ruled Spain, the Netherlands, colonial holdings, Portugal, parts of Italy, etc. - Staunch Catholic - Worked to curb growing influence of Ottoman Empire - King Philip II of England?! - 1553-1558 = inherited the throne through marriage - 1565 = Spanish support Irish rebellion - 1585 = English support Dutch rebellion - 1588 = English defeated the Spanish Armada
» English profit from large agricultural settlements 1607 = Jamestown» English settlers look for religious freedom 1620 = Puritans @ Plymouth Rock» Landowning = political power Plantations» Very little interracial marriage b/t English and Natives
- Wealth and influence of the Netherlands - Netherlands was very tolerant of other religions - Refused to enforce new pro-catholic laws - 1566 = Calvinists smash Catholicism - 1568 = Calvinist leaders publicly executed - 1572 = Protestants successfully occupy northern Dutch provinces
- Wealth and influence of the Netherlands - Netherlands was very tolerant of other religions - Refused to enforce new pro-catholic laws - 1566 = Calvinists smash Catholicism - 1568 = Calvinist leaders publicly executed - 1572 = Protestants successfully occupy northern Dutch provinces - 1581 = permanent split between Low Countries and Northern Provinces - 1609 = Twelve Years Truce
» - 16 th Century = Poland-Lithuania was enormous...
- 16 th Century = Poland-Lithuania was enormous - Largely Catholic, but tolerant - 1587 = Sigismund III became King - 1592 = inherited Swedish throne - 1599 = deposed by his uncle - Pissed off; lots of conflict with Sweden
- 1584 = Ivan the Terrible died, leaving a power vacuum - Ivan really was pretty terrible, but kept everyone in-check - 1610 = Sigismund III captured Moscow - Declared himself the new Tsar - Michael Romanov elected Tsar by Russian nobility - Poland backs off
- Always second-fiddle to Denmark - 1523 = Gustav I Vasa (r. 1523-1560) led uprising - 1560-1570 = secured important trade routes - Made crazy amounts of money - Lutherans - Supported deposing Sigismund III because of his Catholicism - Used conflict with Poland to expand territory
- Always second-fiddle to Denmark - 1523 = Gustav I Vasa (r. 1523-1560) led uprising - 1560-1570 = secured important trade routes - Made crazy amounts of money - Protestants - Supported deposing Sigismund III because of his Catholicism - Used conflict with Poland to expand territory - 1611 = Danes invaded Sweden - 1613 = Swedes accept defeat
- 1611 = Gustavus Adolphus became King (r. 1611-1632) - Uniqueness of Swedish military - Still at war with Poland... - 1621 = Swedes captured Riga, controlled massive amount of trade - Sigismund III finally admits that he has no right to Swedish throne